양자 컴퓨팅 성능 평가 기술에 대한 비교 분석

이두원,최병수 대한전자공학회 2024 전자공학회논문지 Vol.61 No.3

양자 컴퓨팅은 양자역학적 특성을 이용한 신개념 컴퓨팅을 의미한다. 양자 컴퓨팅과 관련한 연구개발은 크게 활용기술 개발과 구현 기술 개발로 구분되며, 다양한 활용기술과 구현 기술이 제안되고 있다. 현재까지 다양한 구현 기술이 제안되고 있으나, 실제로 비트 컴퓨팅의 한계를 뛰어넘기 위해서는 다양한 기술적 이슈들이 해결되어야 한다. 이 과정에서 양자 컴퓨팅의 성능에 영향을 끼치는 모든 구성 요소들에 대한 기능적, 성능적 요구 수준을 명확히 분석하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 이에 따라, 양자 컴퓨팅 성능 평가 기술 연구개발도 최근 급격한 관심을 받고 있다. 관련하여 이미 다수의 양자 컴퓨팅 성능 평가 기술이 개발되었으나, 양자 컴퓨팅 시스템의 모든 구성요소 중 일부분을 주로 다루고 있거나 혹은 분석 가능 수준이 제한되는 한계점이 지적되고 있다. 이에 양자 컴퓨팅 성능 평가 기술들을 체계적으로 비교 분석하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 이를 달성하기 위하여 최초로 양자 컴퓨팅 풀 스택 구조 관점에서 분석하는 기술을 적용한다. 다음으로 양자 컴퓨팅 성능 평가 기술들을 양자 컴퓨팅 계산 성능 지표 범위(계산 시간 등)와 도출 능력(분석 시간 등) 측면에서 체계적으로 비교하였다. 결론적으로 본 연구를 통해 양자 컴퓨팅 성능 평가 기술은 아직까지는 풀 스택 구조를 모두 분석하지 못하고 있으며, 분석 기술 측면에서 해결해야 할 기술적 이슈가 많음을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 최종적으로 향후 지향해야 하는 연구개발 방향성을 제시한다. Quantum computing involves the use of quantum mechanical properties in computing. Research and development in this field are divided into utilization technology and implementation technology, with numerous proposals for both. Various implementation technologies have been proposed, but to overcome the limitations of bit computing, several technical issues must be resolved. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the functional and performance requirements of all components that affect the performance of quantum computing clearly. As a result, there has been significant interest in the research of quantum computing performance evaluation technology. Several quantum computing performance evaluation technologies have been developed, but their limitations have been identified in that they primarily address only some components, analyze only few performance-metric of quantum computing, and restrict the level of analysis. Therefore, it is crucial to systematically compare and analyze quantum computing performance evaluation technologies. To resolve this issue, we propose a comparative method which is based on the quantum computing full stack structure as a new methodological perspective. We then use it to compare systematically various quantum computing performance evaluation technologies using quantitative indicators for computation time, analysis time, coverage of layers, convenience, etc. This study concludes that performance evaluation technology for quantum computing has not fully analyzed the overall quantum computing full-stack structure yet. We also list that there are various technical issues with respect to analysis technology. The study provides insight into the future direction of research and development that should be pursued.

Exploiting GPU-based Parallelism for Quantum Computer Simulation: A Survey

Sengthai Heng,Taekyung Kim,Youngsun Han 대한전자공학회 2020 IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing & Computing Vol.9 No.6

As the advent of quantum computers comes closer, research on quantum algorithms is actively being conducted in various fields. Quantum computer simulation is mainly employed for the study of quantum algorithms due to the imperfections of quantum computers. Quantum computer simulation using classical computers has encountered significant challenges in emulating quantum algorithms, where computational time and memory usage increase exponentially due to superposition and entanglement. To resolve these problems, there have been many studies to exploit GPU-based parallelism in quantum computer simulation. In this review paper, we present various studies on implementing quantum computer simulations using single or multiple GPUs. We also analyze the performance of these studies in terms of speedup and summarize the simulation methods.

Review of Applications of Quantum Computing in Power Flow Calculation

Jang Ye-Eun,Kim Na-Yeon,Kim Young-Jin 대한전기학회 2024 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.19 No.2

The proliferation of distributed energy resources has increased the complexity of power system analysis and operation. To address the complexity, various algorithms have been studied on classical computers, but their performance was constrained by hardware limitations of classical computers. As a new computing paradigm, quantum computing has recently been applied to power system operations to enhance computational efciency, and early studies on quantum computing application have demonstrated the computational efciency. Although there remains the limited scalability in current quantum devices, various algorithms have been developed by combining classical and quantum computers to exploit quantum computing fully. Therefore, with the brief introduction of quantum computing and its computing systems, this paper reviews and discusses the recent studies particularly on power fow and optimal power fow calculations using various quantum algorithms ranging from pure quantum computing algorithms to hybrid quantum-classical algorithms. In addition, this paper suggests new research subjects in power fow calculations for future studies.

양자 금융 연구 현황과 제언

강형구,최명수,엄찬영 한국재무학회 2023 財務硏究 Vol.36 No.1

Quantum computing is an emerging field that offers the potential to overcome the limitations of classical computers and is gaining attention as the next-generation computing platform. With the growth of interest in quantum computers, the competition to develop more powerful systems has intensified, with leading companies such as IBM, Google, Intel, Microsoft, and Samsung investing in the technology. They are working towards creating more advanced and practical quantum computers that can lead to new applications in various fields. Consequently, quantum computing has become a game-changer in recent years, with applications in cryptography, simulation, machine learning, and data retrieval. Quantum computing is also beingapplied to finance, giving rise to a new field known as quantum finance. This offers a unique way of processing data and information that is different from classical computing technologies. With its ability to perform complex optimization problems faster and more accurately than classical computers, quantum computing has significant potential in finance. Quantum finance has numerous advantages and limitless potential applications. For instance, it can help financial institutions better manage complex financial products like derivatives and structured products. By providing more accurate risk assessments, portfolio optimization, and trading strategies, quantum finance can enhance the efficiency and accuracy of financial markets. This enables financial institutions to make informed decisions, reduces the likelihood of financial loss, and ultimately benefits both the institutions and their customers. Quantum computing can also reduce the time and cost of complex financial calculations, such as Monte Carlo simulations. This is crucial for financial institutions, as the savings can be reinvested in other areas of the business. Additionally, quantum computing has the potential to increase the stability of financial markets by reducing market volatility and increasing investor confidence. The implementation of quantum finance requires cooperation between the financial sector and the government. Financial institutions should invest in quantum financial technologies and create the necessary infrastructure and regulations. Governments should also provide funding and support through regulation to encourage the development of quantum finance. Financial institutions, governments, and academia must work together to advance the field and maximize the potential of quantum computing in finance. However, implementing quantum finance requires expertise in both quantum computing and finance. Financial institutions need to secure human resources, such as quantum computing experts, to successfully implement quantum finance. This requires close collaboration between the financial sector and academia to develop the necessary skills. In conclusion, the potential benefits of quantum finance are vast, and its impact on the financial industry could be significant. By enhancing the efficiency, accuracy, and stability of financial markets, quantum finance has the potential to revolutionize the industry and benefit both financial institutions and their customers. It is crucial that financial institutions, governments, and academia work together to invest in and support the development of this emerging field. By exploring the potential and implications of quantum finance, this paper highlights the importance of supporting its growth, which has the potential to shape the future of finance and quantum computing.

0과 1의 해석학-수학, 디지털 및 양자정보, 그리고 주역과 노장

오태석 한국중국어문학회 2018 中國文學 Vol.97 No.-

This paper mainly put emphasis on the concept of ‘ambiguity’ and ‘ambivalence’, not on‘clarity’ in regard to information theory. The specific contents are about the humanistic implies ofthe numbers ‘0 and 1’. I describe it into three parts as follows: ① Many interpretations ofhumanistic math about ‘0 and 1’ which could be extended to the circle and wave in TaiJI(太極)and its center line and its augural meaning of differential equation; probability; set in regard toGeorge Cantor’s diagonal argument; and exponential function and log function which are relatedwith the concept of information bit. ② A comparison of information theory about ‘0 and 1’ indigital computer’s bit with quantum computer’s qbit. ③ Mathematical semiotics of Yin and Yangin Book of Change(Yi-Jing), and Laozhuang’s view of ‘liangxing(兩行)’, i.e. going two-wayssimultaneously from the aspect of information theory. In this paper I maintain 3 points as follows: ⓐ Similarity of ambivalence(兩價性) between 0that includes nothing and infinity and concept of ‘Wu’(無) in Laozi(老子). ⓑ digital computer’soperating system is alternative algorithm i.e. {0/1}. Meanwhile quantum computer is simultaneouslyambivalent taking algorithm i.e. {0&1}, which is based on quantum superposition and quantumentanglement. In other words, digital computer is based on the way of optional choice, andquantum computer runs in two different ways simultaneously. I think quantum computer’s operatingsystem is much similar to the process of “Yang from Yin(陰中陽)” and “Yin from Yang(陽中陰)”in YiJing(易經), which is operated in intrinsically mutual complementary way. ⓒ For hundreds ofyears Western thoughts made much of rational clarity, and in result the thoughts of ambivalence’(兩價性) in East Asian traditional thoughts are neglected relatively. I think from the impact of Einstein’s Relative Theories and Quantum Mechanics in earlydecades of 20th century, people start ringing that rational clarity is not always superior toambivalence and ambiguity, especially in modern science. In this paper I considered the matter of26 中國文學 第97輯humanistic implies about ‘0 and 1’ especially from information theory. And I would like to evokethe changing situation in recent recognition on ‘ambiguity’ or ‘ambivalence’, unlike past centuries. 본고 〈0과 1의 해석학〉은 ‘0과 1’의 다양한 인문수학적 함의, 이 숫자들에 기초한 디지털컴퓨터와 양자컴퓨터의 구동방식의 비교, 그리고 주역 음양론과 노장 세계인식의 중요한 특징으로서의 양가성(兩價性)과 양행의 독법을 정보이론의 관점에서 풀어 해석하고자 했다. 제2장에서는 ‘0과 1’의 의미를 0의 양가성, 원과 파동, 확률, 집합론, 그리고 지수⋅로그(log)의 정보 단위로서의 bit와의 관련성 등을 인문수학적으로 고찰하였다. 제3장에서는 0과 1의 선택(0/1)에 기초한 디지털컴퓨터와, 양자역학의 기본 속성인 양자중첩에 기초해 0과 1을 동시에취하는(0&1) 양자컴퓨터의 알고리즘 구동 방식을 비교 분석함으로써 이어 행할 주역 및 노장사유와의 상호 관련성을 가늠할 기초 자료로 삼았다. 제4장에서는 음과 양 혹은 0과 1의 이진법으로 운용되는 동아시아 주역 음양기호학의 괘의 확장과 전개가 방식으로 구동되며, 동시에 0과 1이 복희육십사괘도에서 보듯이 ‘음중양,양중음’의 내적 상관성 속에 움직이는 점, 그리고 노장이 공히 인식한 상도(常道)적 잠재계와가도(可道)적 현상계, 그리고 이 둘의 양면 구동인 양행(兩行) 병작(並作)의 사유가 양자택일적 디지털 컴퓨터보다는 양자컴퓨터와 더 근접함을 보았다. 이상의 고찰을 통해 서구 르네상스 이후 전개된 근대이성 중심의 세속주의(secularism) 및데카르트와 뉴턴 이래 가속화한 분과주의 및 기계론적 이분법의 독점적 지배가 20세기초 상대성이론과 양자역학으로 흔들리기 시작하면서, 장기간 홀시되었던 동아시아 사유의 이중성과 모호성의 양가(兩價)⋅양행(兩行)의 사유가 새로운 조명을 받을 충분한 시점에 이르렀다고논증하였다.

0과 1의 해석학 ―수학, 디지털 및 양자정보, 그리고 주역과 노장

오태석 ( Oh Tae-suk ) 한국중국어문학회 2018 中國文學 Vol.97 No.-

This paper mainly put emphasis on the concept of ‘ambiguity’ and ‘ambivalence’, not on ‘clarity’ in regard to information theory. The specific contents are about the humanistic implies of the numbers ‘0 and 1’. I describe it into three parts as follows: ① Many interpretations of humanistic math about ‘0 and 1’ which could be extended to the circle and wave in TaiJI(太極) and its center line and its augural meaning of differential equation; probability; set in regard to George Cantor’s diagonal argument; and exponential function and log function which are related with the concept of information bit. ② A comparison of information theory about ‘0 and 1’ in digital computer’s bit with quantum computer’s qbit. ③ Mathematical semiotics of Yin and Yang in Book of Change(Yi-Jing), and Laozhuang’s view of ‘liangxing(兩行)’, i.e. going two-ways simultaneously from the aspect of information theory. In this paper I maintain 3 points as follows: ⓐ Similarity of ambivalence(兩價性) between 0 that includes nothing and infinity and concept of ‘Wu’(無) in Laozi(老子). ⓑ digital computer’s operating system is alternative algorithm i.e. {0/1}. Meanwhile quantum computer is simultaneously ambivalent taking algorithm i.e. {0&1}, which is based on quantum superposition and quantum entanglement. In other words, digital computer is based on the way of optional choice, and quantum computer runs in two different ways simultaneously. I think quantum computer’s operating system is much similar to the process of “Yang from Yin(陰中陽)” and “Yin from Yang(陽中陰)” in YiJing(易經), which is operated in intrinsically mutual complementary way. ⓒ For hundreds of years Western thoughts made much of rational clarity, and in result the thoughts of ambivalence’ (兩價性) in East Asian traditional thoughts are neglected relatively. I think from the impact of Einstein’s Relative Theories and Quantum Mechanics in early decades of 20th century, people start ringing that rational clarity is not always superior to ambivalence and ambiguity, especially in modern science. In this paper I considered the matter of humanistic implies about ‘0 and 1’ especially from information theory. And I would like to evoke the changing situation in recent recognition on ‘ambiguity’ or ‘ambivalence’, unlike past centuries.

양자컴퓨팅 소프트웨어 최신 기술 동향

조은영,김영철,정희범,차규일,Cho, E.Y.,Kim, Y.C.,Jung, H.B.,Cha, G.I. 한국전자통신연구원 2021 전자통신동향분석 Vol.36 No.6

Since Richard Feynman presented the concept of quantum computers, quantum computing have been identified today overcoming the limits of supercomputing in various applications. Quantum hardware has steadily developed into 50 to hundreds of qubits of various quantum hardware technologies based on superconductors, semiconductors, and trapped ions over 40 years. However, it is possible to use a NISQ (Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum) level quantum device that currently has hardware constraints. In addition, the software environment in which quantum algorithms for problem solving in various applications can be executed is pursuing research with quantum computing software such as programming language, compiler, control, testing and verification. The development of quantum software is essential amid intensifying technological competition for the commercialization of quantum computers. Therefore, this paper introduces the trends of the latest technology, focusing on quantum computing software platforms, and examines important software component technologies.

Quantum Computing Impact on SCM and Hotel Performance

Adhikari, Binaya,Chang, Byeong-Yun The Institute of Internet 2021 International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting an Vol.13 No.2

For competitive hotel business, the hotel must have a sound prediction capability to balance the demand and supply of hospitality products. To have a sound prediction capability in the hotel, it should be prepared to be equipped with a new technology such as quantum computing. The quantum computing is a brand new cutting-edge technology. It will change hotel business and even the whole world too. Therefore, we study the impact of quantum computing on supply chain management (SCM) and hotel performance. Toward the goal we have developed the research model including six constructs: quantum (computing) prediction, communication, supplier relationship, service quality, non-financial performance, and financial performance. The result of the study shows a significant influence of quantum (computing) prediction on hotel performance through the mediating role of SCM in the hotel. Quantum prediction is highly significant in enhancing the SCM in the hotel. However, the direct effect between the quantum prediction and hotel performance is not significant. The finding indicates that hotels which would install the quantum computing technology and utilize the quantum prediction could hugely benefit from the performance improvement.

IBM Quantum Experience의 Qiskit과 OpenQASM을 이용한 양자 계산의 소개

이종완 한국물리학회 2022 새물리 Vol.72 No.12

Quantum Information Software Kit (Qiskit) is an open-source SDK for working with quantum computers of IBM Quantum Experience, and it is available for everyone who is interested in programming real quantum computers. Open Quantum Assembly Language (OpenQASM) is an intermediate representation of quantum instructions. Jupyter notebook is a web-based interactive computational environment for the creation of notebook documents for Python language. In this paper, we introduce four compact versions of Jupyter notebook environment to help students start programming with IBM Quantum Experience using Qiskit and OpenQASM. Qiskit(Quantum Information Software Kit)은 IBM Quantum Experience의 양자 컴퓨터 계산을 위한 오픈 소스 소프트웨어 개발 키트로 실제 양자 컴퓨터 프로그래밍에 관심이 있는 모든 사람들이 사용할 수 있다. OpenQASM(Open Quantum Assembly Language)은 양자 명령어들의 어셈블리 언어이다. Jupyter Notebook은 Python 언어용 노트북 문서를 생성하기 위한 웹 기반 대화형 컴퓨팅 환경이다. 이 논문에서는 학생들이 Qiskit 및 OpenQASM을 사용하여 IBM Quantum Experience으로 프로그래밍을 시작하는 데 도움이 될 Jupyter Notebook 환경의 4가지 축약된 버전을 소개한다.

New frontiers of quantum computing in chemical engineering

Akshay Ajagekar,Fengqi You 한국화학공학회 2022 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.39 No.4

Quantum computing (QC) has the potential to strongly impact various sectors like finance, healthcare,communication, and technology by driving innovation across optimization and machine learning. Applications of QCin chemical, pharmaceutical, and biomolecular industries are also predicted to grow rapidly in the near future. Advancementsin quantum hardware and algorithms have helped accelerate the widespread adoption of QC. Yet, despite theprogress, several research gaps and challenges need to be addressed before leveraging QC for chemical engineeringapplications. Quantum computers offer higher computational power due to the exploitation of their quantum mechanicalproperties. However, not all computationally intractable problems can benefit from QC’s computational abilities. Achieving speedups over classical computing with quantum algorithms implemented on current quantum devices ispossible for a few specific tasks. It is imperative to identify chemical engineering problems of practical relevance thatmay benefit from novel quantum techniques either with current quantum computers or of the future. Here, we presentan introduction to basic concepts of QC while identifying the limitations of current quantum computers. A review ofquantum algorithms that may benefit optimization and machine learning in chemical engineering with current quantumcomputers is also provided. This work also sets expectations for quantum devices of the future by exploring similarapplications that may benefit from quantum algorithms implemented on such devices.