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Chi, Y. H.,Salzman, R. A.,Balfe, S.,Ahn, J.-E.,Sun, W.,Moon, J.,Yun, D.-J.,Lee, S. Y.,Higgins, T. J. V.,Pittendrigh, B.,Murdock, L. L.,Zhu-Salzman, K. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2009 INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Vol.18 No.1
<P>Abstract</P><P>The insect digestive system is the first line of defence protecting cells and tissues of the body from a broad spectrum of toxins and antinutritional factors in its food. To gain insight into the nature and breadth of genes involved in adaptation to dietary challenge, a collection of 20 352 cDNAs was prepared from the midgut tissue of cowpea bruchid larvae (<I>Callosobruchus maculatus</I>) fed on regular diet and diets containing antinutritional compounds. Transcript responses of the larvae to dietary soybean cystatin (scN) were analysed using cDNA microarrays, followed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) confirmation with selected genes. The midgut transcript profile of insects fed a sustained sublethal scN dose over the larval life was compared with that of insects treated with an acute high dose of scN for 24 h. A total of 1756 scN-responsive cDNAs was sequenced; these clustered into 967 contigs, of which 653 were singletons. Many contigs (451) did not show homology with known genes, or had homology only with genes of unknown function in a B<SMALL>LAST</SMALL> search. The identified differentially regulated sequences encoded proteins presumptively involved in metabolism, structure, development, signalling, defence and stress response. Expression patterns of some scN-responsive genes were consistent in each larval stage, whereas others exhibited developmental stage-specificity. Acute (24 h), high level exposure to dietary scN caused altered expression of a set of genes partially overlapping with the transcript profile seen under chronic lower level exposure. Protein and carbohydrate hydrolases were generally up-regulated by scN whereas structural, defence and stress-related genes were largely down-regulated. These results show that insects actively mobilize genomic resources in the alimentary tract to mitigate the impact of a digestive protease inhibitor. The enhanced or restored digestibility that may result is possibly crucial for insect survival, yet may be bought at the cost of weakened response to other stresses.</P>
Chi, L.,Na, M.H.,Jung, H.K.,Vadevoo, S.M.P.,Kim, C.W.,Padmanaban, G.,Park, T.I.,Park, J.Y.,Hwang, I.,Park, K.U.,Liang, F.,Lu, M.,Park, J.,Kim, I.S.,Lee, B.H. Elsevier Science Publishers 2015 Journal of controlled release Vol.209 No.-
A growing body of evidence suggests that pathological lesions express tissue-specific molecular targets or biomarkers within the tissue. Interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) is overexpressed in many types of cancer cells, including lung cancer. Here we investigated the properties of IL-4R-binding peptide-1 (IL4RPep-1), a CRKRLDRNC peptide, and its ability to target the delivery of liposomes to lung tumor. IL4RPep-1 preferentially bound to H226 lung tumor cells which express higher levers of IL-4R compared to H460 lung tumor cells which express less IL-4R. Mutational analysis revealed that C1, R2, and R4 residues of IL4RPep-1 were the key binding determinants. IL4RPep-1-labeled liposomes containing doxorubicin were more efficiently internalized in H226 cells and effectively delivered doxorubicin into the cells compared to unlabeled liposomes. In vivo fluorescence imaging of nude mice subcutaneously xenotransplanted with H226 tumor cells indicated that IL4RPep-1-labeled liposomes accumulate more efficiently in the tumor and inhibit tumor growth more effectively compared to unlabeled liposomes. Interestingly, expression of IL-4R was high in vascular endothelial cells of tumor, while little was detected in vascular endothelial cells of control organs including the liver. IL-4R expression in cultured human vascular endothelial cells was also up-regulated when activated by a pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. Moreover, the up-regulation of IL-4R expression was observed in primary human lung cancer tissues. These results indicate that IL-4R-targeting nanocarriers may be a useful strategy to enhance drug delivery through the recognition of IL-4R in both tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells.
He, X.,Bonaparte, N.,Kim, S.,Acharya, B.,Lee, J.Y.,Chi, L.,Lee, H.J.,Paik, Y.K.,Moon, P.G.,Baek, M.C.,Lee, E.K.,Kim, J.H.,Kim, I.S.,Lee, B.H. Elsevier Science Publishers 2012 Journal of controlled release Vol.162 No.3
Chemotherapy-induced apoptosis of tumor cells enhances the antigen presentation and sensitizes tumor cells to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Here we harnessed the apoptosis of tumor cells as a homing signal for the delivery of T cells to tumor. Jurkat T cells were anchored with ApoPep-1, an apoptosis-targeted peptide ligand, using the biocompatible anchor for membrane (BAM), an oleyl acid derivative. The ApoPep-1-BAM conjugate was efficiently anchored to cell membrane, while little anchoring was obtained with ApoPep-1 alone. The retention period of the ApoPep-1-BAM conjugate on cell membrane was approximately 80 and 40min in the absence and presence of serum, respectively. ApoPep-1 was resistant to degradation in serum until 2h. The apoptosis-targeted T cells that were anchored with the ApoPep-1-BAM preferentially bound to apoptotic tumor cells over living cells. When intravenously injected into tumor-bearing mice, the number of apoptosis-targeted T cells and in vivo fluorescence signals by the homing of the cells to doxorubicin-treated tumor were higher than those of untargeted T cells. Accumulation of apoptosis-targeted T cells at other organs such as liver was not detected. These results suggest that the chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and subsequent enhancement of T cell delivery to tumor by the membrane anchoring of the apoptosis-targeted peptide could be a novel strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
Crystal structure of constitutively monomeric E. coli Hsp33 mutant with chaperone activity
Chi, S.W.,Jeong, D.G.,Woo, J.R.,Lee, H.S.,Park, B.C.,Kim, B.Y.,Erikson, R.L.,Ryu, S.E.,Kim, S.J. North-Holland Pub ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2011 FEBS letters Vol.585 No.4
Heat shock protein 33 (Hsp33) from Escherichia coli is a redox-regulated molecular chaperone that protects cells from oxidative stress. To understand the molecular basis for the monomer-dimer switch in the functional regulation of E. coli Hsp33, we generated a constitutively monomeric Hsp33 by introducing the Q151E mutation in the dimeric interface and determined its crystal structure. The overall scaffold of the monomeric Hsp33<SUB>1-235</SUB> (Q151E) mutant is virtually the same as that of the dimeric form, except that there is no domain swapping. The measurement of chaperone activity to thermally denatured luciferase showed that the constitutively monomeric Hsp33 mutant still retains chaperone activity similar to that of wild-type Hsp33<SUB>1-235</SUB>, suggesting that a Hsp33 monomer is sufficient to interact with slowly unfolded substrate.
Galen정맥의 진성 뇌동맥류 기형 : Case Report
배장호,고삼규,김오룡,김선용,지용철,최병연,조수호 대한신경외과학회 1990 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.19 No.6
A 27-year-old male was suffered from seizure due to Galenic aneurysmal malformation which was mainly fed by thalamoperforating circumferential(P2) and posterior cerebral artery(P4) and drained through basal vein of Rosenthal because of agenesis of straight sinus. The aneurysmal dilatation was successfully extirpated by excision of feeding arteries and draining veins including inferior sagittal sinus and straight sinus. We report a case of true aneurysmal malformation of vein of Galen.
딥러닝 자연어처리(NLP)와 일반수사학 (General Rhetoric)과의 융합적 접점 분석 - 그룹 뮤(Groupe μ)의 『A General Rhetoric』을 중심으로
지승학 ( Chi Seung-hak ) 한국기호학회 2020 기호학연구 Vol.64 No.-
본 논문에서는 그룹 뮤(Groupe μ)의 『일반수사학』에서 주목하고 있는 시학과 수사 학적 언어의 형태와 RNN 언어모델의 구조적 유사성을 분석하고자 한다. 여기에서 주로 동원되는 것은 시학과 수사학적 언어의 기능을 분류하는 ‘메타볼’(Metaboles)의 유 형이다. 특히 메타볼은 본 논문에서 다루게 될 ‘수사학적 공간’의 아이디어로 발전하여 딥러닝 기술을 통한 자연어처리와 실질적으로 연결될 수 있다는 점에서 중요한 개념이라고 할 수 있다. 또한 수사학적 공간 개념을 RNN 언어모델에 적용하기 위해서는 무엇보다도 정밀한 언어 데이터 셋 마련과 적확한 ‘의미의 영점’(Degree-Zero) 마련 역시 중요하다. 이런 사실은 결국 학문적 융합이 현재 A.I. 기술에 얼마나 필수적인지를 보여준다. 마지막으로 『일반수사학』의 내용은 현재의 딥러닝 언어모델에서도 여전히 유효하다는 점에서 날카로운 혜안을 증언하고 있으며 우리에게 여전히 인문학과 공학의 초학제적 태도는 중요할 수밖에 없음을 보여준다. In this article, I attempt to analyze the structural similarity between the semantic structure of poetry and rhetorical language on which Groupe μ is focusing and the RNN language model. The main focus of this article was concentrated on the type of ‘metaboles’ that categorizes the functions of poetry and rhetorical language. This type and its insight are considerably useful not only in connection with natural language processing technology but also a application field. In particular, the approach for the idea of ‘rhetorical space’ can be substantially an important concept in terms of connection with deep learning technology of NLP. In addition, this approach shows the fact that it is the paramount importance to prepare a precise language data set which has ‘Degree Zero’ and ‘Subunits’ of the linguistic code. Ultimately, through this convergence analysis, we realize that the trans-disciplinary attitude of the humanities and engineering is inevitably important.