수용체 중심의 환경정책 활용을 위한 대기오염의 노출위험인구 산정 연구

배현주 ( Hyun-joo Bae ),이승민,정다운,이종태,박주영 한국환경연구원 2017 수시연구보고서 Vol.2017 No.-

본 연구는 대기오염의 노출위험인구 산정과 관련한 국내외 사례와 방법론을 검토하고 이를 토대로 국내 대기오염 노출위험인구를 산정하였으며 수용체 중심의 환경정책 활용방안을 제시하였다. 국내 적용 가능한 대기오염의 노출위험인구 산정방법을 마련하기 위하여 우선 국내외 노출위험인구 산정과 관련한 내용을 살펴보았다. 국외의 경우 유럽, 미국의 대기오염으로 인한 노출위험인구 산정 지표, 기준, 산출방법, 활용과 관련한 내용을 정리하고 국내 대기오염의 노출위험인구 산정을 위한 시사점을 도출하였다. 본 연구에서는 국내 대기환경기준 초과 노출위험인구 산정에 있어 하나의 기준이 아닌 1) 장기기준(연평균) 2) 단기기준(일평균) 3) 대기질지수와 통합대기환경지수 4) 민감집단으로 구분하여 기준별로 노출위험인구를 산정하였다. 장기기준인 연평균 기준에 의한 노출위험인구 산정에 연평균 기준이 설정된 미세먼지(PM₁₀), 초미세먼지(PM_2.5), 이산화질소(NO₂), 이산화황(SO₂)을 중심으로 대기환경기준과 세계보건기구 권고기준, 유럽연합 대기질 기준을 초과한 지역에 거주하고 있는 인구분율(%)을 노출위험인구 비율로 산출하여 비교하였다. 2005년부터 2015년까지 전국 251개 시군구를 대상으로 국내 대기환경기준(50㎍/㎥)을 초과한 지역의 노출위험인구 비율은 미세먼지(PM10)의 경우 연도별로 크게 차이가 났으며 세계보건기구 권고기준(20㎍/㎥)을 적용하였을 때 미세먼지(PM10)의 경우 11년간 노출위험인구 비율은 100%, 유럽연합 대기질 기준(40㎍/㎥)을 적용하였을 때 90% 이상으로 나타났다. 2005~2015년까지 7대 도시를 중심으로 단기기준인 일평균 대기환경기준에 따른 노출위험인구를 산정하였으며 세계보건기구 권고기준과 비교하였다. 미세먼지(PM₁₀), 초미세먼지(PM_2.5), 이산화질소(NO₂), 이산화황(SO₂), 오존(O₃)별로 일평균 기준을 초과한 일수를 파악하고 전체 모니터링한 일수에서 초과 일수가 차지하는 비율을 산출하였으며 이에 따른 노출위험인구를 산정하였다. 미세먼지(PM₁₀)와 초미세먼지(PM_2.5)의 평균 초과 일수는 국내대기환경기준과 세계보건기구 권고기준을 적용하였을 때 4배 이상 차이가 나는 것으로 나타났다. 대기질 지수를 적용한 노출위험인구 산정에서는 2005~2015년까지 7대 도시를 중심으로 미국의 대기질지수(AQI)와 한국의 통합대기환경지수(CAI) 두 지수를 모두 적용하여 대기질 지수에 따른 가중 인구수를 산정하였다. 7대 도시 74개 시군구별로 대기질 지수와 통합대기환경지수의 인구 가중 일수를 산출하였다. 대기질지수(AQI)의 경우 대구와 서울일부 지역에서, 통합대기환경지수(CAI) 기준을 초과한 인구 가중 일수는 서울과 인천 지역에서 높게 나타났다. 민감·취약집단은 15세 미만 연령 어린이 천식 입원 환자를 대상으로 연평균 기준과 일평균기준을 각각 적용하여 노출위험인구를 산정하였다. 미세먼지(PM10)의 경우 연평균 기준을 적용하였을 때 노출위험인구는 일반 전체 연령과 비교하여 유사한 패턴을 보였으나 일평균기준을 적용하였을 때는 지역적 차이가 발생하였다. 대기오염의 노출위험인구 산정방법과 결과를 바탕으로 한 수용체 중심의 환경정책 활용방안으로 환경보건관리 목표의 설정, 대기관리 등 환경정책 관리 운영상의 개선, 환경보건지표의 개선 및 활용도 향상 등을 제시하였다. The objectives of this research were to (1) examine domestic and foreign case studies, as well as their methodologies, regarding estimation of air pollution exposure risk population ; (2) calculate population at risk from air pollution based on the results; and (3) suggest receptor-oriented implementation of air pollution-related policies. First, to determine the methodology for calculation of air pollution exposure risk population, we examined the contents of relevant Korean and foreign case studies. In the case of foreign cases, we specifically analyzed indices, criteria, methodology, and applications from European and U.S. publications. From our results, we drew up conclusions regarding application of these case studies for calculation of air pollution exposure risk population in Korea. To calculate exposure risk population from air pollution, we did not use a single criteria. Instead, we calculated risk population based on (1) long-term criteria (yearly mean), (2) short-term criteria (daily mean), (3) comprehensive air-quality index, or (4) vulnerable population. For long-term criteria (yearly mean), we used indices with established yearly mean criteria (fine particles (PM10), ultrafine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂)). We included populations from 251 si-gun-gu exposed between 2005 and 2015. We designated the percentage of the population residing in areas surpassing the above-mentioned criteria as exposure risk population, and compared the results derived from the air quality criteria, WHO air quality guideline, and EU standard. In the case of PM10, there was a huge yearly variation. When the WHO guideline (20μg/m³) was applied, population at risk of air pollution exposure was 100% during the 11 years examined. When the EU standard (40μg/m³) was applied, over 90% of the population was at risk from air pollution exposure. For short-term criteria, we focused on the populations from 7 major cities between the years 2005 and 2015. We calculated the exposure risk population according to daily mean air quality criteria, and compared them to the estimates following the WHO guideline. We determined the number of days with air quality exceeding the daily mean criteria for PM10, PM2.5, NO₂, SO₂ and ozone (O₃), and calculated the percent of such days among total days monitored. We then calculated the exposure risk population. The number of days that exceeds the daily mean criteria for PM10 differed at least four fold between the Korean air quality criteria and the WHO guideline. In calculating the exposure risk population using air quality indices, we applied both the U.S. air quality index (AQI) and the Korean comprehensive air quality index (CAI) to calculate the air quality index-weighted population among populations at 7 major cities for the years 2005-2015. In addition, we calculated the number of days weighted on the population and air quality index for each of the 7 cities and 74 si-gun-gu. In case of AQI, parts of Daegu and Seoul were rated high. Seoul and Incheon were rated high for number of days weighted on the population exceeding CAI value. For the vulnerable population, we calculated the exposure risk population by applying both the yearly mean criteria and the daily mean criteria. The calculated exposure risk population for PM10 was similar to the general population when the yearly mean criteria was used, but showed regional variation when the daily mean criteria was used. Finally, we used the results of this research to suggest receptor-oriented implementation of environmental policy, such as setting environmental health management goals; operational improvement of management, including air pollution management; improvement and increased applicability of environmental health indices.

대도시의 다환방향족탄화수소 대기오염특성 규명을 위한 예비연구

정근식 ( Kuen Sik Jung ),권혜옥 ( Hye Ok Kwon ),이윤세 ( Yun Se Lee ),정새미 ( Sae Mi Jung ),오정은 ( Jeong Eun Oh ),최성득 ( Sung Deuk Choi ) 한국환경분석학회 2013 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.16 No.4

Air pollutants are an important environmental concern particularly for the mega-city which has various pollutant sources. As a preliminary study, we investigated the levels of criteria air pollutants (SO2, CO, NO2, O3, PM2.5, and PM10) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Busan, Korea during April~November 2010. Among the 16 US-EPA priority PAHs, 13 PAHs excluding naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and acenaphthene were quantified. The levels of gaseous and particulate PAHs were 1.58~9.52 ng/m3 (mean: 4.77 ng/m3) and 0.98~5.21 ng/m3 (mean: 2.84 ng/m3), respectively. PAHs were positively correlated with SO2, NO2, and PM2.5, suggesting that they had common emission sources. According to a pollution rose diagram, PAHs and criteria air pollutants seemed to be influenced by major wind directions, but this effect was not so significant due to geographical characteristics. On the basis of this study, the spatial distribution of PAHs can be simulated with those of criteria air pollutants.

Establishment of Alarm Criteria for Automatic Water Quality Monitoring System in Korea

Lim, Byung-Jin,Hong, Eun-Young,Kim, Hyun-Ook,Jeong, Eun-Sook,Heo, Woo-Myung,Kim, Yoon-Hee The Korean Society of Limnology 2008 생태와 환경 Vol.46 No.1

As of September 2008,45 Automatic Water Quality Monitoring Systems (AWQMS) have been installed at different sites on the 4 rivers to detect early the presence of pollutants in water and to issue an alarm. We count the number of issuing alarms by AWQMS, however, we will find the alarm has hardly been issued. The reasons for the scarcity of alarm issue are extensively being examined. The National Institute of Environmental Research attributes wrong alarm criteria for each AWQMS station to one the reasons. In this study, a suggestion has been made to modify the current alarm criteria to correspond with characteristics of river water quality. The current system with only two criteria (low and high) should be replaced as four-criteria systems (low, medium, high, and severe) based on cases of other advanced countries and stream conditions of Korea. The highest value of data collected for 5 years was suggested as the alarm criteria for each parameter. Meanwhile the alarm criteria for VOCs, phenol and heavy metals were established as same as drinking water quality criteria.

Statistical analysis of Seoul air quality to assess the efficacy of emission abatement strategies since 1987

Chambers, Scott D.,Kim, Ki-Hyun,Kwon, Eilhann E.,Brown, Richard J.C.,Griffiths, Alan D.,Crawford, Jagoda Elsevier 2017 Science of the Total Environment Vol.580 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The combined influences of recent mitigation measures on urban air quality have been assessed using hourly observations of the criteria air pollutants (NO, NO<SUB>2</SUB>, O<SUB>3</SUB>, CO, and SO<SUB>2</SUB>) made from the Yongsan district of Seoul, Korea, over 26years (1987 to 2013). A number of data selection criteria are proposed in order to minimize variability associated with temporal changes (at diurnal, weekly, and seasonal timescales) in source strengths, their spatial distribution, and the atmospheric volume into which they mix. The temporal constraints required to better characterize relationships between observed air quality and changes in source strengths in Seoul were identified as: (i) a 5-hour diurnal sampling window (1300–1700h), (b) weekday measurements (Monday to Friday only), and (c) summer measurements (when pollutant fetch is mostly Korea-specific, and mean wind speeds are the lowest). Using these selection criteria, we were able to closely relate long-term trends identified in criteria pollutants to a number of published changes to traffic-related source strengths brought about by mitigation measures adopted over the last 10–15years.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Improved long-term analysis of urban air quality in the central Seoul region. </LI> <LI> We demonstrate the existence, magnitude, and temporal changes of ambient air pollutants. </LI> <LI> Improved analysis techniques for investigating long-term changes in urban air pollution. </LI> <LI> Clearly demonstrate the efficacy of mitigation measures on Seoul air quality since 1987. </LI> <LI> Identify causes of large inter-annual variability in Seoul air quality in summer. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

옥외체육시설 조명환경에 따른 빛공해 영향 분석에 관한 연구 - 안양새물공원 상부체육시설 중심으로 -

정진산,김선구 (사)한국열환경공학회 2022 열환경공학 Vol.17 No.1

Light pollution intrusion light due to overuse and misuse of lighting, Urban Skyglow, Glare, Clutter, and Overillumination affect the human body's physiological process, and excessive light mainly causes confusion in night activities. This study suggested a way to reduce light pollution by measuring the vertical illuminance, discomfort glare index(UGR), and glare index(TI) of the residential area for light pollution caused by the lighting environment of outdoor sports facilities adjacent to the residential area. The results of this study are as follows. First, as a result of the illumination simulation, it was confirmed that the reference value according to the KSC illumination standard was met, and the lighting environment of the sports facility has no problem in proceeding with the game. Second, the maximum illuminance value of the vertical plane measured in the window of the residential area barely satisfies the reference value of 10[lx] or less. As a result of implementing it as a way to reduce light pollution, the maximum illuminance value of the vertical plane was measured from 0.94 to 9.82[lx] before improvement to 0.72 to 6.62[lx], and the maximum illuminance of the vertical plane after improvement was reduced by more than 20%. Third, the UGR index of residential area (apartment housing) was satisfied with the international standard of 22, and also satisfied with the domestic Central Environmental Dispute Committee's acceptance limit of 36, so there was no difference between before and after the change. Fourth, as a result of evaluating the unpleasant glare measured in the 500M range of the up and down lines, it was measured as 4.6[%] of the up line and 3.1[%] of the down line, and there was no difference before and after the change as a result of satisfying the unpleasant glare acceptance limit(10%). It is meaningful to use it as light pollution prevention lighting installation data for outdoor sports facilities in the future by presenting supplementary points for the "light radiation permission standard" of the "light pollution prevention method of artificial lighting" according to the lighting environment of sports facilities.

물질순환모델을 이용한 제주항의 수질관리(II) -제주항의 수질 특성과 오염부하량 산정-

조은일(Eun Il Cho),강기봉(Ki Bong Kang) 한국환경과학회 2003 한국환경과학회지 Vol.12 No.3

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of water quality in Jeju harbor and to estimate pollutant loadings discharged into Jeju Harbor. To know characteristics of water quality in Jeju harbor and pollutant loadings of Sanzi river, we have investigated from August, 2000 to May, 2001. The results showed that the concentrations of COD, DIN and DIP were in the range of 1.00~4.85㎎/L(mean 2.15㎎/L), 2.14~74.0㎍-at/L(mean 12.20㎍-at/L) and 0.52~4.00㎍-at/L(mean 1.18㎍-at/L), respectively. There values were under Ⅲ class of seawater quality criteria. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was lower than 16 except for Station 1 in Jeju harbor. Therefore, nitrogen was playing an important role in phytoplankton growth as limiting factor in Jeju harbor. The mean values of eutrophication index were exceeding 1, which was the eutrophication criteria. The results of estimating pollutant loadings at Sanzi river are 0.30 ton/day for COD, 300㎏/day for DIN and 18.0㎏/day for DIP, respectively.

어류에 미치는 인위적인 수중소음 영향과 피해기준에 대한 고찰

박지현 ( Jihyun Park ),윤종락 ( Jong-rak Yoon ) 한국어업기술학회 2017 수산해양기술연구 Vol.53 No.1

A scientific and objective sound exposure criterion for underwater sound damage on fish has been required since there has been many disputes between an underwater sound maker and a fish damage receiver. The existing criteria are still incomplete scientifically owing to a degree of variability of underwater sounds, diversity of fish hearing sensitivity and damage types, etc. This study reviews existing studies on a hearing mechanism of fish species, manmade underwater sound characteristics and sound exposure assessment parameters, and recent sound exposure criteria. A governing equation for damage coverage estimation and damage coverage dependency on sound source level, ambient noise and transmission loss are also reviewed and interpreted based on sound exposure environments. The foreign and Korean (National Environmental Dispute Medication Commission) criteria are reviewed and compared based on scientific aspects. In addition, the deficit and limit of Korean criteria are presented. The objective of this study is to give a direction for related researches and legislation of sound exposure criteria on fish.

Human Health Risk Assessment Due to Air Pollution in the Megacity Mumbai in India

Kamal Jyoti Maji,Anil Kumar Dikshit,Ramjee Chaudhary 한국대기환경학회 2017 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.11 No.2

This study evaluated the human health risk in terms of the excess number of mortality and morbidity in the megacity Mumbai, India due to air pollution. AirQ software was used to enumerate the various health impacts of critical pollutants in Mumbai in past 22 years during 1992-2013. A relationship concept based on concentration-response relative risk and population attributable-risk proportion was employed by adopting World Health Organization (WHO) guideline for concentrations of air pollutants like PM10, SO2 and NO2. For the year 1992 in Mumbai, it was observed that excess number of cases of total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, hospital admission due to COPD, respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease were 8420, 4914, 889, 149, 10568 and 4081 respectively. However, after 22 years these figures increased to 15872, 9962, 1628, 580, 20527 and 7905 respectively, but all of these reached maximum in the year 2006. From the result, it is also noted that except COPD morbidity the excess number of cases from 1992-2002 to 2003-2013 increased almost by 30%; and the excess number of mortality and morbidity is basically due to particulate matter (PM10) than due to gaseous pollutants.

Human Health Risk Assessment Due to Air Pollution in the Megacity Mumbai in India

Maji, Kamal Jyoti,Dikshit, Anil Kumar,Chaudhary, Ramjee Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2017 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.10 No.2

This study evaluated the human health risk in terms of the excess number of mortality and morbidity in the megacity Mumbai, India due to air pollution. AirQ software was used to enumerate the various health impacts of critical pollutants in Mumbai in past 22 years during 1992-2013. A relationship concept based on concentration-response relative risk and population attributable-risk proportion was employed by adopting World Health Organization (WHO) guideline for concentrations of air pollutants like $PM_{10}$, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$. For the year 1992 in Mumbai, it was observed that excess number of cases of total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, hospital admission due to COPD, respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease were 8420, 4914, 889, 149, 10568 and 4081 respectively. However, after 22 years these figures increased to 15872, 9962, 1628, 580, 20527 and 7905 respectively, but all of these reached maximum in the year 2006. From the result, it is also noted that except COPD morbidity the excess number of cases from 1992-2002 to 2003-2013 increased almost by 30%; and the excess number of mortality and morbidity is basically due to particulate matter ($PM_{10}$) than due to gaseous pollutants.

Washout Removal Efficiencies of Major Air Pollutants by Precipitation

Kim, Dong-Sool,Lim, Deuk-Yong,Heo, Jeong-Sook Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2002 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.18 No.E2

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively estimate the washout removal efficiencies of criteria air pollutants such as SO$_2$, TSP, PM10, CO, NO$_2$, and O$_3$corresponding to the amounts and durations of precipitation. The removal patters by washout were studied with air pollutants data and the corresponding precipitation data in Seoul, Korea during the periods of 1990 to 1999. In addition, washout patterns were classified into four seasons and four time Bones, i.e., night, morning, afternoon, and evening. In this study, natures of air pollutants by sequential precipitation were also intensively studied by examining the linear relationships between removal efficiencies and the amounts and durations of precipitation for each pollutant. The results of this study showed that SO$_2$, TSP, and O$_3$were rapidly removed by initial precipitation; however, NO$_2$was slowly removed 2-hour after precipitation. Both CO and PM10 were weakly removed by washout and their removal patters showed to be irregular.