김훈 소설에서 시간과 윤리 - 『칼의 노래』를 중심으로

심유미 단국대학교(천안캠퍼스) 한국문화기술연구소 2017 한국문화기술 Vol.22 No.-

Novel is an art of time. Inquiry related to time has important meaning so that time could be a main figure in modern novel. According to Paul Ricoeur, human beings are ultimately temporal beings, so they have to ask for the meaning of time in order to know the meaning of existence of human beings. The meaning of time, that is, meaning of human beings who feel, experience, and act can be explained through story where history and fiction intersect. In this regard, aspects of time depicted in Kim Hoon ‘s historical novels are interpretations of the time of the ancestors who lived at a certain time on this land and those who live in the present. The aspects of time that are shaped in "The Song of the Sword", one of Kim Hoon ‘s historical novels can be discussed based on the understanding of time by Paul Ricoeur, not the contemporary and dichotomized western traditional view of time. Time theory of Paul Ricoeur is a spectrum formed with both extremities of cosmic time and experienced time, rather than view of time clearly divided in dichotomy. The third time created between both extremities is called as time of human beings. But the time is played variably between cosmic time and experienced time. The first type of the third time is a chronological time, this time is a humanized time by clock and calendar, and history is often told based on this time. The third time created by the fictional story is based on chronological time and conspiracies created on the basis of cosmic time and experienced time, but varies from one work to another and is played variably with a new time again. The third time created by "Song of Sword" is a swirling time. Yi Sun-sin fought desperately to defend the nation and protect people in the period of cruel war, Japanese invasions of Korea. His experienced time comes and goes to a certain point of the present and past complicatedly without pause as if it corresponds to disorder of the chronological time when the external event proceeds. When dizzy narrative flow where the point of time is specified in 61 times from the beginning to the end of the work is closely observed, you can summarize this vortex in the form of various relationships that occur between the times that Ricoeur identifies. There are four aspects that time relates to each other. That is, aspects in which chronological and experienced time are involved, aspects in which cosmic time and experienced time are unified, aspects in which cosmic time and experienced time are cut by destructive chronological time, aspects in which cosmic time, experienced time, and chronological are articulated. Each relational aspects of such four times can be time of human beings developed in the work. Especially, time of articulation which is the fourth aspects is connected to ethic told by 『Song of Sword』. The experienced time of Yi Sun-sin is time of body rather than inner time as shown on western thinking history or novel history. Of course, consciousness related to body appears together with senses of body but its consciousness is always related to senses of body. Ethic directed by Yi Sun-sin or works is associated with pain of body. This is because the ethic comes from pain of body and experience of death. In order to turn the chronological time of the confused and incomprehensible rulers into compatibility of an understandable life,the harmony among cosmic time, experienced time, and chronological time is best, but the best is hardly realized. The second best that can be taken by helpless individuals is the life and death to accept the time around but to maintain the unity of my life in relation to my time, and to have the ‘unbearable mind’ or ‘mind that cannot do something (不忍之心)’ for the others with absolutely helpless body. Ethic for the helpless about swirling human time. This is the very time and ethic of human beings living today that responds to the past which "Song of Sword" symbolizes.

Time-Lapse 촬영방법을 이용한 도심 광장의 이용행태에 관한 연구 -청량리 역광장을 사례로-

조창완,진양교 한국조경학회 1998 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.26 No.3

The ultimate goal of this study can be summed up as follows: First, the utility of Time-Lapse that observes and records people's behavior will be shown and its merits and demerits will be discussed through comparing with other data-collecting methods such as the naked- eye observation, and the specific way in which Time-Lapse can be put to use will be suggested. Second, analysis of use behavior boserved in the plaza of Chungryangri station by Time-Lapse will be made, on the basis of which suggestions will be made concerning planing, designing, layout, and management of the station plaza. Time-Lapse can observe and records the plaza of Chungryangri Staton through 6 different ways of recording in Time-Lapse: 30 seconds, every minute, every two minutes, second every five minutes, every one tenth of a second, and every one fifth of a second, and these different ways of recording were analyzed through comparison from one to each other to check their respective utilities. And also analysis of tracks of pedestrians, density, and use behavior of users were made, according to which the way in which Time-Lapse can be utilized was examined. Several useful results obtained from this study are shown as follows. First, Time-Lapse made it possible to continuously observe for a long time using minimu efforts, and a single tape which is able to cover from 12 hours up to 25 days is useful for observing variation of behavior in space with the passage of time and seasons. Second, among six ways of recording, the recording every one tenth of a second and every one fifth of a second are useful for finding the tracks of pedestrians, the number of users, the member compositions, the time spent in one place, and manner of use. And besides the moving direction and its purpose can be recognized in a short time, which makes it possile to see where crossings of moving directions occur. Third, the recording every thirty seconds, every minute, every two minutes, and every five minutes are useful for analyzing the density in space as well as for finding the number of users and frequency of facilities use. In particular the recording every thirty seconds made it possible to keep the track of pedestrians' walking, and to observe even slowly moving motions such as cleaning. But when the recording interval exceeds one minute, this was not possible. Fourth, time-lapse has advantages over the naked eye observation in several respects. Time-lapse can measure observed behavior and density in terms of number, and locate the position of users. Time-Lapse, if accompanied by other methods such as interviewing and question that can examine psychological aspects like satisfaction or the purpose of use and be a useful device for space studies.

Time Frequency Domain Reflectometry 기법을 이용한 Coaxial Cable에서의 결함 감지 및 추정

송은석,신용준,최덕선,육종관,박진배,Powers, Edward J. 한국항행학회 2003 韓國航行學會論文誌 Vol.7 No.1

본 논문에서는 도선사에서 발생하는 결함 위치와 이상 유무를 감지하는 새로운 고분해능 반사측정법인 시간-주파수 영역반사측정법 (TFDR, Time-Frequency Domain Reflectometry)을 제안하였다. 고전적인 반사측정법들은 단지 시간 또는 주파수의 한 영역에서 분석되어져 왔으나, 본 논문에서 제시한 TFDR은 도선의 결함 위치와 이상 유무를 발견하기 위해 과도신호의 시간과 주파수 영역의 정보를 동시에 이용할 수 있는 시간-주파수 분석기법으로 특성화하였다. TFDR의 기준신호 설계는 측정 케이블의 물리적 성질들을 고려하여 주파수 밴드를 결정하며, 도선의 결함감지와 추정은 시간-주파수 상호상관관계 함수에 의해 이루어진다. TFDR 시스템을 이용하여 여러 결함 상태를 가진 실제 coaxial cable (RG-142, RG-400)에 대해 실험하였고 정확성을 입증하기 위해 TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) 장비와 성능은 비교하였다. 본 논문에서는 TFDR이 TDR보다 작은 오차로 결함을 찾아냄을 나타내고 있으며, 측정된 정확도는 TFDR의 오차율이 0.5%이하로 TDR (54750A/54754A) 장비보다 성능이 월등히 우수하다는 것을 알 수 있다. In this paper, a new high resolution reflectometry scheme, time-frequency domain reflectometry (TFDR), is proposed to detect and locate fault in wiring. Traditional reflectometry methods have been achieved in either the time domain or frequency domain only. However, time-frequency domain reflectometry utilizes time and frequency information of a transient signal to detect and locate the fault. The time-frequency domain reflectometry approach described in this paper is characterized by time-frequency reference signal design and post-processing of the reference and reflected signals to detect and locate the fault. Design of the reference signal in time-frequency domain reflectometry is based on the determination of the frequency bandwidth of the physical properties of cable under test. The detection and estimation of the fault on the time-frequency domain reflectometry relies on the time-frequency domain reflectometry is compared with commercial time domain reflectometry (TDR) instrument. In these experiments provided in this paper, TFDR locates the fault with smaller error than TDR. Knowledge of time and frequency localized information for the reference and reflected signal gained via time-frequency analysis, allows one to detect the fault and estimate the location accurately.

한국 학생들의 시간활동 양상 평가

류현수(Hyeonsu Ryu),윤효정(Hyojung Yoon),엄익춘(Igchun Eom),박진현(Jinhyeon Park),김순신(Sunshin Kim),조만수( Mansu Cho),양원호(Wonho Yang) 한국환경보건학회 2018 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.44 No.2

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for air pollutant exposure modelling and understanding the contribution of respective microenvironments by assessing the time-activity patterns of Korean students according to variables such as grade, sex, weekday, and weekend. Methods: In this study, we compared the residential time of 521 (both weekday and weekend) lower elementary students, 1,735 (1,054 on weekdays, 681 on weekends) upper elementary students, 2,210 (1,294 on weekdays, 916 on weekends) middle school students, and 2,366 (1,387 on weekdays, 979 on weekends) high school students in different microenvironments according to grade, sex, weekday, and weekend. We used data from the 2014 Time-Use Survey by the Korean National Statistical Office for upper elementary students through high school students, and surveyed time-activity patterns of 521 lower elementary students aged 7-9 years. Each microenvironment was divided into indoor, outdoor, and transport. Indoor environments were divided into home, school, and other places. In addition, the results of previous studies were compared to this study. Results: Weekday time-activity patterns of Korean students indicated that lower elementary students spent 16.02±2.53 hr in the home and 5.37±2.32 hr in school. Upper elementary students spent 14.11±1.79 hr in the home and 6.27±1.37hr in school. Middle school students spent 12.83±2.22 hr in the home and 7.48±1.88 hr in school. High school students spent 10.65±2.86 hr in the home and 10.23±2.86 hr in school on weekdays. High school students spent the least amount of time in the home and the most time in school compared to other grades Conclusions: Students spent most of their time indoors, including in the home, school, and other indoors. On weekdays, as the grade increases, home residential times were decreased and school residential times were increased. Differences in time-activity patterns according to sex were not found for either weekdays or weekends. It is estimated that Korean students could be affected by school indoor air quality. High school students could be most affected by school indoor air quality since they spent the most time at school.

신석정 초기시의 시간현상학적 의식 지향성 연구

강희안(Hee-ahn, Kang) 어문연구학회 2011 어문연구 Vol.69 No.-

Through Seokjeong’s early poems, 『Candle』(1939) and 『Sad Pastoral(牧歌)』(1947) the writer has seen the poet’s imaginative scheme and the transformation process where time consciousness contains. This is to validate how Seokjeong responded to the principals of the poems work and what is called colonial fetters. Because time is another reality closely accumulated by the concrete reality and refraction of consciousness that the poet faces. Consisting of reflections with historical reality revealed early on the vertical time is a quick summary of the discussion as follows. In the early poems of Seokjeong the tragic reality in the colonial domination is the default condition in understanding Seokjeong’s poetic world. When Seokjeong keeps distance from historical time, he takes the accommodative stance(↓). Thus, while it appears denying the current time accompanied by a separate self-consciousness. That is, this poetic way revealed by the disappearance of mechanism the tragedy of reality is an axis of early poetic world to recognize the reality passively. This kind of attitude toward life is the aspect of condition reflex behavior or a simple mechanical way of life. Another feature revealed in Seokjeong’s early poems is a strong vertical time of transcendent nature(↑) This kind of time is revealed as an upward attribute opposing the tragedy of reality. Time based on the so-called continuation of time aims at the attributes of religious time contrast with time of routine; continuance, deity, identity, existence and unity. That’s because the attribute of transcendence is to resolve the contrast and conflict between historical reality and ideal reality. This transcendent world means moving forward transcending space to the horizon spacially and temporally it means going back to the historical time; past, present, and future at the same time. As identified in the beginning, Seokjeong’s time in his early poems is the vertical time divided into two parts. Then while existential time is earth-oriented based on the moment of present, a transcendent time contains aspect-oriented spatialization. The lower part is refracted by the belief and commitment toward a world of death but the top part has the characteristics that is devoted to the religious world to transcend the tragic routine. This kind of time consciousness was two basic devotions that Seokjeong himself could choose, who kept consistent in the situation where he could not fight against the history in the colonial face to face.

作为方法的“时间” - 论中国现代小说的发生 -

赵斌,엄영욱 중국인문학회 2020 中國人文科學 Vol.0 No.74

It is very meaningful for us to put the novels of late Qing Dynasty and May 4th together and examine "the occurrence of modern Chinese novels" around the "time" of the novels. Modernity is a problem of time. Thinking around "time" is a return to the problem itself, which should expand and extend the topic of "the occurrence of modern Chinese novels". The occurrence of modern Chinese novels is closely related to the narrative time and modernity time of novels. From the perspective of narrative time, whether it is from "full time" to "cross section", or from "pause" to "omission", or the psychological presentation of narrative time, all play an important role in the occurrence of modern Chinese novels, and the psychological presentation of narrative time in novels is also very important. With the emergence of psychological impression novels, the plot timeline of novels has almost completely collapsed, the structure of novels has shifted from plot time to psychological space, from the outside to the inside, and the novels have completed the modern transformation from writing stories to writing people, from the outside to the inside. From the perspective of modernity time, compared with the time-space form of novels, the changes of modernity time in novels are more lively and rapid. The growth process of human beings and the evolution process of events are put into concrete time-space and into a linear development time-space. The character changes of characters and the causal development of events all exist in the time process. Therefore, the characters in novels have real psychological and life activity tracks, which is fundamental to the promotion of the modern transformation of Chinese novels.

Time: Moving or Stationary?

정지윤 언어과학회 2016 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.79

Time is definitely one of the most abstract concepts. For this reason, time is usually expressed metaphorically. However, there exists inconsistency in the conceptualization of time in English and Korean. The aim of this paper is to explicate how English speakers and Korean speakers conceptualize the passage of time as a motion event in two different ways: MOVING TIME and MOVING EGO. The findings are as follows: English allows the reversal of MOVING TIME and MOVING EGO in many situations. MOVING EGO is mostly found in the scheduled situations, pleasant-time situations, and the situations expected with enthusiasm. In contrast, the MOVING EGO is not possible in an unexpected or unrecognizable time, a dreadful time, and an uncontrollable time. In Korean, MOVING TIME is dominant, whereas MOVING EGO is rarely found with much restriction. MOVING EGO is possible in the cases of describing delightful, enthusiastically expected future events.

스웨덴의 시간제근로 : 유연성과 성평등의 긴장 속 공존

김영미 ( Young Mi Kim ) 한국산업노동학회 2011 산업노동연구 Vol.17 No.1

스웨덴 시간제근로가 주로 여성들의 일자리로 자리잡고 있음에도 불구하고 주변화되지 않고 좋은 일자리로 자리잡게 된 데에는 다음 세가지 조건이 가장 중요하였다고 판단된다. 첫째, 스웨덴에서 시간제근로는 고용유연화를 목적으로 한 것이라기 보다는 생계부양자 모형의 전환을 목적으로 한 포괄적인 일-생활 양립 프로젝트의 일환으로 확산되었으며 보육정책, 육아휴직정책과 긴밀하게 연계되어 시행되고 있다는 점이다. 둘째, 단시간근로 청구권을 바탕으로 한 전환형 시간제가 많아 종사상 지위의 측면에서 볼 때 전일제와 시간제의 지위 상 경계의 구분이 쉽지 않고 부가급여, 사회급여에서 차별적 대우의 근거가 없다는 점이다. 세째 EU근로시간 지침과 노동법, 단체협약에 의해 전일제근로의 노동시간에 대한 규제가 엄격하게 이루어지고 있어 시간제근로에 대한 수요가 크고 그와 함께 시간제근로의 초과근무를 엄격하게 통제하고 있어 시간제근로가 실질적으로 안착될 수 있었다는 점이다. 시간제근로가 스웨덴 여상들의 경제활동 및 생애과정에 미친 영향과 관련해서는 시간제근로가 여성 고용률을 증가시키는 데 기여했다는 데는 연구자들 간에 큰 이견이 없다. 1970년대 이후 시간제근로의 확산 과정을 보면 시간제근로는 기존에 경제활동을 하고 있던 전일제 여성근로자들을 시간제로 전환시킨 것보다는 경제적으로 비활동적이었던 여성들을 노동시장으로 끌어들인 효과가 훨씬 컸다. 시간제근로 확산 이후 스웨덴 여성들의 생애과정의 지배적인 패턴은 양육기 이전 전일제-양육기 시간제-양육기 이후 전일제로 양육기의 경력단절이 최소화된 패턴으로 대체된 것으로 평가된다. 성평 등의 관점에서 볼 때 스웨덴의 시간제근로는 여성화의 문제, 여전히 온존하고 있는 성별직종분리의 문제 등 분리된 일자리라는 한계를 안고 있음에도 불구하고 여성들의 노동시장 통합도를 높이고 전일제로의 징검다리 역할을 하는 긍정성을 보여주고 있다. Part-time jobs in Sweden are highly feminized yet are in fair conditions in terms of job security, earnings, and collective representation. Three points are considered to be important to understand why part-time work in Sweden carries such positive characteristics. First, the part-time work in Sweden is widely spread not as a result of employers` need for labor flexibilization but as means to enhance the work-life balance, a value pursued within a broader social policy package to change the breadwinner model. Second, discrimination against part-time workers is restrained in Sweden because the boundary between part-time and full-time is not conspicuous. Most of part-time jobs are occupied by regular workers who exert the right to part-time work, hence may go back to the full-time status any time. Third, the regulation on overtime work of part-time workers as well as full-time workers is strong. It is largely agreed among researchers that part-time work contributed greatly to an increase of female employment rate in Sweden. Since the l970s, the increased availability of part-time jobs induced married women who used to be economically inactive to the labor market and maintained them to be economically active throughout the child rearing period. From the gender perspective, one may still raise issues regarding part-time work in Sweden such as persistent feminization and strong occupational sex segregation. However, the observed trend shows that the part-time work in Sweden has functioned more as a stepping stone to the full-time work for women than as a women`s trap.

맞벌이 부부의 무급노동 및 여가 공유시간: 생활시간조사자료를 중심으로

손문금 통계청 2011 통계연구 Vol.16 No.1

The Purpose of this study is to 1) How much time do the dual earner couples share with? 2) What kind of effects do the socio-economic factors have on the time shared with dual-earner couples? Source for analysis in this study is from Time Use Survey conducted by Korea National Statistical Office in 2009. The results of the study show that first, the time shared with dual-earner couples is 62 minutes. And the largest parts activity of the time shared with dual-earner couples is media. So we conclude that the characteristic of the time shared with dual-earner couples is so much individualized. Second, the number of hours couples paid work time, family life cycle factors like as pre-schoolers and age are significantly related to the time shared with dual-earner couples. The time shared with dual-earner couples is reduced by the number of hours couples paid work. Dual-earner couples with pre-schoolers have more unpaidwork time shared with and have less leisure time shared with. And as age increases, more dual-earner couples may be less able to share couple's time. 본 연구는 맞벌이 부부가 시장노동 이외 무급노동과 여가활동에서 얼마나 많은 시간을 함께 공유하고 있는지, 그들의 노동조건, 가족생활주기, 사회경제적 지위변수가 부부의 공유시간에 어떤 영향을 미치고 있는지 살펴보았다. 분석 자료는 통계청의 2009년 『생활시간조사』 원자료(raw data)이다. 분석결과 맞벌이 부부의 총공유시간은 62분으로 남편 홀벌이 부부의 81분(부인기준)보다 적은 것으로 나타나 부부의 일상생활이 더욱 개별화되어 있었다. 또한, 부부의 총시장노동시간이 길수록 부부의 무급노동과 여가활동 공유시간이 적어졌고, 미취학자녀의 존재는 부부의 무급노동 공유시간의 증가보다는 여가활동 공유시간을 더욱 많이 감소시켜 부부의 총공유시간을 감소시켰다. 연령은 낮을수록 부부의 모든 공유시간이 증가하고 있었다. 맞벌이 부부가 가장 많이 공유하는 행동은 수동적인 여가활동에 해당하는 미디어이용 공유시간으로 하루 평균 28분 정도이며, 무급노동 공유시간은 16분, 여가 및 레저 공유시간은 18분 정도로 나타났다.

Time-resolved Studies of Carrier and Spin Dynamics in Quantum Dots and Wide Band-gap Materials

Atsushi Tackeuchi,김태환,Joo Hyung You,이홍석,박홍이,Takako Chinone,Ji-Hao Liang 한국물리학회 2009 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.55 No.1

Time-resolved studies using ultra-short laser pulses unveil interesting aspects of carrier and spin dynamics in compound semiconductors. Here, thermally-activated carrier transfers between CdTe/ZnTe quantum dots (QDs) and ultrafast spin-relaxations in bulk GaN are reported. Carrier transfer among CdTe/ZnTe self-organized QDs was studied using time-resolved photoluminescence measurements. The carriers in the high-energy ground states of small QDs are confirmed to transfer to the lower-energy ground states of larger QDs, even at 10 K. The energy dependence of the PL decay time changes uniquely with increasing temperature. The change in the energy dependence of the PL decay time can be explained by thermally-activated carrier transfer. Excitonic spin-relaxations in hexagonal GaN and cubic GaN are observed. The A-band free exciton in hexagonal GaN shows a sub-picosecond spin-relaxation of 0.47 ps at 150 K. The acceptor-bound exciton in hexagonal GaN shows spin-relaxation times of 1.40 – 1.14 ps at 15 – 50 K. Meanwhile, the spin-relaxation times in cubic GaN at 15 – 75 K are found to be longer than 5 ns. The long nanosecond spin-relaxation time in cubic GaN is consistent with the observation that spin-relaxation time becomes longer for wider-band-gap zincblende semiconductors. Time-resolved studies using ultra-short laser pulses unveil interesting aspects of carrier and spin dynamics in compound semiconductors. Here, thermally-activated carrier transfers between CdTe/ZnTe quantum dots (QDs) and ultrafast spin-relaxations in bulk GaN are reported. Carrier transfer among CdTe/ZnTe self-organized QDs was studied using time-resolved photoluminescence measurements. The carriers in the high-energy ground states of small QDs are confirmed to transfer to the lower-energy ground states of larger QDs, even at 10 K. The energy dependence of the PL decay time changes uniquely with increasing temperature. The change in the energy dependence of the PL decay time can be explained by thermally-activated carrier transfer. Excitonic spin-relaxations in hexagonal GaN and cubic GaN are observed. The A-band free exciton in hexagonal GaN shows a sub-picosecond spin-relaxation of 0.47 ps at 150 K. The acceptor-bound exciton in hexagonal GaN shows spin-relaxation times of 1.40 – 1.14 ps at 15 – 50 K. Meanwhile, the spin-relaxation times in cubic GaN at 15 – 75 K are found to be longer than 5 ns. The long nanosecond spin-relaxation time in cubic GaN is consistent with the observation that spin-relaxation time becomes longer for wider-band-gap zincblende semiconductors.