과학 교재의 수사학 - 19세기 말 20세기 초 영국의 음악 음향학 교재의 수사 비평 -

구자현 영남대학교 인문과학연구소 2018 人文硏究 Vol.- No.83

Employing Kenneth Burke’s pentad method and Lloyd Bitzer’s conception of the rhetorical situation, this paper attempts a rhetorical criticism of the textbooks of 1musical acoustics published in Great Britain during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Burke suggested the pentad of act, agent, scene, agency, and purpose for the analysis of motives, and Bitzer tried to examine the rhetoric of persuasion by means of the rhetorical situation which consists of exigence, audience, and constraints. The textbooks for the analysis are Helmholtz’s Sensations of Tone, Broadhouse’s Musical Acoustics, Harris’s Handbook of Acoustics, and Buck’s Acoustics for Musicians. Through the analyses, The Sensations of Tone which did not get favorable response from the textbook readers made the situation in need of the publication of optimized textbooks of musical acoustics like Musical Acoustics and Handbook of Acoustics. Afterwards, Acoustics for Musicians appeared in order to supplement the mathematical basis laking in these textbooks. 이 논문은 버크의 5항목 방법과 비처의 수사학적 상황 개념을 활용하여 19세기 말부터 20세기 초에 출판된 영국의 음악 음향학 교재들의 수사 비평을 시도한다. 버크는 동기 분석을 위한 5항목으로 행위, 행위자, 배경, 수단, 목적을 제시하였고, 비처는 설득의 수사학을 사태, 청중, 속박의 3요소로 구성되는 수사학적 상황을 통해 읽고자 하였다. 분석 대상으로 삼은 교재는 헬름홀츠의 『음의 감각』, 브로드하우스의 『음악 음향학』, 해리스의 『음향학 핸드북』, 벅의 『음악가를 위한 음향학』이다. 버크의 5항목 방법과 비처의 수사학적 상황 개념으로 이 교재들을 분석하면 이 교재들이 어떠한 성격을 띠고 어떠한 반응에 직면하게 되는가가 드러난다. 『음의 감각』은 연구서의 성격 때문에 교재 독자의 호응을 얻지 못하여 『음악 음향학』과 『음향학 핸드북』이라는 적합화된 교재의 출현이 도출될 상황을 만들었고 나중에는 이 책들에 미흡하다고 여겨지는 수학적 기초를 보완하고자 하는 동기에서 『음악가를 위한 음향학』은 출현하였음을 알 수 있다.

Shape optimization of acoustic lenses for underwater imaging

Quang Dat Tran,Gang-Won Jang,권휴상,조완호,조승현,Yo-Han Cho,Hee Seon Seo 대한기계학회 2016 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.30 No.10

Shape optimization of two-dimensional lenses for acoustic cameras used in underwater acoustic imaging is presented. To understand elastic shear wave effects of a lens on the pressure field of the medium, we couple two physics models, namely a pressure acoustics model and a linear elastic model and formulate it in the finite element analysis framework. As a result, the focal length of a lens is calculated to be longer than that in the absence of shear effects. The accuracy of our model is tested against experimental results, and compared with finite element analysis of a single physics model as well as the hybrid method - a method using geometrical acoustics and wave acoustics. Pressure at the focal point is optimized using geometric parameters for lens surfaces as design variables. Performance differences due to temperature change or obliquely incident waves are controlled using design constraints. The effectiveness of our optimization formulation is verified by solving single- and dual-lens design problems.

Sound quality analysis of a passenger car based on electroencephalography

Young Joon Lee,Tae Jin Shin,이상권 대한기계학회 2013 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.27 No.2

This paper presents the correlation between psychological and physiological acoustics for automobile sounds. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the quality of the interior sound in passenger cars based on electroencephalogram (EEG). Previous objective evaluation method of sound quality involved the use of sound metrics based on psychological acoustics. The proposed method em-ployed not only the psychological but also the physiological acoustics. In this work, the sounds of seven premium passenger cars were recorded, and they were evaluated subjectively by 33 people. The correlation between the subjective rating and the sound metrics was calculated based on psychological acoustics. Finally, the correlation between the subjective rating and the brain EEG was also calcu-lated. Based on these results, a new evaluation system for evaluating the quality of the interior sounds of passenger cars was developed based on bio-signals.

디지털 융복합 환경을 고려한 음향 및 오디오 기술 교육과정 개발

오원근,이에스더 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2013 한국인터넷방송통신학회 논문지 Vol.13 No.2

본 논문에서는 디지털 융복합 환경하에서 효과적인 음향 기술 교육을 위한 대학 학부 교육과정을 개발하였 다. 이를 위해 먼저 미국음향학회(ASA)와 오디오 엔지니어협회(AES)에 링크된 미국과 유럽 대학의 음향 기술 교육과 정을 그 특징에 따라 순수 음향학 지향, 음향 응용 지향, 그리고 학제간 융합 지향과 같이 3가지 유형으로 분류하였 다. 또한 각 유형별로 외국 사례를 고찰한 다음, 이를 기반으로 음향 기술 교과과정에 대한 단계별 기초 모형과 세부 적인 교과목(안)을 제안하였다. 제안된 내용은 향후 본격적인 국내 음향교육 교과과정 구축에서 효과적인 방법론으로 제시될 수 있을 것이다. In this paper, we present the college curriculum for the acoustics and audio engineering on digital convergence environment. For these purposes, we categorized the colleges which linked on the ASA and AES websites into three types according to their characteristics such as an acoustics-oriented type, an applied-acoustics type, and a convergence-oriented type. And a basic step-by-step curriculum model for the audio acoustics is suggested based on the characteristics of the category analysis. The proposed model can be effectively used to build an acoustics and audio technology course at the domestic colleges.

Comparison of Anchovy Biomass Estimates Measured by Trawls, Egg Production Methods and Hydro-acoustics in the Chesapeake Bay and the Korea Strait

정석근,Edward D. Houde 한국해양과학기술원 2014 Ocean science journal Vol.49 No.2

We compared estimates of anchovy biomass derived from trawl surveys, egg production method (EPM) and acoustic surveys, conducted in two remote regions. Biomassdensity of bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli was estimated in Chesapeake Bay, USA, by trawls, EPM and acoustics from 1989 to 2000. Biomass density of Pacific anchovy Engraulis japonicus was estimated in the Korea Strait using EPM, simulation-based daily cohort analysis and acoustics from 1984 to 2006. Most of the existing estimates already had considered body-size-dependent gear selectivity, highlyvariable instantaneous natural mortality of anchovy eggs, and avoidance of trawl nets by adult anchovy. Despite great variability in the ratio of trawl to acoustic biomass estimates (0.034-8.35), annually-averaged biomass density of young-ofthe-year individuals derived by the two methods were similar for bay anchovy in Chesapeake Bay and Pacific anchovy in the Korea Strait (0.83 and 0.70 g m-3, respectively). Results suggested that, despite substantial uncertainty, anchovy biomass estimates are generally compatible between EPM and acoustics. However, reported estimates of biomass density derived from the two acoustic surveys in the Korea Strait differed by a factor of 28, suggesting that further improvements in calibrations are required to reliably estimate anchovy biomass. The comparisons suggested that all biomass estimates could be biased and will require comparison and validation by other, independent sampling methods.

19세기 후반 음악 음향학의 발전: 헬름홀츠와 엘리스의 연구를 중심으로

구자현 ( Ja Hyon Ku ) 고려대학교 역사연구소 2014 사총 Vol.81 No.-

The nineteenth century witnessed a lot of developments in the field of musical acoustics. In the 1860s, Hermann Helmholtz, who made the most outstanding research outcomes in the nineteenth century musical acoustics, analyzed the nature of musical sounds in terms of partial tones, and proved the reality of combination tones through excellent experimental research on acoustics. In addition, he explained the consonance and dissonance on the basis of the beats between partial tones and combination tones. His musical acoustics aimed to scientifically explain the legitimacy of musical acts as an art. It was A. J. Ellis who translated Helmholtz`s acoustical treatise into English to introduce Helmholtz`s musical acoustics to Britain. Apart from its translation, Ellis added detailed notes and voluminous appendices to it based on his original research. He carried out positivistic research on the history of musical pitch by means of accurate measurement and systemized the general theories of various temperaments and musical scales, extending his research to the scales of various cultures. Ellis, like Helmholtz, tried to build all the music on the basis of science, but for this purpose, tried to grasp the contemporary state of music in scientific manners as well as to present the prescriptive examples of music, unlike Helmholtz who explained musical sounds themselves and aesthetic feelings of them scientifically.

19세기 후반 음악 음향학의 발전: 헬름홀츠와 엘리스의 연구를 중심으로

구자현 고려대학교 역사연구소 2014 사총 Vol.81 No.-

The nineteenth century witnessed a lot of developments in the field of musical acoustics. In the 1860s, Hermann Helmholtz, who made the most outstanding research outcomes in the nineteenth century musical acoustics, analyzed the nature of musical sounds in terms of partial tones, and proved the reality of combination tones through excellent experimental research on acoustics. In addition, he explained the consonance and dissonance on the basis of the beats between partial tones and combination tones. His musical acoustics aimed to scientifically explain the legitimacy of musical acts as an art. It was A. J. Ellis who translated Helmholtz’s acoustical treatise into English to introduce Helmholtz’s musical acoustics to Britain. Apart from its translation, Ellis added detailed notes and voluminous appendices to it based on his original research. He carried out positivistic research on the history of musical pitch by means of accurate measurement and systemized the general theories of various temperaments and musical scales, extending his research to the scales of various cultures. Ellis, like Helmholtz, tried to build all the music on the basis of science, but for this purpose, tried to grasp the contemporary state of music in scientific manners as well as to present the prescriptive examples of music, unlike Helmholtz who explained musical sounds themselves and aesthetic feelings of them scientifically. 19세기를 거치면서 음악 음향학 분야에서 많은 발전이 이루어졌다. 19세기 음악 음향학 분야에서 가장 두드러진 연구 성과를 낸 인물인 헬름홀츠는 1860년대에 음향학에 대한 탁월한 실험 연구를 통하여 부분음에 기초하여 악음의 실체를 과학적으로 분석하였고 조합음의 실재성을 주장하였다. 또한 그는 부분음과 조합음 간의 맥놀이에 입각하여 협화음/불협화음을 설명하였다. 그는 예술로서 음악적 행위의 적합성을 과학적으로 설명하기를 추구하였다. 헬름홀츠의 저서를 영어로 번역하여 그의 음악 음향학을 영국에 소개한 사람이 엘리스였다. 그는 그 책의 번역에서 그치지 않고 자신의 독창적인 연구를 토대로 그 책에 상세한 각주와 상당한 분량의 부록을 첨가하였다. 엘리스는 정밀한 측정에 토대를 두어 음고의 역사에 대하여 실증적 연구를 수행했을 뿐 아니라 다양한 정률과 음계에 대한 일반적 이론을 체계화하였고 다양한 문화권의 음계로 연구의 영역을 확장하였다. 엘리스는 헬름홀츠처럼 음악을 과학의 토대 위에 세우고자 했으나 헬름홀츠가 악음 자체와 그것에 대한 심미적 느낌을 과학적으로 설명한 것과는 달리 음악의 실태를 과학적으로 파악하고 음악의 규범적 모범을 제시하고자 했다.

A Study on Aero-Acoustics of High-Speed Turbomachinery for Different Rotational Speeds

송지훈(Ji-Hun Song),이동렬(Dong-Ryul Lee) Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2020 한국정밀공학회지 Vol.37 No.12

This study is to numerically investigate the Aero-Acoustics of Turbocharger compressor. The turbocharger compressor is high-speed turbomachinery that rotates faster than 200,000 RPM. The Aero-Acoustics with five different rotational speeds (120,000, 150,000, 180,000, 200,000, and 220,000 RPM) is used herein. The fluid domain is designed by CATIA V5R21 and analyzed by ANSYS FLUENT V19.1 with compressible momentum equation. The Pressure-velocity coupling method of the solver is the coupled algorithm and calculated by a pressure-based method. Numerical analysis of the aero-acoustics by broadband noise sources model provides calculated sound-source and acoustic-level based on steady RANS. At the industrial site, it is important to quickly analyze the noise source. APL (Acoustic Power Level) with five different rotational speeds and sound characteristics based on flow factor at the compressor wheel was numerically calculated for the noise-based design. The maximum APL is located at blade tips in case of 120,000, 150,000 and 180,000 RPM. In the case of 200,000 RPM, the maximum APL is located at splitter tips. At more than 220,000 RPM, the maximum APL is located at the balancing cutting section of the wheel. In order to optimally design the high-speed turbomachinery, cutting sections and side locations of the wheel are essential factors to reduce physical noise.

음향 반사판의 밀도별 흡음특성 및 무대음향에의 영향

김영선(Kim, Young-Sun),정정호(Jeong, Jeong-Ho),전진용(Jeon, Jin-Yong),김명석(Kim, Myeong-Seok) 한국소음진동공학회 2012 한국소음진동공학회 논문집 Vol.22 No.5

In concert halls and auditoriums, acoustic reflector and stage enclosure is one of the main factors on the room and stage acoustic characteristics. As a stage enclosure and acoustic reflector honey comb based light-weight reflector is widely used, because it is easy to install. However, there was not enough research on the surface density effect on room and stage acoustics. In this study, sound absorption coefficient tests on three kinds of wooden acoustic reflectors with different surface density were conducted. Surface density of acoustic reflector was changed from 11 kg/$m^2$ to 41 kg/$m^2$. For the low frequency excitation, sub-woofer was used with omnidirectional loud-speaker simultaneously. From the experiments, it was found that sound absorption coefficient below 250 Hz band was decrease by the increment of surface density. In order to check the influence of the surface density on room and stage acoustic parameters, room acoustic simulation was conducted with sound absorption coefficients, which were tested in reverberation chamber. By the increment of surface density of acoustic reflector, RT(reverberation time) and EDT(early decay time) were increased. Also, ST(stage support) was improved in low frequency bands.

뇌파 측정을 이용한 차량 깜빡이 소리의 음질 평가

신태진(Shin, Tae-Jin),이영준(Lee, Young-Jun),이상권(Lee, Sang-Kwon) 한국소음진동공학회 2012 한국소음진동공학회 논문집 Vol.22 No.11

This paper presents the correlation between psychological and physiological acoustics for the automotive sound. The research purpose of this paper is to evaluate the sound quality of turn-signal sound of a passenger car based EEG signal. The previous method for the objective evaluation of sound quality is to use sound metrics based on psychological acoustics. This method uses not only psychological acoustics but also physiological acoustics. For this work, the sounds of 7 premium passenger cars are recorded and evaluated subjectively by 30 persons. The correlation between this subjective rating and sound metrics is calculated based on psychological acoustics. Finally the correlation between the subjective rating and the EEG signal measured on the brain is also calculated. Throughout these results the new evaluation system for the sound quality on interior sound of a passenger car has been developed based on bio-signal.