인격권에 관한 입법제안

김재형 한국민사법학회 2011 民事法學 Vol.57 No.-

Case law on personality rights has seen remarkable developments since the 1980s. In particular, cases concerning defamation by the media were a driving force in the development of the personality rights jurisprudence,eventually leading to the enactment of the Act on Press Arbitration and Remedies, etc. for Damage Caused by Press Reports. Article 5, Paragraph 1 of the Act defines personality rights as a right concerning life, liberty,body, health, reputation, maintaining secrecy in and enjoying the freedom of one’s private life, portrait, name, voice, dialogue, literary works, personal documents, and other values pertaining to one’s personality. The Draft Civil Law (Amendment) Bill 2004 submitted by the Ministry of Justice intended to include provisions on personality rights in “General Provisions”of the Civil Code. Although the Bill died as the parliamentary session ended, it was a meaningful legislative attempt in that it meant to include personality rights in the general rules governing the Civil Code. This attempt demonstrates that the subject area of civil law must encompass personality rights as well as property rights. The protection of one’s personality has become a major concern in the present era. Provisions on defamation scattered throughout the Civil Code may not serve as a strong basis for the full protection of personality rights; so far, case law and legal scholarship have played a role in filling the resulting gap in the Civil Code. Special laws with provisions conferring legal protection for personality rights have increased in number, and this trend is expected to continue. The Ministry of Justice Civil Code Revision Committee was established in 2009, and I suggest that comprehensive provisions on personality rights be included in the Civil Code. Based on the research on the subject conducted so far, this article makes a legislative proposal regarding personality rights for the purpose of the Civil Code (Amendment) Bill and explains why such amendment is required. In particular, this article proposes to introduce provisions for such subject matters as the definition of personality rights, grounds of justification, legal remedies for infringement of personality rights, the personality rights of the deceased,and the right of publicity, i.e., the right to control the commercial use of one’s name or portrait, followed by their draft provisions for review. Civil law should present fundamental norms governing human life. Civil law can be divided into property law and family law, each and together forming a normative system essential for our lives. This two-fold system was developed in light of the fact that the governance of property and the family is of utmost importance in human life. Now time has matured for the introduction of provisions on personality rights in the Civil Code. I look forward to the inclusion of the legislative proposal made herein in the upcoming new version of the Civil Code.

학교폭력 예방을 위한 인성교육적 접근과 체육교사의 교수적 실천

최덕묵 한국체육정책학회 2012 한국체육정책학회지 Vol.10 No.4

The objective of this study is to search for practical methods for instructional practice for the sake of personality education in order to prevent and deal with school bullying based on personality-education approach. This is to educate potential victims who are indirectly victimized or can also become a communal bully as well as to reduce violence of students who are directly related to school bullying. To this end, literatures related to personality education were analyzed and in-depth interview data of teacher K and researcher E who are doing their best to prevent and deal with school bullying are collected as study materials. Then, the materials were gone through the field analysis and classification analysis which were proposed by Spradley(1979) and instructional practical methods of a physical education teacher were searched for the sake of preventing and solving the school-bullying problem. The result of the study is as follow. In order to prevent and solve the school-bullying problem, first, personality education should be based on the principle of combination. Second, personality education must keep continuity. Third, personality education must regard the relationship as important. Fourth, personality education should aim the principle of autonomy. Fifth, personality education must contain actual experiences. Moreover, as for key virtues of personality-education approach for the sake of preventing and solving the school-bullying problem, consideration of others, sympathy, forgiveness and controlling anger were introduced and categorized. As for personality-education methods that should be correctly recognized and practiced by teachers for the sake of prevention of school bullying, “forming a relationship”, “introducing a method to express one’s emotion”, “proposing an assignment which befits a student’s level”, and “application of a sport personality education program” were introduced.

인격장애의 약물치료

강병조(Byung-Jo Kang),장기용(Kee-Yong Jang) 대한생물치료정신의학회 1997 생물치료정신의학 Vol.3 No.2

This artical is based on the review of many papers about psychopharmacotherapy of personality disorders such as schizotypal personality disprder, borderline personlity disorder, antisocial personality disorder, hystrionic personality disorder, obsessive compulsive personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder and depressive personality disorder by DSM-Ⅳ. The auther concluded that personality disorders can be treated when psychiatrists treat earnestly the disorders with new drugs such as atypical antipsychotics, SSRIs and RIMA disregarding the belief that personality disorders are not curable diseases.

맞춤형 챗봇 디자인을 위한 성격(Personality) 중심의 인터랙션 디자인 프레임워크 개발에 관한 연구

유한나,이지현 인제대학교 디자인연구소 2019 Journal of Integrated Design Research (JIDR) Vol.18 No.1

Background : There is a growing interest in chatbot with excellent usability and convenience. Users perceive chatbot as a person with personality that helps people to interact more naturally. The personality of chatbot determines not only the tone and manner of conversation but also the information and form, and it is important to give a consistency suitable for characteristics of service and user because user's perception and response are different according to personality. However, there is not much studies that is clear criteria for chatbots and interaction design suitable for personality. Methods : In this study, it is proposed the new personality types classification framework of chatbot focusing on overall interaction based on literature research and limitations of previous research. The framework is based on DISC model that can apply interaction effectively by extroverted behavioral standard, so 9 kinds of personality types are derived by converting standards to personality of task and information providing method. And based on the interaction elements of chatbot, it developed the interaction design framework based on the personality for the customized chatbot design that is derived the interaction design guidelines and principles. The UI is created by applying the actual service as a customized chatbot with multiple personality types. Finally, the validity of the framework and the suitability of the interaction based on the personality were verified through the expert evaluation. Result : As a result of the verification, it was evaluated that the framework created in this study has high value in developing chatbot. It could easily design chatbot with multiple personality and would be useful to suggest new interactions. However, it has received a low rating for delicate interactions such as microinteractions. So it is necessary to secure the interaction design framework in the future. Conclusion : As a result, interaction design framework focused on personality of customized chatbot design will make designer easy to design a chatbot systematically by selecting the personality of chatbot according to the purpose of service and user's needs. In addition, the user can use the chatbot service having the most suitable personality by developing multiple personality types that meet the various needs of user. This will make users and chatbots to build intimate relationships, and deliver information to users through appropriate interactions to personality. 연구배경 : 최근 뛰어난 사용성과 편리성을 가진 챗봇에 대한 관심이 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 사용자들은 점차 챗봇을 성격(Personality)을 가진 하나의 인격체로서 인식하고 있으며, 챗봇의 성격은 사람과 더욱 자연스러운 상호작용을 할 수 있도록 도와준다. 챗봇의 성격은 대화의 톤과 어조뿐 아니라 제공되는 정보와 형태를 결정하며, 성격에 따라 사용자의 인식과 대응 방법이 달라지기 때문에 서비스와 사용자의 특성에 맞는 일관된 성격을 부여하는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 실제로 챗봇의 성격에 대한 명확한 기준과 그에 맞는 인터랙션 디자인에 관한 연구가 미비하다. 연구방법 : 본 연구에서는 문헌조사 및 기존 연구의 한계점을 바탕으로 전반적인 인터랙션을 포함하는 새로운 챗봇의 성격 유형 분류 프레임워크를 제안한다. 이를 위해 외향적인 행동 기준을 바탕으로 인터랙션을 효과적으로 전달할 수 있는 DISC모델을 활용하여 프레임워크의 틀을 제작하고, 성격 분류 기준을 챗봇의 특성에 맞게 태스크 성격과 정보 제공 방식으로 변환하여 총 9가지의 성격 유형을 도출한다. 그리고 각 성격에 맞는 챗봇의 인터랙션 요소를 중심으로 인터랙션 디자인 가이드라인을 도출하여, 맞춤형 챗봇 디자인을 위한 성격 중심의 인터랙션 디자인 프레임워크를 개발한다. 개발된 프레임워크의 활용방법을 제시하기 위해 프레임워크를 실제 서비스에 적용하여 UI를 제작함으로써 복수의 성격을 가진 맞춤형 챗봇을 구현한다. 마지막으로 전문가 평가를 통해 성격에 따른 인터랙션의 적합성과 프레임워크의 유용성을 검증한다. 연구결과 : 검증결과 본 연구에서 제작된 프레임워크가 실제 챗봇을 개발하는 데 있어 높은 가치가 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 복수의 성격을 가진 챗봇을 쉽게 설계할 수 있으며, 기존의 한계를 벗어난 새로운 인터랙션을 제안하는 데 유용할 것으로 평가되었다. 그러나 마이크로인터랙션과 같은 섬세한 인터랙션에 대해서는 상대적으로 낮은 평가를 받았으므로 향후 인터랙션 디자인 프레임워크의 보안이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 결론 : 성격 중심의 인터랙션 디자인 프레임워크를 활용하여 디자이너는 서비스의 목적과 사용자의 요구(Needs)에 맞는 챗봇의 성격을 선정하고, 성격에 적합한 챗봇의 인터랙션을 체계적으로 설계할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 다양한 사용자의 요구를 충족하는 복수의 성격을 챗봇에 적용할 경우, 사용자는 자신에게 가장 적합한 성격을 가진 챗봇 서비스를 이용할 수 있다. 이를 통해 사용자와 챗봇은 친밀한 관계를 형성할 수 있으며, 성격 유형에 따른 차별화된 인터랙션을 통해 각 사용자에게 맞춤화된 정보를 효과적으로 전달하여 서비스의 범용성을 확대할 수 있을 것이다.

인격권 관점에서 본 퍼블리시티권

권태상 한국민사법학회 2012 民事法學 Vol.59 No.-

Personality rights pursue free development of personality based on the value of human dignity. The commercial interests of a person's identity is directly associated with the development of personality and it can raise problems in regard to human dignity. Therefore, the commercial interests of a person's identity should be protected under personality rights. Otherwise, the right of publicity becomes a separate and independent property right, which is not only unnecessary but also undesirable in legal composition. Transferring the right of publicity to protect the person who commercially uses another's identity is an excessive legal method considering its purpose. This can bring about undue result that a person loses the right over the commercial use of his or her own identity. Also,the part of personality rights which protects the commercial interests of a person's identity cannot be transferred as a whole. However, a person can permit the commercial use of his or her own identity and a licensee is entitled to damages when his or her exclusive right is intentionally infringed upon by others and also able to claim the injunction. Furthermore, it is possible to grant a license like a real right as a partial transfer of personality rights and there should be relevant legislation established to regulate the license. The personality rights of decedents should be recognized in terms of protecting human dignity. Personality rights of decedents no longer have aspect of free development of personality, so that it is considered more like property right and effective defense is necessary against appropriation of the decedent's identity. Therefore, the part of personality rights which protects commercial interests of a person's identity can be inherited. The part of personality rights protecting the commercial interests of a person's identity should be recognized during the subject's life and for additional 70years posthumously on the analogy of regulations of copyright law. Commercial interests of a person's identity in Korea should be protected under the personality rights. The right of publicity should be understood within the concept of the personality rights and relevant regulations should be enacted in civil law.

성격 인식 유형 탐색을 통해 본 한국인의 마음의 지도

황상민,이란희 한국주관성연구학회 2009 주관성연구 Vol.- No.18

성격이란 사람들이 일상생활 속에서 자신이나 타인을 지각하는 방식이다. 실제 생활 속에서 경험하는 성격의 주관성을 탐색하기 위해 Q 방법론이 적용되었다. 이때 Q 샘플은 빅 파이브의 다섯 가지 성격 특성에 기초한 80개의 행동 및 태도 문항들이며, Q 분석을 통해 다섯 가지 요인이 추출되었다. 다섯 가지 요인은 한국 사람들이 자신의 성격을 인식하는 다섯 가지 성격 유형으로 리얼리스트, 로맨티스트, 휴머니스트, 아이디얼리스트, 그리고 에이전트로 명명되었다. 우리 한국 사람들이 자신을 인식하는 주관성은 곧 우리가 일상생활에서 사용하는 성격에 대한 표현들이었다. 각 주관성 요인을 대표하는 행동 및 태도 문항들은 각 성격 유형에 대한 심리적 의미를 표상하였다. 본 연구는, 우리가 일상생활 속에서 자신이나 타인의 성격을 파악할 때에 빅 파이브의 다섯 가지 성격 특성 각각에 고른 가중치를 부여하여 판단하기보다는 그 특성들 중 그 사람을 뚜렷이 드러내는 한두 가지 특성에 준거하여 판단한다는 것을 밝혀내었다. 성격을 파악할 때에도 이들 성격 특성들에 대한 주관적 인식이 작동한다는 뜻이다. 본 연구를 통해 도출된 다섯 가지 성격 유형 각각은 그 유형들만의 준거점이라는 주관성이 존재한다. The personality in real life is emerged when we perceive ourselves. Q methodology was used to investigate the subjectivity of personality in daily context. Based on Big Five personality factors, 80 behavior and attitude statements were derived for Q samples. From the Q analysis, 5 factors were identified. They were interpreted as implying five personality types in Korean: Realist, Romantics, Humanist, Idealist and Agent. The subjectivity that we perceive ourselves were the expression of personalities we use in everyday life. The behavior and attitudes statements in each subjectivity factor represent the psychological meanings of each personality types. This study showed that we don’t grasp one’s personality based on the five traits of Big Five equally. However, one of them was a main feature to characterize ourselves. The personalities of our self were subjectivity of our perceptions on theses personality traits. One of those Big Five of personality was used as a reference point to perceive our personality. Five personality types from this study specifically had their own reference subjectivities.

The Effect of Personality Type on Human Performance Tool Compliance and General Recommendations for Enhancement of the its Practical Utilization

Kyung-Sun Lee,Jong-Hyun Lee,Yong-Hee Lee 대한인간공학회 2015 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.34 No.1

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of personality type on human performance tool compliance in nuclear power plants (NPPs) and to propose general recommendations for an enhancement of its practical utilization. Background: Various guidelines, regulating criteria, and recommendations have been developed to prevent human errors in NPPs. Despite these efforts, the accidents sometimes caused by human errors have steadily occurred, and therefore, various human performance tools have been adopted as countermeasures against human errors. The major and inevitable contributing factors among the many hazards to human errors might be the trait and personality, which are considered to be the inner world of humans. Thus, we try to investigate the utilization of human performance tools by considering the different types of operating crew personalities, and we suggested more practical recommendations to prevent human errors according to the personality. Method: We developed the Questionnaire using the Big 6 (HEXACO) models, which are human performance tools for workers in NPPs, and individual (condition) variables to investigate the effect of personality types on human performance tools. We slightly modified them to help the survey respondents understand them better. A survey was conducted for ordinary people over the age of 20. SPSS 22.0 was used to perform a correlation analysis and a hierarchical regression analysis to find the relationship between personality types and human performance tools. Results: The utilization of human performance tools shows significant differences statistically by personality. The correlation result reveals that the types of Honesty (H), Extraversion (X), Conscientiousness (C), and Openness to experience (O) show a higher utilization of human performance tools. In hierarchical regression results, human performance tools of task preview, questioning attitude, stopping when unsure, self-checking, effective communication, and place-keeping show a higher utilization with personality types. However, the Agreeableness (A) type did not show significant differences statistically with human performance tools. Conclusion: We tried to investigate the utilization of human performance tools by considering the different types of human personality and provide more practical recommendations to prevent human errors according to the personality. These results will be able to prevent human errors owing to the characteristics (advantages and disadvantages) of personality types. Application: This information can be utilized as guidelines for proactive recommendations according to the workers" personalities for more practical human performance tools to prevent human errors in an NPP.

저작인격권의 성질과 내용에 대한 고찰- 민법상 인격권과의 관계를 중심으로

권태상 한국민사법학회 2019 民事法學 Vol.87 No.-

저작인격권은 저작자가 그 저작물에 관하여 갖는 인격권으로, 저작물과 관련된 인격의 발현을 보호하는 권리라고 할 수 있다. 인격의 발현은 일반적 인격권에 의해 보호되나, 그것이 저작물과 관련되는 경우 저작인격권에 의해 보호되는 것이다. 저작인격권은 일반적 인격권의 특수한 형태에 해당한다. 저작권 일원론의 입장에서는 특히 저작자가 사망한 경우 저작인격권이 저작재산권과 함께 상속되는 점에서 일반적 인격권과 다르다고 한다. 그러나 저작인격권의 상속이 진정한 의미의 상속이라기보다 사망한 저작자의 저작인격권을 보호하기 위한 수단의 성격이 강하다는 점을 고려하면, 이것이 본질적인 성격의 차이를 의미하는 것은 아니라 하겠다. 저작인격권에 의해 보호되는 인격적 이익을 살펴보면 저작인격권이 일반적 인격권과 같은 성질의 권리라는 점은 더욱 분명해진다. 공표권은 헌법상 표현의 자유가 저작권법에 구현된 것이고, 저작물이 공표되면 저작물의 가치에 대한 사회적 평가를 받게 된다. 저작물에 저작자의 이름을 표시하는 것 역시 저작물에 대하여 주어지는 사회적 평가를 저작자에게 귀속시키는 것과 관련된다. 동일성유지권은 “왜곡으로 인한 인격상 침해”를 저작권법 차원에서 방지하기 위한 권리로 볼 수 있다. 개인에 대한 미화(美化)도 인격상의 왜곡을 가져오므로 인격권 침해가 될 수 있는데, 이는 저작물을 함부로 변경한 것이 저작물의 객관적 가치를 높이는 경우도 동일성유지권 침해가 성립할 수 있다고 보는 것과 일맥상통한다. 저작인격권이 일반적 인격권과 동일한 성격을 가진다고 하더라도 저작물의 이용에 관한 실무적 요청을 충족시키는 것이 가능하다. 인격권의 완전한 양도가 아니라 인격권의 일부 권능을 다른 사람에게 부여하는 것은, 그 주체의 자기결정의 내용으로서 존중될 필요가 있다. 그리고 인격권의 주체는 자신의 인격적 이익을 보호받을지 여부에 대해 일정한 범위 내에서 스스로 결정할 수 있으므로, 저작인격권의 불행사합의는 일정한 범위 내에서 유효하다고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 유효한 불행사합의가 되기 위해서는 저작물의 이용행위를 가급적 구체적으로 정해야 할 것이고, 침해행위가 저작인격권의 본질적 내용을 침해한 경우는 불행사합의의 범위에 포함되지 않는다고 보아야 할 것이다. 이러한 판단과정에서 저작물의 성격도 고려되어야 할 것이다. 한편 우리나라 저작권법은 저작인격권의 상속을 인정하지 않고, 저작물을 이용하는 자에게 침해행위를 하여서는 안 된다는 행위의무를 부과하고 있다. 그런데 사망한 저작자의 관념적 이익 보호와 재산적 이익 보호를 일치시킬 필요가 있는 점, 저작인격권의 상속은 진정한 의미의 상속이라기보다 사망한 저작자의 저작인격권을 보호하기 위한 수단의 성격이 강하다는 점 등을 감안하면, 향후 저작인격권의 상속성을 긍정하는 방법도 검토해 볼 여지가 있다. Moral rights are personality rights of the author which protect the development of personality through the work. The development of personality is generally protected by personality rights, but when related to a copyrighted work, it is protected by moral rights. Moral rights are a special form of general personality rights. When we look at the personal interests protected by moral rights, it becomes clear that moral rights have the same character as general personality rights. The right to publish is an implementation of the constitutional freedom of expression. When a work is published, it is subjected to social evaluation. Displaying the name of the author in a work also involves attributing the social evaluation of the work to the author. The right to integrity can be regarded as a right to prevent the infringement of personality due to distortion by the copyright law. Beautification of an individual can also be a violation of the personality right due to the distortion of personality. This is in line with the view that when a copyrighted work is modified without permission, even when the objective value has increased, the right to integrity is violated. Although moral rights have the same character as general personality rights, it is possible to satisfy the practical request of using copyrighted works. Granting some power of personality rights to others needs to be respected as self-determination of the subject unless transferring personality rights as a whole. Since the subject of personality rights can decide whether his/her personal interests are protected, an agreement not to exercise moral rights can be considered to be valid within a certain range. In order to be considered as a valid waiver agreement, the way of using the work should be specified as much as possible, and if the infringement violates the essential contents of the moral rights, it should be considered that it is not included in the scope of the agreement. The nature of the work should also be taken into account in this process. In addition, Korean copyright law does not recognize the inheritance of moral rights but imposes an obligation on the person using the work not to act in violation of moral rights. However, considering there is need to reconcile protection of ideal interests of the deceased author with protection of proprietary interests, and inheritance of moral rights is rather a means to protect moral rights than genuine inheritance, there is room to consider recognizing the inheritance of moral rights in the future.

신학과 심리학의 통합적 관점에서 본 하나님의 형상으로서의 인격 개념 및 그 적용 방안 연구

심수명 ( Soo Myung Shim ) 한국복음주의 기독교상담학회 2006 복음과 상담 Vol.6 No.-

일반적으로 교육은 인격의 실현에 최대 관심을 두어 왔다. 그러나 산업기술 의 발달에 따라 물질적 풍요와 함께 인격 중심의 전통적 교육이 실용적 지식과 과학기술 중심의 교육으로 변모되었다. 이러한 사회조직과 교육의 변혁은 전통 적 가치체계를 붕괴시면서 물질적 풍요를 쫓는 성공위주의 삶으로 가치관에 심각한 혼란과 위기 현상을 야기하였고, 그리하여 현대사회는 성공 지향적 관 점으로 사람들을 교육한다. 하지만 성공보다는 인격을 더 중요시해야 하는데 그 이유는 그것이 온전함 을 제공하기 때문이다. 실제적으로 사회적으로나 경제적으로 성공한 것처럼 보 여도 그의 인격이 이기적이거나 부정적일 때 결국에는 각종 비리와 부정, 타락 에 연루되어 삶이 무너지는 결과를 자주 보게 된다. 따라서 교육계에서는 인격 적 교육의 중요성을 재인식하면서 이들 병리 현상을 진단하고 치유하는 방안 을 탐색하는 논의가 다방면에서 이뤄지고 있다. 기존의 인격 연구는 주로 도덕교육의 한 측면으로서의 연구가 대부분이었다. 그러나 연구자는 신학 및 심리학적 관점을 통합하여 3가지 인격 개념을 소개 하였다. 그것은 가면적 인격, 내면적 인격, 관계적 인격이다. 그리고 이 세 가 지 인격 개념과 삼위일체 하나님의 관계를 비교하면서 하나님의 형상으로서의 인격 형성을 위해 필요한 교육은 어떠해야 하는지도 제시하였다. 또한 인격 교육이 삶에서 훈련되어져야 하는 덕목이기에 훈련으로서의 인격 을 역설하고 그것에 따라 교육의 주체자도 교사나 교실 환경보다는 부모가 주 체가 되어 가정이나 공동체에서 삶을 연습하고 모델링해야 하는 것을 강조하 고 이를 위한 실제 적용방안을 제시하였다. Generally, the aim of education is to cultivate one`s personality at the most. As, however, technology had been grown along with material prosperity, traditional personality-based education have been turned into practical & scientific knowledge- based education. The changes in social structure and education have destroyed traditional value system, therefore resulted in success-centered life seeking after material prosperity and made confuse people with crisis of their value system. In current society, schools and institutions educate people based on the pursuit of success. Although a person seems successful socially and financially, but is very selfish and bad, we often eyewitness him/her involved with various corruption, absurdity, and iniquity and finally hurt his/her own life. In order to solve this kind of problem, educational institutions have recognized and re-examined personality education, diagnosed its symptom, discussed and searched for the ways to cure in different field. The previous personality studies have been almost related with one side of ethics education. In contrast, in this study, I investigate the concept of personality in the view of theology and psychology and psychological object in the personality education. Also I integrate both of them into true personality concept based on the biblical value and search for 3 elements which are masked personality, internal personality, and interpersonal personality, for establishing healthy personality concept. After considering for those elements, it would be focusing on the live practices or modeling within family and community and looking for the ways to apply into reality since personality education have little effect on only education itself and it has been better to practice in everyday circumstances. I expect to go on better research or study on the personality to be revised and enlarged further.

인성교육(人性敎育)과 유학(儒學)의 인성함양(人性涵養) 방법

김기주 ( Kim Keejoo ) 한국윤리학회 2014 윤리학 Vol.3 No.2

인성교육에 대한 요구는 날이 갈수록 더욱 간절해지고 있다. 인격형성의 주요한 토대로 작용하였던 전통적인 공동체는 해체되어 버렸고, 자극적인 자본주의 체제는 인간을 더욱 극단적인 모습으로 이끌고 있기 때문이다. 이와 동시에 공동체 속에서 자연스럽게 배양되던 인성은 사실상 전적으로 공적 교육의 영역 속으로 편입되었지만, 인격형성을 위한 교육은 여전히 충분하게 자리 잡지 못하고 있다. 이러한 상황 속에서 우리는 어디로 발걸음을 옮겨야 하는 것일까? 이러한 물음에 대해 인성교육을 통한 인성함양 혹은 인격형성의 방법과 방향을 유학의 인성함양 전통에서 확인해 봄으로써, 현재 우리의 좌표와 나아가야 할 방향을 가늠해 볼 수 있다고 판단된다. 방법적인 원리에 따라 구분할 때, 인성교육은 크게 ‘직접적인 접근’과 ‘간접적인 접근’으로 나누어진다. ‘직접적인 접근’은 인성을 직접 가르칠 수 있다고 전제하고 길러져야 할 인성의 덕목을 반복적으로 교육하는 방법을 택한다. 반면에 ‘간접적인 접근’은 공동체 내에서의 다양한 활동을 통해 인간다움의 원리와 원칙들을 스스로 깨달아 가며, 그 일원으로 자연스럽게 성장하는 것을 강조한다. 유가적 전통 속에서 보자면, 전자는 도문학 공부, 후자는 존덕성 공부와 연결시켜 이해할 수 있다. 유학에서는 그 양자 가운데 존덕성을 우선시하면서도, 도문학과 존덕성의 균형을 강조한다. 결국 유학에서는 간접적인 접근 방식과 함께 직접적인 접근 방식, 혹은 내면적인 도덕의 수양과 외면적인 덕목 교육이라는 두 가지 경로의 지향이나, 양자의 합일을 통해서 이상적인 인격, 곧 인성함양에 이르는 길을 제시하고 있는 셈이다. 이러한 틀에서 보자면, 인성함양은 존덕성과 도문학 방법의 병행, 그리고 사회적 변화에 맞춰 존덕성을 위한 활동방식에 있어서의 변화를 통해 성취된다고 이해된다. A demand on personality education is getting higher and higher these days. It is because the traditional com m unity that functioned as a major ground to build personality has become dismantled, and the simulative system of capitalism is leading people to extremes. And in fact, personality that was naturally cultivated in a community in the past has entirely become included in the area of public education; however, education to build personality has not been established fully yet. In this situation, to what direction should we take our steps? About this question, we may be able to figure out where we are and what we should pursue afterwards by examining the ways or directions of building and cultivating personality through personality education with the tradition of Confucianism to cultivate personality. When it comes to the methodological principles, personality education can be largely divided into ‘direct approaches’ and ‘indirect approaches’. ‘Direct approaches’ suppose that personality can be taught directly and adopt the ways to teach the virtues of personality to be cultivated repeatedly. On the other hand, ‘indirect approaches’ emphasize the process that humans realize the principles of being humane on their own with a variety of activities in a com m unity and grow as a member of it naturally. In consideration of Confucian tradition, the former can be connected to domunhak (cultivating virtues through studies), and the latter jondeokseong (preserving the virtues we are born with). In Confucianism, jondeokseong is preferred among the two, but it also emphasizes the balance between domunhak and jondeokseong. In other words, in Confucianism, not only indirect approaches but direct approaches, say, the two paths of cultivating morality internally and teaching virtues externally, are pursued at the same time, but it suggests the w ay to reach ideal personality through harmony between the two. In this sense, we can understand that personality cultivation can be achieved through the ombination of jondeokseong and domunhak, and the changes of our behavioral modes for jondeokseong according to the changes in society.