The Characteristics of Properties and Calorific Value by Waste Composition in Industrial Waste Incineration Facilities in Korea

( Youngjae Ko ),( Jun-gu Kang ),( Younghyun Kwon ),( Ha-nyoung Yoo ),( Youngjin Lee ),( Junhwa Kown ),( Tae-wan Jeon ),( Sun-kyoung Shin ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

There is a growing interest in waste recycling and energy recovery around the world. In Korea, efforts are being made to maximize the utilization of incineration heat as the incineration tax reduction policy is implemented. However, in some industries, it is difficult to separate wastes due to physical and economic reasons. Particularly, there is a problem that some incombustible wastes are brought into incineration facilities, and the incidence of incineration residues (bottom ash) exceeds 40% based on statistical data. Incombustible wastes supplied into the incinerator cause deterioration of plants and have a negative impact on the recovery of incineration heat energy due to reduced calorific value of wastes supplied to the incinerator. In this study, the actual survey on the industrial waste incineration facilities in Korea was investigated, and the physical and chemical characteristics of waste and the material flow in the facilities were analyzed. In order to determine the ratio incombustible wastes, we firstly analyzed the composition ratio of each composition by weight through sorting of wastes. Secondly, we conducted the ignition loss analysis of each composition samples. As a result, the average ratio of incombustible wastes treated at the industrial waste incineration facilities (4 sites) was about 26.7% and the amount of combustible was about 63.0%. In addition, the ratio of the incineration residues was estimated through the moisture correction of the residues discharged after the incineration process. The analysis result was about 26.4%, which is similar to the incombustibility of the input waste (26.7%). Also, the calorific value of each composition samples was analyzed. The calorific value of the waste (including designated waste) supplied to the incinerator was estimated to be about 4,000 ~ 5,000kcal/kg. As a result of the actual survey, the ratio of incombustibles in the wastes treated at the industrial waste incineration facilities was estimated to be about 26%, and the calorific value of the wastes was enough to maintain the proper temperature (900~1,100 oC) of the combustion chamber. However, it is necessary to establish a more thorough management system for wastes mixed with a large amount of incombustibles such as some construction wastes and illegal landfill wastes.

도시고형폐기물 소각재에서 미세플라스틱의 검출 및소각에 의한 플라스틱 특성 변화

이가영,김나원,배성진,김용진 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2024 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.41 No.2

없음 Currently, some of the plastic waste, which accounts for a large proportion of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Korea,is treated through incineration. However, waste plastic is not completely removed by incineration treatment, and it issometimes found in the form of microplastics (MPs) in incineration ash. Therefore, MSW incineration facilities areclassified as one of the sources of microplastics. It can be expected that the MPs found in the incineration ash that haveundergone a high-temperature treatment process would exhibit different characteristics from those detected in otherenvironmental media. Therefore, in this study, nine municipal solid waste incineration facilities of different sizes wereselected, and the amount and characteristics of MPs contained in incineration bottom ash (BA) generated in each facilitywere investigated. In addition, changes in characteristics before and after combustion were confirmed using plastic thatis mainly used in everyday life. Consequently, ND ~ 158.0 MPs/kg-BA were detected in incineration ash in small- andmedium-sized incineration facilities and up to 106.6 MPs/kg-BA in incineration ash in large incineration facilities. Mostof the detected MPs were black, and it was difficult to determine that it was plastic with the naked eyes. In addition,combustion experiments of plastics were conducted to confirm that the characteristics of the material before and aftercombustion changed significantly. Results revealed that special attention was required in the detection of microplasticsin incineration ash as a modified form of spectrum different from that of raw materials.

폐기물 소각시설에 의한 주민 건강 영향

최영숙(Young-Sook Choi),버룰마(Bolormaa Ochirpurev),채희윤(Hee-Yun Chae),엄상용(Sang-Yong Eom),김용대(Yong-Dae Kim),김헌(Heon Kim) 한국환경보건학회 2021 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.47 No.1

Objectives: Waste treatment by incineration is gradually increasing as the emission of harmful substances has decreased owing to developments in incineration technology. However, residents living near incinerators continue to express anxiety regarding the effects on their health. Therefore, we attempted to summarize the health impact of incinerators by comprehensively reviewing the recently reported literature. Methods: Sixty-two epidemiological research papers related to incineration and health effects were selected from the Google Scholar database and analyzed (from between January 2001 and December 2019). Results: When compared to older incinerators, newer incinerators established after 2000 are considered relatively safe in terms of health effects. Nevertheless, there have been some studies that have linked them to various diseases, such as malignant tumors including soft tissue cancer and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, reproductive disorders, respiratory diseases, and more. In addition, incinerator workers and local residents are considered to be exposed to dioxins and some heavy metals from the incinerator. Since most studies included subjects exposed to older incinerators, it is difficult to apply these results to the health impact assessment of new incinerators. However, it is not appropriate to conclude that new incinerators made with state-of-the-art technology are safe, as chronic environmental diseases caused by hazardous substances tend to appear only after prolonged exposure. Conclusions: In terms of environmental health, it is necessary to continuously monitor the health effects of incinerators. Also, there is a need to develop a research methodology that can minimize various confounders in incineration-related epidemiological study.

방사성 폐기물의 소각으로 인한 주변 주민의 방사선 피폭 평가에 관한 연구

이진홍 대한보건협회 1998 대한보건연구 Vol.24 No.1

원자력발전소에서 발생하는 가연성 잡고체와 폐수지의 소각으로 인한 주변 주민들의 피폭선량을 평가하기 위하여 선원항을 개발하고, 이를 실제 원전 부지에 적용하여 주민 피폭선량을 평가하였다. 평가 결과, 원전 잡고체와 유기 폐액의 소각으로 인한 최대 개인 피폭선량은 모두 유아에게 발생하는데, 원전 잡고체의 소각시 전신선량과 골수 피폭선량이 각각 12.8 μ㏜/yr와 35.9 μ㏜/yr로 제한치의 25.6%와 23.9%이다. 유기 폐액의 소각시에는 전신선량과 골수 피폭선량이 각각 2.3 μ㏜/yr와 55.4 μ㏜/yr로 제한치의 4.6%와 36.9%이다. 한편으로, 원전 잡고체의 소각으로 인한 성인의 최대 개인 피폭선량은 전신선량과 피부 피폭선량이 각각 10.7 μ㏜/yr와 7.6μ㏜/yr로 이는 제한치의 21.4%와 5.1%이다. 유기 폐액의 소각으로 인한 성인의 최대 개인 피폭선량은 전신선량과 간 피폭선량이 각각 0.4μ㏜/yr와 0.7μ㏜/yr로 이는 제한치의 0.8%와 0.5%로 1% 미만이다. 이러한 평가는 주민의 건강 보호 뿐 아니라, 원전 잡고체 및 유기 폐액의 연가 소각량을 결정하는데 매우 유용하게 이용될 수 있으며, 기타 가연성 폐기물의 소각에도 적용될 수 있을 수 있을 것이다. 이와 더불어 평가의 신뢰성 높이기 위하여 국내의 부지 특성 조사가 더욱 강화되어야 할 것이다. This study focuses on the development of a source term for the incineration of radioactive wastes and on a site-specific assessment of off-site radiation exposure by the incineration. From the assessment, the maximally exposed group by the normal operation of incinerator is shown to be an infant group among the public. The maximum individual exposure by the incineration of combustible nuclear power plant wastes is estimated to be 12.8 μSv/yr to whole body and 35.9 μSv/yr to bone. This whole body and bone dose are 25.6% and 23.9% of the corresponding limit of 10 CFR 50 Appendix I, respectively. In the case of organic waste solvent incineration, the maximum individual exposure is estimated to be 2.3 μSv/yr to whole body and 55.4 μSv/yr to bone. This whole body and bone dose are 4.6% and 36.9% of the limit, respectively. However, the maximum individual exposure for an adult group by the incineration of combustible nuclear power plant wastes is estimated to be 10.7 μSv/yr to whole body and 7.6 μSv/yr to skin, which is 21.4% and 5.1% of the corresponding limit of 10 CFR 50 Appendix I, respectively. In the case of organic waste solvent incineration, the maximum individual exposure for the adult group is estimated to be 0.4 μSv/yr to whole body and 0.7 μSv/yr to liver, all of which are less than 1.0% of the limit. These kind of assessment will be very useful for the determination of annual amounts of incineration as well as the protection of public health. More reliable assessment needs to obtain finer site-specific data. Therefore, more investigation into domestic nuclear power plant sites should be made.

폐기물소각시설의 수은 배출 특성

박정민 ( Jung Min Park ),정노을 ( Noh Ul Jung ),조명란 ( Myeong Ran Jo ),강경희 ( Kyung Hee Kang ),이상보 ( Sang Bo Lee ),이상학 ( Sang Hak Lee ),홍지형 ( Ji Hyung Hong ),이석조 ( Suk Jo Lee ) 한국환경분석학회 2012 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.15 No.2

In this study, mercury emissions from waste incineration(municipal, hazardous, medical, sludge) in Korea, were measured. Hg contained in waste vaporizes during waste incineration and is emitted through the stack. Waste incinerators(municipal, hazardous, medical, sewage sludge) are recognized as a major source of Hg emission into the atmosphere. However, waste composition varies widely depending on economic condition, technologies in use, management practices, handling and treatment of such wastes. On an average, Hg emission concentrations from municipal waste incineration ranged from 13.50 to 36.50 μg/Sm3 and 1.96 to 4.71 μg/Sm3, at inlet and outlet of APCDs, respectively. This corresponds to removal efficiency of 84.4%. Small-capacity incinerators showed higher Hg emissions, in general. Hg emission concentrations from hazardous waste incineration ranged from 67.33 to 563.16 μg/Sm3 and 120.97 to 129.68 μg/Sm3, at inlet and outlet of APCDs, respectively. The municipal wastes contain relatively less Hg, compared to hazardous wastes, leading to lower Hg concentration in flue gas emission. Average Hg emission concentrations from medical waste incineration were 475.95 μg/Sm3 and in the range of 123.87 to 51.48 μg/Sm3, at inlet and outlet of APCDs, respectively. While, average Hg emission concentrations from sewage sludge incineration were 251.23 μg/Sm3 and 16.66 μg/Sm3, at inlet and outlet of APCDs, respectively. Hg emission factors estimation for waste incineration was based on the sampling concentration of Hg, flue gas exhaust rate and waste burned. Waste types varied, depending on different type of incinerators: municipal, hazardous, medical waste. Hg sources are to be continued to be measured in the future to have a clear scenario of Hg emission from the country and to apply for effective control measures.

적외선 열화상 분석기법을 이용한 폐기물 소각시설의 방열손실 산정방법에 관한연구

강준구,손준익,민지수,권준화,권영현,유하녕,고영재,장미정,전태완,신선경 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2017 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.34 No.2

Recently, domestic waste policy has focused on resource circulation. In accordance with Article 3, Paragraph 2 of the “Enforcement Rules of Wastes Control Act”, which is targeted at waste incineration facilities, we established and announced methods for calculating the recovery and utilization rates of incineration-sourced heat in 2015. The lower heating value is important to energy recovery and utilization rate calculations. Hence, the lower heating values of the waste incineration facilities were estimated using the thermal method from KS B 6205. Heat loss decreases the heat recovery efficiency, and should be measured and evaluated. The surface temperatures of the incinerator and boiler are required to determine heat loss. Presently, the contact point temperature method is used to measure the surface temperature. It is difficult to apply this method to the average surface temperature of an incineration facility. In this study, 20 Korean waste incineration facilities were selected for heat loss estimates based on waste incineration temperature, incinerator type, and incineration capacity. Infrared thermal cameras were used to measure the surface temperatures of the waste incineration facilities.

생활폐기물 소각시설 소각재의 재활용 활성화 방안

김석환(Sukhwan Kim),신동원(Dong Won Shin) 한국정보통신학회 2021 한국정보통신학회 종합학술대회 논문집 Vol.25 No.2

소각로에 반입된 생활폐기물은 고온으로 소각되고 잔여물인 소각재가 발생하게 된다. 소각재에는 바닥재와 비산재가 있으며, 소각로에 전체 반입되는 양에 약 16.5%정도의 소각재(바닥재, 비산재)가 발생한다. 현재 기존 매립되는 증가하는 소각재의 양은 기존 매립장의 매립 연한을 감소시키고 신규매립장 건립 부담이 증가하고 있다. 또한 주변환경 피해(임야절취, 악취, 수질오염 등)를 유발시키기도 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 생활폐기물 소각시설에서 발생하는 소각재의 재활용 활성화를 통해 소각재 문제를 해결하는 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 세부적으로 기술적 재활용 방안으로 토공재료 및 콘크리트 제품 등을 생산하여 재활용 방안을 제시하며, 정부 및 각 지자체에서는 소각재의 재활용 활성화를 위하여 폐기물 관리법 등 관련법을 정비하고 재활용업체에 대한 인센티브 등 적극적인 제도적 지원 방안을 마련하여 소각재의 재활용 활성화할 것을 제안한다. A large amount of combustible household waste are incinerated on a large scale. Incineration ashes including flooring and scattering materials are generated in the incineration facilities. The incineration materials (flooring and scattering) are generated 16.5% of the total amount ashes brought into the incinerator. The amount of incineration materials decrease the landfill period of existing landfills and increase the needs for the construction of new landfills. This study introduces technical and institutional suggestions to solve increasing incineration ash problem by recycling them. As a technical recycling method, incineration materials can be recycled by producing earthwork materials and concrete products. In addition, the government and local governments will be able to promote recycling by improving related laws such as the Waste Management Act and by preparing active institutional support measures such as incentives for recycling companies for Green New Deal strategies.

Numerical investigation on residence time of cooling water and surface temperature distribution of water-cooled grates

김상복,송동근 대한기계학회 2018 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.32 No.3

Waste incineration is a treatment system that reduces waste volume while capturing or destroying potentially harmful substances and recovers energy and chemical contents from wastes. Grate incinerator is one of the thermal treatment methods in waste incinerations. The incineration grates are exposed to high heat flux due to the occurrence of combustion on their surface. Therefore, cooling the incineration grate is one of the main issues in these treatments. In this study, the conjugate heat transfer between the cooling water and incineration grate is investigated numerically. We consider different geometries of the internal guide vane in the cooling channel and analyze the effects of the shapes of the guide vane on the heat transfer performance in the incineration grate. We also calculate the fluid residence time in the cooling channel and investigate the relation between the heat transfer performance and residence time of the cooling fluid. Results confirm that the maximum residence time of the cooling fluid can be reduced, from which the heat transfer performance can be improved.

폐기물관리 정책변화에 따른 온실가스 배출량 예측

김현선,김동식(Dong-Sik Kim),이승묵(Yi, Seung-Muk) 한국환경보건학회 2008 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.34 No.5

Quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in waste sector is important to evaluating measures for reduction of GHG emissions. To forecast GHG emissions and identify potential emission reduction for GHG emissions, scenarios applied with environmental policy such as waste reduction and structure change of waste treatment were developed. Scenario I estimated GHG emissions under business as usual (BAU) baseline. Scenario II estimated GHG emissions applied the waste reduction policy and scenario III was under the policy of structure change of waste treatment. Scenario IV was based on the policy of waste reduction and structure change of waste treatment. As for the different scenarios, GHG emissions were highest under scenarios III, followed by scenarios IV, I, and II. Particularly, GHG emissions under scenario III increased due to the increased GHG emissions from the enhanced waste incineration by structure change of waste treatment. This result indicated that the waste reduction is primary policy for GHG reduction from waste. GHG emission from landfill was highest compared to those from incineration. However, the contribution of GHG emission from incineration increased under scenario III and IV. This indicated that more attention should be paid to the waste treatment for incineration to reduce GHG emissions. Quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in waste sector is important to evaluating measures for reduction of GHG emissions. To forecast GHG emissions and identify potential emission reduction for GHG emissions, scenarios applied with environmental policy such as waste reduction and structure change of waste treatment were developed. Scenario I estimated GHG emissions under business as usual (BAU) baseline. Scenario II estimated GHG emissions applied the waste reduction policy and scenario III was under the policy of structure change of waste treatment. Scenario IV was based on the policy of waste reduction and structure change of waste treatment. As for the different scenarios, GHG emissions were highest under scenarios III, followed by scenarios IV, I, and II. Particularly, GHG emissions under scenario III increased due to the increased GHG emissions from the enhanced waste incineration by structure change of waste treatment. This result indicated that the waste reduction is primary policy for GHG reduction from waste. GHG emission from landfill was highest compared to those from incineration. However, the contribution of GHG emission from incineration increased under scenario III and IV. This indicated that more attention should be paid to the waste treatment for incineration to reduce GHG emissions.

국내 사업장폐기물 소각시설에서의 물질흐름분석 및 폐기물 발열량 특성 조사

고영재,강준구,권영현,유하녕,이영진,권준화,전태완,신선경 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2019 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.36 No.8

There is a growing interest in waste recycling and energy recovery worldwide. Especially, efforts are being made tomaximize energy recovery through incineration. However, in a few industries, it is difficult to separate wastes due tophysical and economic reasons. Specifically, several incombustible wastes are introduced into incineration facilities, andas a result, according to statistical data, the incidence of incineration residues exceeds 40%. Moreover, the introductionof incombustible wastes into an incinerator causes plant deterioration and negatively affects the recovery of incinerationheat energy owing to the supply of reduced calorific value to the incinerator. In this study, the survey results of threeindustrial waste incineration facilities in Korea are presented to determine the characteristics of waste and material flows. The ratio of incineration residues estimated through moisture correction was approximately 22.4%, which is similar tothe incombustible fraction of input waste (20.1%). Based on the analysis of each constituent material, the calorific valueof the industrial wastes supplied to the incinerator was estimated to be 3,500 ~ 4,100 kcal/kg.