Derivation of Weighting Factor for Dose Coefficient Based on ICRP 107 Radionuclide Data

Min Woo Kwak,Seong Yeon Lee,Hyeok Jae Kim,Kwang Pyo Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.2

When the parent radionuclide decays, the progeny radionuclide is produced. Accordingly, the dose contribution of the progeny radionuclide should be considered when assessing dose. For this purpose, European Commission (EC) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) provide weighting factors for dose coefficient. However, these weighting factors have a limitation that does not reflect the latest nuclide data. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the EC and IAEA methodology for derivation of weighting factor and used the latest nuclide data from ICRP 107 to derive weighting factors for dose coefficient. Weighting factor calculation is carried out through 1) selection of nuclide, 2) setting of evaluation period, and 3) derivation based on ICRP 107 radionuclide data. Firstly, in order to derive the weighting factor, we need to select the radionuclides whose dose contribution should be considered. If the half-life of progeny radionuclides sufficiently short compared to the parent radionuclide to achieve radioactive equilibrium, or if the dose coefficient is greater of similar to that of the parent radionuclide and cannot be ignored, the dose contribution of the progeny radionuclide should be considered. In order not to underestimate the dose contribution of progeny radionuclides, the weighting factors for the progeny nuclides are taken as the maximum activity ratio that the respective progeny radionuclides will reach during a time span of 100 years. Finally, the weighting factor can be derived by considering the radioactivity ratio and branch fraction. In order to calculate the weighting factor, decay data such as the half-life of the radionuclide, decay chain, and branch fraction are required. In this study, radionuclide data from ICRP 107 was used. As a result of the evaluation, for most radionuclides, the weighting factors were derived similarly to the existing EC and IAEA weighting factors. However, for some nuclides, the weighting factors were significantly different from EC and IAEA. This is judged to be a difference in the half-life and branch fraction of the radionuclide. For example, in the case of 95Zr, the weighting factor for 95mNb showed a 35.8% difference between this study and previous study. For ICRP 38, when 95Zr decays, the branch fraction for 95mNb is 6.98×10-3. In contrast, for ICRP 107, the branch fraction is 1.08×10-2, a difference of 54.7%. Therefore, the weighting factor for the dose coefficient based on ICRP 107 data may differ from existing studies depending on the half-life and decay information of the nuclide. This suggests the need for a weighting factor based on the latest nuclide data. The results of this study can be used as a basis for the consideration of dose contributions for progeny radionuclides in various dose assessments.

MCMA알고리즘에서 weighting factor에의한 적응 등화 성능 비교

임승각 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2010 한국인터넷방송통신학회 논문지 Vol.10 No.4

본 논문은 채널에서 발생되는 진폭과 위상 찌그러짐을 보상하기위한 MCMA ( Modified Constant Modulus Algorithm )의 비용 함수에서 weighting factor에의한 자기 적응 등화의 성능을 비교한 것이다. MCMA 는 기존 방식인 CMA 의 비용 함수를 개선하여 등화기의 출력에서 진폭과 위상에대한 오차 함수를 최소화할 수 있으며, 이때 weighting factor 의 값이 이용된다. 등화기의 성능을 비교할 때 initial state와 steady state로 분류하고 미리 정해진 레벨까지의 수렴 시간과 수렴 속도 및 안정된 등화 상태를 나타내며, 이들은 weighting factor에의해 결정된다. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통하여 weighting factor에따라 이들 2 가지 state 에대한 각각 상이한 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 본 결과를 이용하여 사용되는 통신 채널의 환경에따라 weighting factor 값을 적절히 선택한다면 고품질의 디지털 정보 전송이 가능하게될 것으로 기대된다. This paper deals with the performance comparison of self adaptive equalizer by the weighting factor of MCMA cost function for the compensate the amplitude and phase distortion which occurs in the communication channel. The MCMA is improves the cost function of present CMA at the output of equalizer for the minimize of error function in the amplitude and phase, the value of weighting factor is used at this time. When the comparison of equalizer performance, we classified to initial state and steady state, then it represents the convergence time and convergence speed and steady state operation of equalizer to the predetermined level, it is determined by the weighting factor. We confirm to the different result to this 2 state by weighting factor values using computer simulation. By using the result of this paper, if we appropriately choose the weighting factor values in the environment of communication channel, it is expected that the high quality digital transmission is possible.

계층적분석방법(APH : Anlytic Hierarchy Process)을 통한 축구 경기력 평가 요인 가중치 산출

홍성진(Seong-jin Hong),이기봉(Gibong Lee) 한국체육측정평가학회 2017 한국체육측정평가학회지 Vol.19 No.1

이 연구는 축구 선수의 경기력을 평가하기 위하여 객관적인 기술 요인들을 도출하였다. 계층적분석방법(AHP : Analytic Hierarchy Process)을 활용하여 기술요인파 포지션별 가중치를 산출하였다. 이를 위하여 국내 축구 분야 최고전문가 16명을 대상으로 질문지 조사가 이루어 졌으며 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 축구 선수의 경기력 평가를 위한 객관적인 요인은 공격력 · 기본능력 · 수비력 · 기여도로 나타났다. 공격력 요인으로는 득점과 도움, 기본 능력 요인으로는 슈팅 · 패스 · 드리블, 수비력 요인으로는 태클 · 인터셉트 · 클리어링 · 블락, 기여도 요인으로는 공중볼 경합파 세컨볼 획득으로 총 11개 세부요인으로 집약되었다. 둘째, 공격력의 득점파 도움요인은 각각 .625, .375 의 상대적 가중치가 나타났다. 포지션별 최종 가중치는 공격수 .179, 미드필더 .285, 수비수 .536로 나타났다. 셋째, 기본능력의 슈팅 · 패스 · 드리블 요인은 각각 .348, .421, .231의 상대적 가중치가 나타났다. 포지션별 최종 가중치는 공격수 .378, 미드필더 .291, 수비수 .331로 나타났다. 넷째, 수비력의 태클 · 인터셉트 · 클리어링 · 블락 요인은 각각 .308, .311, .205, .176의 상대적 가중치가 나타났다. 포지션별 최종 가중치는 공격수 .467, 미드필더 .300, 수비수 .233으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 기여도의 공중볼경합과 세컨볼획득요인은 각각 .383, .617의 상대적 가중치가 나타났다. 포지션별 최종 가중치는 공격수 .386, 미드필더 .311, 수비수 .303으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 실제 현장의 최고 전문가들의 의견과 내용을 객관적인 방법으로 밝혀내려고 하였다. 특히 구체적으로 제시된 가중치 값은 실제 축구 경기분석을 통하여 적용하고 검증하는 절차가 필요하다. 끝으로 이 연구에 밝혀낸 경기력 요인과 가중치를 현장에 적용하게 된다면, 선수선발·연봉산정 등에 있어 객관적인 자료를 제시하게 되어 투명성 있는 결과를 가져올 것으로 기대한다. The purpose of the current study was to draw objective skill factors to evaluate performance of soccer players. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was employed to calculate skill factors and weighted values according to the positions for this study. A total of sixteen experts participated in the survey and the following results were found. First, the results indicated that the objective factors for evaluation of soccer players` performance were offensive ability (Offensive power), basic ability (Basic ability), and defensive ability (Defense strength). A total of 11 detail factors (sub factors) were categorized including scoring and assist as offensive ability factors; shooting, pass, dribble as basic ability factors; tackle, intercept, clearing, and blocking as defensive ability factors; and to complete in the air and second-ball possession as contribution factors. Second, the relative weights of scoring and assist as offensive ability factors were .625 and .375, respectively, and the final weights of position were .179 (offensive player), .285 (mid-field player), and .526 (defensive player). Third, the relative weights of basic ability were .348 (shooting), .421 (pass), and .231 (dribble), respectively, and the final weights of position were .378 (offensive players), .291 (mid-field players), and .331 (defensive players). Fourth, the relative weights of defensive ability factors were .308 (tackle), .311 (intercept), .205 (clearing), and .176 (blocking) and the final weights of position were .467 (offensive players), .300 (mid-field players), and .233 (defensive players). Fifth, the relative weights of contribution factors were .383 (competing in the air) and .617 (second-ball possession) and the final weights of position were .386 (offensive players), .311 (mid- field players), and .303 (defensive players). The present study included opinions and thoughts on the relative weight to evaluate the performance of soccer players from the best experts in practical soccer field. Future studies should focus on applying and verifying the suggested weights through analysis of soccer matches in the field. Then, it could be very helpful to make the process fair if the performance factors and weights which were found from this study would be applied for players` selection (e.g., draft) and salary negotiation with the objective data in the field.

비만 치료에 있어서 체중 감량에 영향을 주는 인자들에 대한 고찰

남승희,김서영,임영우,박영배 한방비만학회 2018 한방비만학회지 Vol.18 No.2

Objectives: People often fail to reduce or maintain their weight despite trying to lose weight. The purpose of this study was to review previously published study results of the predictive factors associated with weight loss in obesity treatment. Methods: Authors searched for the articles related to weight loss, published from 2007 to 2017 found on PubMed, Scopus, Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), and Koreanstudies Information Service System (KISS). A total of 43 articles were finally selected. From the study results, unchangeable and changeable predictors were extracted, and these predictors were examined according to detailed categories. Results: Predictors of weight loss in obesity treatment included genetic and physiological factors, demographic factors, history of treatment on obesity related factors, behavioral factors, psychological factors and treatment process related factors. The main factors of weight loss were unchangeable predictors such as high initial degree of obesity and younger age, and changeable predictors such as dietary restraint, regular exercise, self-efficacy, initial weight loss and attendance. Especially dietary restraint, regular exercise, successful initial weight loss and high attendance were considered to be dominant factors for weight loss treatments. Conclusions: Our review results suggest that unchangeable and changeable predictors of weight loss should be carefully examined during treatments of obesity.

Weight Gain, Comorbidities, and Its Associated Factors Among Korean Adults

Huh Youn,김승희,남가은,박혜순 대한의학회 2023 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.38 No.12

Background: Weight gain in adults is associated with an increased risk of obesity-related diseases and high healthcare costs. However, there have been limited studies on weight gain in Asians. This study investigated the prevalence, comorbidities, and associated factors of weight gain in the Korean population. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of Korean adults aged 19–64 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2016–2019. We used data from 15,514 adults (subjects 1) to analyze the prevalence of weight gain. Finally, after excluding adults with suspicious debilitating conditions among them, 11,477 adults (subjects 2) were used to analyze comorbidities and associated factors. Weight changes and lifestyle factors were assessed using a self-report questionnaire. We analyzed odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using multivariable logistic regression analysis to examine factors associated with weight gain. Results: The overall prevalence of weight gain was 25.7% in men and 31.3% in women and decreased significantly with age in both sexes. Weight gain of ≥ 6 kg was evident in 10.5% of men and 9.8% of women and was more pronounced with a higher baseline body mass index (BMI). Most metabolic comorbidities worsened the greater the weight gain. Young age was the strongest associated factor for weight gain. Other factors associated with weight gain were being unmarried, blue-collar job, lower income, and alcohol consumption in men; being married in women; smoking and skipping breakfast in both sexes. Conclusion: Weight gain was much more pronounced in younger adults and at a higher baseline BMI in both sexes. Public education and health policies to prevent unnecessary weight gain should be strengthened by considering the associated harmful factors in Korean adults.

비만치료에 있어서 감량 후 체중 유지에 영향을 주는 요인에 관한 고찰

권유경,김서영,임영우,박영배 한방비만학회 2019 한방비만학회지 Vol.19 No.2

Objectives: People often fail to maintain their weight even though they have succeeded in weight loss. The purpose of this study was to review previously published study results with regards to the predictive factors associated with weight loss maintenance after successful weight loss. Methods: The authors searched for the articles related to weight loss maintenance after successful weight loss, published up until June 2019 on PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Embase, Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), and Koreanstudies Information Service System (KISS). A total of 76 articles were finally selected. From the study results, changeable and unchangeable predictors were extracted, and these predictors were examined according to detailed categories. Results: The changeable predictors of weight loss maintenance included behavioral factors, psychological factors and treatment process-related factors, whereas the unchangeable predictors included genetic and physiological factors, demographic factors, history of treatment on obesity-related factors. The main factors of weight loss maintenance were changeable predictors such as healthy eating habits, dietary intake control, binge eating control, regular exercise and physical activity, depression and stress control, social supports, self-regulation, self-weighing and initial weight loss and unchangeable predictors such as low initial weight and maximum lifetime weight. Conclusions: The results of our review results suggest that changeable and unchangeable predictors of weight loss maintenance should be carefully examined during treatments of obesity.

The Effect of Non-genetic Factors on Birth Weight and Weaning Weight in Three Sheep Breeds of Zimbabwe

Assan, N.,Makuza, S.M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.2

Sheep production is affected by genetic and non-genetic factors. A knowledge of these factors is essential for efficient management and for the accurate estimation of breeding values. The objective of this study was to establish the non-genetic factors which affect birth weight and weaning weight in Dorper, Mutton Merino and indigenous Sabi sheep breeds. A total of 2,625 birth and weaning weight records from Grasslands Research Station collected from 1991 through 1993, were used. The records were collected from indigenous Sabi (939), Dorper (807) and Mutton Merino (898) sheep. A mixed classification model containing the fixed effects of year, birth status and sex was used for identification of non-genetic factors. Sire within breed was included as a random effect. Two factor interactions and three factor interactions were important in indigenous Sabi, Mutton Merino and Dorper sheep. The mean birth weights were 4.37${\pm}$0.04 kg, 4.62${\pm}$0.04 kg and 3.29${\pm}$0.04 kg for Mutton Merino, Dorper and Sabi sheep, respectively. Sire had significant effects (p<0.05) on birth weight in Mutton Merino and indigenous Sabi sheep. Year of lambing had significant effects (p<0.05) on birth weight in indigenous Sabi, Mutton Merino and Dorper sheep. The effect of birth status was non significant in Dorper and Mutton Merino sheep while effect of birth status was significant on birth weight in indigenous Sabi sheep. In Indigenous Sabi sheep lambs born as singles (3.30${\pm}$0.05 kg) were 0.23 kg heavier than twins (3.07${\pm}$0.05 kg), in Mutton Merino lambs born as singles (3.99${\pm}$0.08 kg) were 0.07 kg heavier than twins (3.92${\pm}$0.08 kg) and in Dorper lambs born as singles (4.41${\pm}$0.04 kg) were 0.02 kg heavier than twins (4.39${\pm}$0.04 kg). On average males were heavier than females (p<0.05) weighing (3.32${\pm}$0.04 kg vs. 3.05${\pm}$0.07 kg) in indigenous Sabi, 4.73${\pm}$0.03 kg vs. 4.08${\pm}$0.05 in Dorper and 4.26${\pm}$0.07 kg vs. 3.66${\pm}$0.09 kg in Mutton Merino sheep. Two way factor interactions of sire*year, year*sex and sex*birth status had significant effects (p<0.05) on birth weight in indigenous Sabi, Mutton Merino and Dorper sheep while the effect of year*birth status was non significant on birth weight in Indigenous Sabi sheep. The three way factor interaction of year*sex*birth status had a significant effect (p<0.01) on birth weight in indigenous Sabi and Mutton Merino. Tupping weight fitted as a covariate had significant effects (p<0.001) on birth weight in indigenous Sabi, Mutton Merino and Dorper sheep. The mean weaning weights were 17.94${\pm}$0.31 kg, 18.19${\pm}$0.28 kg and 14.39${\pm}$0.28 kg for Mutton Merino, Dorper and Indigenous Sabi sheep, respectively. Effects of sire and sire*year were non significant on weaning weight in Dorper and Mutton Merino while year, sex and sex*year interaction had significant effects (p<0.001) on weaning weight. On average males were heavier than females (p<0.001) at weaning. The respective weaning weights were 18.05${\pm}$0.46 kg, 18.68${\pm}$0.19 kg, 14.14${\pm}$0.15 kg for males and 16.64${\pm}$0.60 kg, 16.41${\pm}$0.31 kg, 12.64${\pm}$0.32 kg for females in Mutton Merino, Dorper and Indigenous Sabi sheep. Lambs born as singles were significantly heavier at weaning than twins, 0.05 kg, 0.06 kg and 0.78 kg for Mutton Merino, Dorper and Indigenous Sabi sheep, respectively. Effect of tupping weight was highly significant on weaning weight. The three way factor interaction year*sex*birth status had a significant effect (p<0.01) on weaning weight. Correction for environmental effects is necessary to increase accuracy of direct selection for birth weight and weaning weight.

노인의 성별과 기능적 체력 수준이 신체 이미지에 미치는 영향

최종환(Jong Hwan Choi),노기택(Ki Taek Rho) 한국발육발달학회 2009 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.17 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gender and function-related physical fitness level on body image(weight factor, health factor, body-shape factor). The subjects were stratified cluster random sampled male(145) and female(153) in the elderly, The difference of body image(weight factor, health factor, body-shape factor), depending on gender and function-related physical fitness levels, were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, ANOVA, and Scheffe`s post-hoc tests. Also Those of all were analyzed by Pearson`s correlational coefficient. This study suggested the following conclusion: First, in all factors of body image, the higher the elderly` functional fitness, the more positive their body image. Second, female elderly were higher than male elderly on health and body-shape factors of body image. But there was no difference between male and female elderly on weight factor. Third, lower-body strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, body mass index of functional fitness were highly related to nearly all factors of body image in the elderly, regardless of gender. And agility/ balance of that was also closely related to weight and health factors of body image in male and female elderly. Therefore, this study may suggest that functional fitness and gender in the elderly are important factor for the satisfaction of body image.

AHP를 이용한 기업별 안전평가 기법에 관한 연구

백신원,이미선,Paik, Shinwon,Lee, Misun 한국농공학회 2013 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.55 No.3

In the current domestic, many industrial accidents have happened. And these are analyzed according to several factors. But it is difficult that they evaluate their business safety. Thus, we conducted a study on business specific safety assessment techniques in order that business know their safety level and perform appropriative safety activities. Study methods are survey and AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Each specific weighting factors to calculate the survey was conducted for safety and consulting experts (20 persons). Weight factor was used to AHP decision support as one of the ways through a number of alternatives to the ratings for the Minesota Multiphasic. Factors are each type of industry, specific industrial scale, disaster type and strength, worker age and tenure period, and region. First, survey was conducted with 20 professionals to estimate the weighting factors. Weights between factors using the AHP analysis tool based on the mean values were calculated. Second, last 3 years between the industrial accidents statistics were used to calculate the weights for each of the rating factors in the Occupational Safety and Health Agency. Grade weights between each factor which was based on the rating of each factor was calculated as the average of three years. Finally, the weights between each factor and the grade weights for each factor using the safety level of the enterprise were calculated so that you can evaluate the weighting.

스포츠 용품 온라인 구매채널 의사결정 영향요인에 관한 가중치 분석

유광길(Yu, Kwang-Kil) 한국체육과학회 2019 한국체육과학회지 Vol.28 No.5

This research was to explore the weight and priority order of the decision making factors of the online purchasing channel of sporting goods and thus, provide fundamental information. For this purpose, the Delphi survey was carried out by five gurus and an hierarchy structure was established with agreed survey questions in the fourth round. Based on this, pair-wise comparison questionnaires were developed. The research targeted consumers with experience in online purchasing of sporting goods in Jeollabukdo provinces. SPSS WIN Ver. 21.0 and Microsoft Office Excel 2007 were used for data process. The following results came from the research. First, the priority order(relative importance) in evaluation field of decision making factors of the online purchasing channel was practical factor, symbolic factor, environmental factor. And the product information delivery in the symbolic factor among evaluation items, the product(brand) diversity in the practical factor occupied in a top rank. The channel accessibility in the environmental factor occupied in a top rank. Second, the product(brand) diversity, price competitiveness, money payment system, channel accessibility, product information delivery and easy of use held high ranks in all factors, but the usable screen design, customer service, additional purchase benefits, shopping atmosphere and product functionality held low in it.