A Corpus-Based Investigation of Intensifier Use by L2 Learners of Korean

황선희(Sun Hee Hwang) 현대문법학회 2023 현대문법연구 Vol.117 No.-

This study aims to investigate the use of Korean intensifiers by L2 learners based on data from a learner corpus. This study focuses on five intensifiers: maywu, cincca, nemwu, toykey, and acwu, which are found to be frequent intensifiers in Korean native speakers’ data. Based on native speakers’ data, it is known that toykey and cincca among those intensifiers are generally used in spoken language while, in general, maywu is rarely used in spoken language. Comparing the Korean Learner Corpus by the National Institute of Korean Language with the Sejong Corpus, this study examines whether L2 learners change intensifiers according to the modes of production (i.e., spoken and written language) and their proficiency levels. Unlike native speakers’ data from the Sejong Corpus, L2 learners overall tend to use far more intensifiers in writing than in speaking. Compared with higher-proficiency learners, lower-proficiency learners, in general, tend to overuse intensifiers. In using toykey and maywu, it is also found that their differences in speaking and in writing get lager as proficiency level becomes higher. These findings indicate that higher-proficiency learners perform in a more target-like way in using an intensifier, and thus suggest that the pattern of native speakers in intensifier use is acquirable.

The scalar intensifier ku in Korean : The case of KUintensifier with anti-specific wh-indeterminates

( Arum Kang ) 한국언어정보학회 2018 언어와 정보 Vol.22 No.1

Arum Kang. 2018. The scalar intensifier ku in Korean : The case of KUintensifier with anti-specific wh-indeterminates, Language and Information, 22-1, 73-89. The purpose of this paper is to present the account of the novel function of ku in Korean. I will focus on the emphatic variant of ku co-occurring with anti-specific wh-indeterminates (i.e., Free Choice Items, Negative Polarity Items, Referential Vagueness Items), which has generally received less attention than the definite one. I suggest that the meaning of ku in this case is not associated with the core property of definiteness. Instead, given the set of empirical data, my proposal is that (i) the hallmark properties of emphatic ku are suggested as a) scalarity, b) additivity, c) weak polarity, and (ii) the pragmatic contribution of the emphatic ku can be characterized in terms of scalar intensifier. The scalar intensifier ku contributes the presupposition that there is a set of alternatives of anti-specific wh-indeterminates which is base-α, and that these alternatives are ranked on a scale. Its scalar presupposition denotes the least likely values on the likelihood scale. The implication of my finding leads to the fact that Korean is a language which reveals a dichotomy in encoding distinct type of weak familiarity (i.e., the scalar intensifier ku) and strong familiarity (i.e., the definite ku).

강조어 ‘완전’의 사용에 대한 고찰 -구어와 통신언어를 중심으로-

엽영임,양명희 한국어의미학회 2016 한국어 의미학 Vol.52 No.-

In the Korean dictionary, ‘wanjeon’(완전) is described as a noun, however in the internet language and spoken language it is often used as an intensifier which means ‘very or quite’. So far, research about ‘wanjeon’ was mainly focused on its syntactic and semantic characteristics. However, there are few research that is concerned about wanjeon’s characteristics as an intensifier. Therefore, this research aims to study ‘wanjeon’ as an intensifier and how its usage transformed in parts of speech and the semantic characteristics. Moreover, the paper will compare the differences of syntactic and semantic features between ‘wanjeonhi’(완전히) in internet language and spoken language. According to Sejong Spoken Corpus, we can clearly observe the manifestations of wanjeon when it was used as an intensifier in definite sentences. Meanwhile, we can find wanjeon’s semantic prosodic characteristics when it was used as an intensifier, and how gender-difference and hierarchy affect the usage of wanjeon.

Stance-Variations of "Fear"-derived Intensifiers in Korean

Yae, Sunhee 언어과학회 2015 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.75

This paper examines stance-taking functions and stance-variation phenomena of `fear`-derived adverbs in Korean from a perspective of grammaticalization. `Fear`- derived adverbs in Korean addressed here are mwusepkey, kepnakey, kkumccikhakey, twulyepkey, and semttukhakey, all denoting `fearfully`with some differential semantic subtleties in addition. They undergo grammaticalization from the contentful entries to the grammatical items of intensifiers by the mechanism of subjectivity. Subjectivity engages a speaker`s positioning and evaluating on the stance triangle. Intensifiers, or emphatic markers decode the hyperbolical intensity of speakers, meaning `exceedingly, excessively,` `extremely,` `very greatly.` Intensifiers are properly located just before predicates in Korean. Korean `fear`- adverbs mwusepkey, kepnakey, and kkumccikhakey demonstrate the usage of intensifiers. In contrast, twulyepkey and semttukkakey are not used in these contexts, not advancing to a further grammatical stage of the intensifier. At the stage of the respect lexeme, these five `fear`-adverbs represents negative emotional stane of `being frightened` and `being in fear.` At the grammaticalized stage of the intensifier, mwusepkey kepnakey, and kkumccikhakey denote stance-variation between negative and positive.

부사 ‘완전’ 분석

강아름 한국현대언어학회 2022 언어연구 Vol.38 No.3

The current paper aims to identify the semantico-pragmatic role of the adverb wancen in Korean. Rather than treating wancen as a typical degree modifier, we propose the novel role of wancen as an illocutionary intensifier in this paper. Specifically, we suggest the core properties of wancen as follows: First, unlike the usual degree intensifiers, the illocutionary intensifier wancen targets a scale in the speaker’s epistemic attitude towards the proposition. By using wancen, the illocutionary effect of assertion can be maximally strengthened. Second, wancen gives rise to a pragmatic intensification effect by means of a subjective speaker-oriented adverb as a weak PPI (Ernst, 2009). The theoretical implication of the current study is to provide a widened view of cross-linguistic variation to cases where the intensifier does not necessarily have a lexical degree modifier, and languages parameterize the semantics and pragmatics of their illocutionary intensifier.

X - Ray 검사 시스템에서 Image Intensifier의 왜곡 보정

신동철(Shin Dong Chul),오춘석(Oh Choon Suk) 한국정보처리학회 1998 정보처리학회논문지 Vol.5 No.4

Non-destructive x-ray inspection system needs image intensifier to obtain the x-ray image. Captured image from image intensifier is distorted because the input plate of image intensifier has a spherical surface. In the research, in order to compensate this image distortion, we create the model of image intensifier and show mathematically that the image distortion was compensated. To show the performance of the proposed method, experiment was performed in real x-ray inspection system.

The scalar intensifier ku in Korean : The case of KUintensifier with anti-specific wh-indeterminates

강아름 한국언어정보학회 2018 언어와 정보 Vol.22 No.1

The purpose of thispaper is to present the account of the novel function of ku in Korean. I will focus on theemphatic variant of ku co-occurring with anti-specific wh-indeterminates (i.e., Free ChoiceItems, Negative Polarity Items, Referential Vagueness Items), which has generallyreceived less attention than the definite one. I suggest that the meaning of ku in this caseis not associated with the core property of definiteness. Instead, given the set ofempirical data, my proposal is that (i) the hallmark properties of emphatic ku aresuggested as a) scalarity, b) additivity, c) weak polarity, and (ii) the pragmaticcontribution of the emphatic ku can be characterized in terms of scalar intensifier. Thescalar intensifier ku contributes the presupposition that there is a set of alternatives ofanti-specific wh-indeterminates which is base-α, and that these alternatives are ranked ona scale. Its scalar presupposition denotes the least likely values on the likelihood scale. The implication of my finding leads to the fact that Korean is a language which revealsa dichotomy in encoding distinct type of weak familiarity (i.e., the scalar intensifier ku)and strong familiarity (i.e., the definite ku).

Stance-Variations of ‘Fear’-derived Intensifiers in Korean

예선희 언어과학회 2015 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.75

This paper examines stance-taking functions and stance-variation phenomena of ‘fear’-derived adverbs in Korean from a perspective of grammaticalization. ‘Fear’- derived adverbs in Koran addressed here are mwusepkey, kepnakey, kkumccikhakey, twulyepkey, and semttukhakey, all denoting ‘fearfully’ with some differential semantic subtleties in addition. They undergo grammaticalization from the contentful entries to the grammatical items of intensifiers by the mechanism of subjectivity. Subjectivity engages a speaker's positioning and evaluating on the stance triangle. Intensifiers, or emphatic markers decode the hyperbolical intensity of speakers, meaning ‘exceedingly, excessively,’ ‘extremely,’ ‘very greatly.’ Intensifiers are properly located just before predicates in Korean. Korean ‘fear’- adverbs mwusepkey, kepnakey, and kkumccikhakey demonstrate the usage of intensifiers. In contrast, twulyepkey and semttukhakey are not used in these contexts, not advancing to a further grammatical stage of the intensifier. At the stage of the respect lexeme, these five ‘fear’-adverbs represents negative emotional stance of ‘being frightened' and ‘being in fear.' At the grammaticalized stage of the intensifier, mwusepkey, kepnakey, and kkumccikhakey denote stance-variation between negative and positive.

정형외과 수술실에서 영상 증폭기에 의한 1년간의 방사선 노출량

정구희 ( Gu Hee Jung ),장재호 ( Jae Ho Jang ),김재도 ( Jae Do Kim ),김충규 ( Chung Kyu Kim ) 대한골절학회 2012 대한골절학회지 Vol.25 No.1

목적: 영상 증폭기가 사용된 정형외과 수술실에서의 방사선 노출량을 일년간 측정하였다. 대상 및 방법: 종양 전문의, 척추 전문의, 외상 전문의와 수술실에서 근무한 전공의 (6명) 및 간호사 (6명)들을 대상으로 차폐 가운 아래 전방 가슴 부위에 부착된 열형광 선량계를 이용하여 12개월 (범위, 2010년 1월∼2011년)간의 방사선 노출량을 측정하였고 연간 허용량 (20 mSv)과 비교하였다. 외상 전문의는 방사선 조사 시간을 줄이기 위한 적극적인 노력과 함께 영상 증폭기와의 거리 (1 m)를 확보함으로써 방사선 노출량을 줄이고자 하였다. 결과: 일년간 노출된 방사선량은 종양 전문의 0.04 mSv (조사 시간, 34분 59초), 척추 전문의 0.12 mSv (135분 27초), 외상 전문의 0.08 mSv (151분 46초)였고, 전공의는 평균 0.0146 mSv (범위, 0.4∼0.39 mSv)이고 수술실 간호사는 평균 0.06 mSv (범위, 0.04∼0.13 mSv)로 측정되어 연간 허용량의 0.2∼1.95%에 해당하였다. 영상 증폭기 사용량이 가장 많은 외상 전문의는 척추 전문의에 비해 보다 적은 방사선이 노출되었다. 결론: 방사선 조사 시간을 줄이기 위한 적극적인 노력과 영상 증폭기와의 거리 (약 1 m) 확보를 통해 외상 전문의에서 방사선 노출량을 줄일 수 있었다. Purpose: To measure the annual radiation exposure of staff in the orthopaedic surgical room. Materials and Methods: From January 2010 to December 2010, we measured the radiation exposure of a tumor surgeon, spine surgeon, trauma surgeon, six residents, and six scrub nurses. Radiation was monitored with the use of thermoluminescent dosimeters placed on the chest under the lead apron. The annual dose of radiation exposure was compared to the maximum yearly permissible dose (20 mSv). During the study period, the trauma surgeon made a deliberate effort to minimize the radiation time and maintain a distance of 1 m from the image intensifier. Results: The annual exposure levels were 0.04 mSv (radiation time, 34 min 50 s), 0.08 mSv (151 min 46 s), and 0.12 mSv (135 min 27 s) for the tumor surgeon, trauma surgeon, and spine surgeon, respectively. The mean exposure was 0.0146 mSv (range, 0.4∼0.39 mSv) for the residents and 0.06 mSv (range, 0.04∼0.13 mSv) for the scrub nurses. Overall, the annual radiation exposure was 0.2∼1.95% of the maximal yearly permissible dose. Despite the longer period of radiation exposure, the trauma surgeon was exposed to a lower dose of radiation than the spine surgeon. Conclusion: The annual radiation exposure of a trauma surgeon can be reduced by a deliberate effort to decrease exposure time and maintain a distance of at least 1 m from the image intensifier.

Antonyms as Intensifiers in Uighur

Muzappar Abdurusul 한국알타이학회 2023 알타이학보 Vol.- No.33

In the context generalization mechanism, word meaning will be extended into new contexts. The transformation of adjectives denoting negatively valued qualities into intensifiers belongs to this type of mechanism. This process reflects a more general phenomenon: words with negative values may evolve into intensifiers. There are numerous examples which were gathered from colloquial and literary tradition across different languages. In Uighur, we perceive some adjectives with negative meaning can modify their antonyms after being grammaticalized. In the light of previous research approaches that were conducted on similar processes, this paper will discuss some adjectives which developed into intensifiers, such as yaman ‘bad; terrible’ (Old Uighur anïγ ‘bad; terrible’), sät ‘ugly; terrible,’ qattiq ‘hard, stiff; terrible’ (Old Uighur qatïγ ‘hard’), eγir ‘heavy; terrible,’ and wähši ‘terrible; extremely’ in contemporary Uighur, set their grammaticalization paths, and explore their grammaticalizational backgrounds. This paper argues that colloquialization is the main cause of this type of grammaticalization.