Backchannelling in deutschen und koreanischen Telefongesprächen − ein gesprächsanalytischer Ansatz

( Kook¸ Ji-yeon ) 한국독일언어문학회 2021 독일언어문학 Vol.- No.92

언어적 의사소통에서 발신자, 수신자, 맥락, 정보 등과 같은 요소들도 중요하지만, 화자가 말을 할 때 청자가 경청하고 있는지의 여부도 중요하다. 청자는 화자의 발화에 대해 관심이 있다거나 듣고 있다는 것 혹은 자신이 그 대화에 참여하고 있다는 등의 표시로 ‘응’, ‘어’, ‘음’, ‘맞아’, ‘그래’ 등과 같은 청자신호를 보낸다. 이러한 청자반응신호는 면대면 대화에서뿐만 아니라 전화 대화에서도 나타나지만, 전화 대화라는 유형적 특성상 매우 중요하다. 왜냐하면 면대면 대화에서는 화자의 표정이나 몸짓 등이 함께 작용하지만, 음성이나 말로서만 이루어지는 전화 대화에서는 결정적인 역할을 하기 때문이다. 특히 청자반응은 개별 언어마다 달리 나타나기 때문에, 본 연구에서는 한국어와 독일어의 전화 대화에 나타난 청자반응신호의 공통점과 차이점을 살펴보고자 했다. 이를 위해 독일과 한국 전화 대화 코퍼스를 추출하여 각 언어의 청자반응을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 두 언어 간 청자반응의 수행양상이 어떻게 달리 나타나는지를 고찰할 수 있었다. 빈도수 측면에서는 두 언어 간의 차이가 잘 나타나지 않았으나, 청자 반응 신호의 유형별 비교는 가능했다. 그 중 주목할 만한 것은 한국어 청자의 경우 독일어 청자에 비해 상대방이 발화하는 일부나 발화 전체를 그대로 따라서 반복하는 표현을 보다 선호했으며, 독일어 청자들은 한국어 청자에 비해 상대방의 문장을 완성하는 경향이 더 두드러지는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 청자반응신호 양상 연구는 문화 간 이해를 위한 소통지식 향상과 제2외국어로서 언어를 배우는 독일어 학습자나 한국어 학습자가 상호 소통을 할 때 오해를 최소화 할 수 있다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다고 볼 수 있다. Diese konversationsanalytische Studie widmet sich den Typen, Formen und der Frequenz von Backchannels in deutschen und koreanischen Telefongesprächen. Auf der Basis von 21 Telefonaten (12 deutschen aus dem FOLK-Korpus des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache und 9 koreanischen aus dem Sejong-Korpus für gesprochenes Koreanisch des Nationalen Instituts der Koreanischen Sprache) wurde das Backchannelling-Verhalten der Gesprächsteilnehmer kontrastiv untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dokumentieren Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede: Bezüglich der prozentualen Verteilung der Typen von Backchannels machen kurze verbale Äußerungen in beiden Sprachen den größten Anteil aus. Der Typ ‘Bitte um Klärung’ bildet in beiden Korpora den zweitgrößten Anteil, Lachen als Backchannel den drittgrößten. Während koreanische Hörer den Typ ‘kurze Nachformulierungen’ präferieren, wurden bei den deutschen Hörern eher der Typ ‘Satzvervollständigungen’ bevorzugt. Hinsichtlich der Frequenz von Backchannels pro Token bestand kein wesentlicher Unterschied, so dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer durch Frequenz verursachten Fehlinterpretation zwischen Deutschen und Koreanern geringer als mit anderen Kulturen ist.

여자 테니스 선수의 양손 백핸드 스트로크 동작시 상지의 근전도 분석

유국종,서국웅,윤양진,이훈식,정미라,서국은 한국운동역학회 2000 한국운동역학회지 Vol.9 No.2

This study analzed AEMG, muscle activity duration time, peak value and work load of six high school student players, three college student players, three business team players in order to analyze Arm's EMG when they play games with two-handed backhand stroke. The instruments of measuring EMG are muscle tester ME3000p. And measured parts of muscle are the triceps brachii, biceps brachii, brachioradialis and flexor carpi radialis of body left and right arm. The following is the result according to the analysis of raw data and statistics. 1. The AEMG of trained group was higher than the untrained. In both groups AEMG of right arm was higher than left one. And AEMG of forearm was higher than upperarm. The order of high AEMG among the trained is as followed ; right biceps brachii, left brachii, right brachioradialis. Among the untrained ; right brachioradialis, left brachioradialis, biceps brachii. 2. The muscle activity duration time of the trained group was totally shorter than the untrained. In both groups muscle activity duration time of the right arm was shorter than the left one. As to trained muscle activity duration time of upperarm is shorter than the forearm. Contrarily, as to untrained muscle activity duration time forearm is shorter than the upperarm. The order of short muscle activity duration time among the trained is as followed ; right biceps brachii, triceps brachii, left flexor carpi radialis. 3. The peak value of trained group was higher than the untrained. In body groups peak value of the right arm was higher than the left one. As to the trained the peak of the upperarm is higher than the forearm. Contrarily, as to the untrained, the peak value of the forearm was higher the upperarm. The order of high peak value among the trained is as followed ; right biceps brachii, left biceps brachii, right brachioradialis. Among the untrained, right brachioradialis, left biceps brachii, brachioradialis.

초등학생에서 인두배양과 항-OF 항체 보유율

정현주,김선주,김윤정,맹국영,정현주,김선주,김윤정,맹국영 대한임상병리학회 1998 대한임상병리학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Changes of functional ionotrophic receptor subunits in rat hippocampus following transient global ischemia

Ko, Ok,Jung, Yong Wook 약업신문사 1983 의약정보 Vol.9 No.-

Preparations of microencapsulated PCMs-coated nylon fabrics by wet and dry coating process and comparison of their properties

Koo, K.,Park, Y.M.,Choe, J.D.,Kim, E.A. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2009 Polymer engineering and science Vol.49 No.6

<P>To analyze the thermal insulation effect in textiles, waterproof, and breathable nylon fabrics PCMs microcapsules (PCMMcs) were prepared by wet and dry coating processes. The morphology, water vapor permeability (WVP), water penetration resistance (WPR), and peel strength of the PCMMcs-coated fabrics were characterized. At the same time, DSC was used to measure the thermal insulation properties of the PCMMcs-treated fabrics as a means of testing the thermal storage/release capacity according to their phase change temperature. The result showed that the heat storage capacity of the PCMMcs-treated fabrics prepared by wet coating was noticeably better than that of the PCMMcs-untreated samples, whereas the PCMMcs treatment had an insignificant effect on the heat capacity of the fabrics prepared by the dry coating process. From the SEM analysis, it was found that the PCMMcs were physically unstable during the dry coating process, so, they could not be observed. Also, the WVP, WPR, and peel strength were found to decrease with increasing PCMMcs contents. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers</P>

Changes of functional ionotrophic receptor subunits in rat hippocampus following transient global ischemia

Ko, Ok,Jung, Yong Wook 東國大學校醫學硏究所 2002 東國醫學 Vol.9 No.2

허혈 후 해마세포내 칼슘의 유입과 증가기전은 아직까지 알려져 있지 않다. 그러나 허혈해마에서의 이온지향성 NMDA 수용체와 AMPA수용체 아단위의 변화는 많은 양의 칼슘이 흥분성연접을 통해 신경세포내로 유입될 수 있다는 가능성을 제시한다. 따라서 본 실험은 일시적 허혈 후 초래되는 해마신경세포의 세포손상정에 AMPA와 NMDA 수용체의 구성단백질의 변화를 관찰하였다. 일시적 허혈 모델은 280∼320 gm의 Sprague-Dawley종의 숫 흰쥐를 이용하여 50㎜Hg의 저혈압을 초래 후 10분간 양쪽 온목동맥을 결찰하여 제작하였으며 AMPA 수용체의 GluR2 아단위와 NMDA 수용체의 NR2A, NR2B에 대한 단백질 정량분석은 Immunoblot을 이용하였다. 허혈 후 세포손상은 세포골격단백질인 NF200의 분자생물학적 조사를 시행하여 관찰하였다. 일시적 허혈은 해마에 존재하는 이온지향성 수용체의 아단위인 NR2A, NR2B, 그리고 GluR2의 분해를 유도하였으며 특히 GluR2의 현저한 감소는 GluR2-lacking AMPA 수용체의 칼슘지향성 특성을 고려할 때 해마신경세포 손상과정에서 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 생각되며 또한 세포사망의 중요인자인 신경세사단백질200의 분해정도는 AMPA 수용체의 GluR2의 분해와 비례하여 감소하였다. The mechanism by which elevated Ca^2+ enters and concentrates within the hippocampal neurons after ischemia remains unclear. However, one appealing possibility, given the well-documented involvement of NMDA and AMPA receptors in ischemic hippocampus, would involve the up or down-regulation of NMDA and AMPA constituents, which would thereby allow increased amounts of Ca^2+ to enter the vulnerable neuron with each excitatory synaptic event. we tested a potential roles for AMPA and NMDA receptor functional subunits levels in the hippocampus at times after transient global ischemia when neuronal cell damage was observed. Transient global ischemia was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats (280∼320 gm) and was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 10 minutes along with a decrease of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) to 50 ㎜Hg. Immunoblottings were used to assess protein concentration and expression of AMPA (GluR2) and NMDA receptor (NR2A and NR2B) functional subunits. Molecular analysis of ischemic injury was measured with NF200. This study determined that hippocampal NR2A, NR2B, and GluR2 expression in response to the transient global ischemia was decreased compared with sham-operated controls. This data indicate that AMPA receptors lacking GluR2 may play a role in excessive influx of extracellular calcium following ischemia because of GluR2-lacking AMPA complexes have larger. more prolonged calcium conductances than those containing this subunit. We also found that the severity of the NF200 degradation, one of the neuronal death-inducing factors correlated well with the severity of GluR2 degradation.

이형 림프구의 출현을 보인 환자들에서 원인병원체 및 임상적 의의의 검색

맹국영 최신의학사 2000 最新醫學 Vol.43 No.7-8

韓國 어린이의 綜合的 診斷

秋菊姬,李惠星 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1980 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.35 No.-

Children are more than the object of their parent's love and attention, and they are also the leading forces of the nation in the future. The importance of providing a desirable environment for growing children cannot be fully emphasized in terms of their education. This study is an attempt to analyze the physical, intellectual, emotional, social and personality development of Korean children. I. Objectives A. To survey the actual developmental conditions of physical, intellectual, emotional, social and personality growth of Korean children. B. To analyze home environments of Korean children. C. To form a comprehensive diagnosis of the developmental condition of Korean children as whole persons. D. To examine the factors hindering Korean children's normal development. E. Ro survey the actual conditions of isolated children who should be educated under various types of special programs. II. Method A. Subjects : Primary school third and sixth graders were chosen as subjects. By the stratified sampling method, the whole nation was divided into four types of districts according to degree of industrialization and modernization. These districts were designated: 1) big cities, 2) medium-sized citied, 3) towns, and 4) villages. Four schools were selected from each district and eight classed were chosen from each school by random sampling. The total number of subjects was 3,478 : 1,712 third graders and 1,760 sixth graders. B. Measurement tools: The tools used to effectively implement this study were as follows : 1. A Physical development record file for each child was used to survey physical development. 2. Standardized I.Q. tests were administered to survey intellectual development. 3. A standardized personality inventory and a researcher made self-concept inventory were given to survey emotional, social, and personality development. 4. A standardized home environment inventory was used to analyze the home environments of the children. III. Results A. Physical Development. The average age of the third graders and sixth graders studied was 8 years 10 months, and 11 years 7 months, respectively. 1. As shown below, there seems to be an increasing tendency in terms of physical growth among primary level students. --------------------------------------------------------------- Dimension 1970 Study by Ministry 1975 study by Korean 1979 this study Of Education Pediatrics Association School Grade 3 6 3 6 3 6 Height (in cm) 121 134 123 137 125 141 Weight(in kg) 23 29 23 30 24 33 Girth(in cm) 59 66 60 66 60 67 2. The physical development of children from big and medium-sized citied was significantly greater than of children from towns and villages. 3. Third grade boys were significantly larger in all dimensions studied than girls in the same grade, while sixth grade girls were larger than boys of the same grade. B. Intellectual Development 1. In both grade studied, boys obtained significantly higher I.Q. scores than girls. Third grade: 116.86 (boys) 114.14 (girls). Sixth grade : 108.45 boys), 107.19 (girls). 2. In terms of districts, children of big and medium-sized citied scored significantly higher in the exams I.Q. than children from other districts. 3. In intelligence test performance, there was no significant difference between sexes for the third graders in terms of verbal ability, pictorial grouping and figure grouping. However, children big and medium-sized cities preceded children from towns and villages in this area. For sixth graders there is no significant difference between sexes in word usage, verbal reasoning, numerical reasoning, and figure reasoning. Again at this level, big and medium-sized city children precede town and village children in these areas. Summary of Intellectual Development Findings 1. Children from big and medium-sized cities significantly precede town and village children in terms of I.Q. scores. 2. Regardless of grade level, statistically boys perform higher than girls in terms of intellectual development. C. Emotional Development 1. In the third grade, boys show more active tendencies than girls, while girls demonstrate more stability. In the sixth grade, girls show more sociability than boys. In general, girls grow more rapidly than boys when they develop from third grade to sixth grade. 2. Regardless of grade, the children from big and medium-sized cities have higher scores in terms of general activity, dominance, impulsiveness, and reflectance. Interestingly, sixth graders of towns and villages scored higher on measures of stability and sociability than their big and medium-sized, city-bred counterparts. D. Home Environment 1. According to our inventory scores, big and medium-sized city children have home atmospheres superior to children from towns and villages. 2. In terms of psychological home atmosphere, third grade boys we superior in scores of social upwardness, materialism and openness than girls, while girls were superior to boys in attitudes toward family members, cohesiveness and achievement expectations. 3. In the third grade, the bid and medium-sized city children were superior to town and village children in social upwardness mutual attitude toward family members, cohesiveness, achievement expectations, openness, affection and autonomy. On the other hand, scores of town and village children were superior in terms of role expectations and materialism. In the sixth grade, bid and medium-sized city children are superior to town and village children in social upwardness and cohesiveness, while scores of town and village children precede the bid and medium-sized city children in materialism, role expectations, openness, affection and autonomy. E. Correlations between Home Environment and Physical, Intellectual, and Emotional Development. 1. There was a significant correlation between physical development and emotional development. 2. There was a significant correlation between physical development and emotional development. Weight, especially had a significant correlation to personality development as well as self-concept. 3. There was a significant correlation between physical development and physical home environment. Namely, the ecological environment, including residence, size of house, cultural condition (status) of the house, economic status and family structure correlated with the physical development of the children. 4. There was a significant correlation between self-concept and I.Q. score. 5.There was a significant correlation between personality development and intellectual development. 6. There was a significant correlation between self-concept and personality. 7. There was a significant correlation between home environment and I.Q. scores. 8. There was a significant correlation between self-concept and home environment. 9. There was a significant correlation between personality and home environment.

에폭시수지의 직류파괴전압에 미치는 경화조건 및 충진제의 효과

서국철,김재환 光云大學校 1989 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

Epoxy resins with various ratio of filler SiO�were investigated as to the effect of hardening conditions and fillers upon DC breakdown voltage characteristics in epoxy resins and its electric breakdown mechanism. As the results, it is presented the DC breakdown voltage over three ranges of temperature. DC breakdown voltage is decreased according to increased temperature and filler content. The behavior over the first region(20����100���)is considered to obey the electronic breakdown mechanism and the behavior over the second region(100����160���) and the third region (160����220���)is considered to obey the thermal breakdown mechanism.

장애아의 발성·발어를 위한 어조적 방법의 적용에 관한 연구

추국희 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1989 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.56 No.-

As language difficulties exist in all handicapped children, the development of educational programs for language remediation is earnestly demanded. In our country, however, any concrete remedial and educational method for language development has not been systematized, as to what and how to develop, guide, and remedy the matters of practical educational methods and contents. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to develop a program through verbo-tonal method as the most natural and effective method for phonation and speech production at the initial language acquisition stage of the handicapped children. For this purpose, three gearing-impaired children, four mentally retarded children, and five autistic children were selected. Chronological age of these subjects ranged from three years and eight months to five years and six months. The period of experiment of the present study was one year. In analyzing the data, pre-and post-test have been administered with non-verbal test, CLAC-Ⅱ, language comprehension and expression test. The case study observation method has been used to describe the results and behavioral change of the subjects. The concrete contents of training program for each area of handicap developed by verbo-tonal method are as follows: 1. Preparatory training program (establishment of relationship, attention, imitation of motion). 2. Basic body movement for phonation (vowel. Consonant). 3. Training program of phonation and speech production for hearing impaired children. 4. Training program of phonation and speech production for mentally retarded children. 5. Training program of phonation for autistic children. The findings obtained from the present study are summarized as follows: 1. Training program for phonation and speech production by verbo-tonal method has markedly developed the ability of phonation and speech production in hearing impaired children. 2. Training program for phonation and speech production by verbo-tonal method ahs been found effective for the ability of phonation and speech production I mentally retarded children. 3. Training program for phonation by verbo-tonal method has been found effective for stimulating the development of phonation and speech production in autistic children. In conclusion, the verbo-tonal method has been found to facilitate the phonation and speech production of the children of three categories. Therefore, the results of the present study that have not only proved the marked effectiveness to hearing impaired children but also showed the possibility of application to the phonation and speech production in both mentally retarded children and autistic children suggest that this verbo-tonal method can be a natural and effective remedial/educational method for many handicapped children with language difficulties.