데카르트의 사랑 개념과 만족의 에고이즘 -17세기 감정론과 역량의 윤리 (1)-

김은주 ( Kim¸ Eunju ) 한국가톨릭철학회 2018 가톨릭철학 Vol.0 No.30

데카르트가 정의하는 사랑의 정념은 자기 보존과 유용성 중심의 이기적인 것으로도 해석될 여지가 있고, 사랑의 대상을 위해 자기희생까지 감수하는 이타적인 것으로 해석될 여지도 있다. 여기서 나는 데카르트의 입장을 이기주의에 가까운 것으로 보되, 그가 심신합일의 바탕에 심신이원론을 설정함으로써 이타주의나 공동체주의와 완전히 양립 가능한 독특한 에고이즘을 벼려냄을 보여준다. 이를 위해 나는 첫째, 사랑에 대한 데카르트의 정의가 ‘대상의 좋음’을 사랑의 핵심에 두는 아퀴나스적 관점과 결별하고 있음을 보여준다. 둘째, 사랑의 동기가 대상에서 주체로 옮겨온다고 해서, 데카르트의 사랑 개념이 홉스 류의 생물학적 이기주의를 함축한다고 볼 수는 없음을 보여준다. 마지막으로, 사랑이 주체에게 가져다주는 진정한 이익이 자기 보존이나 욕구 충족이 아니라 감응 자체에서 얻는 영혼의 만족임을 보여주고, 이 만족이 영혼이 자기 신체와 합일되어 있으면서도 지적 거리를 가질 수 있다는 점에 기반하고 있음을 보여준다. Descartes’s definition of love apparently suggests the non-egoism of Cartesian ethics. I clarify that his ethical position implied in his treatment of love remains egoistic. However, I also show that, on the basis of his dualistic theory of mind-body union, he elaborates an egoism entirely compatible with altruism or communitarianism. For this, I show first that Descartes' definition of love breaks off from Aquinas’ view on love, placing at the core of love the subject’s contentment rather than the objects’ value. Nonetheless, this subjectivism does not imply a biological egoism like in Hobbes. I argue that the true benefit of love consists neither in the self-preservation nor in the satisfaction of appetites, but in the contentment of the soul that increases along with the increase of affectivity itself, the affectivity secured by the intellectual distance that the soul can take with regard to its own body.

코로나 19 상황에서 음악 수업 실천 사례 분석을 통한 교사의 수업 역량 탐색

김은주 ( Kim¸ Eunju ) 서울교육대학교 초등교육연구원 2021 한국초등교육 Vol.32 No.3

코로나 19의 등장 이후, 학교 음악 교육은 학생과 교사와의 ‘만남’이 단절됨으로 인해 실음 중심의 수업이 제한되는 매우 본질적인 어려움을 겪게 되었다. 이에 본 연구는 코로나 19 상황에서 음악 교육을 위해 교사가 갖추어야 할 수업 역량을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 우선 수업 역량의 일반적 의미와 범위를 살펴보고 최근 교육의 흐름으로 반영된 사항을 분석해 보았다. 이어서 음악 수업 역량과 관련된 선행연구를 고찰해 봄으로써 음악 수업 역량의 의미와 요소를 정리해 보았다. 코로나 19 이후 초등학교의 수업 상황은 크게 전면 비대면 원격수업 상황과 원격-등교 블렌디드 러닝 수업 상황으로 나눌 수 있다. 이에 전면 비대면 원격수업 상황과 원격-등교 병행 블렌디드 러닝 상황에서 이루어진 음악 수업 실천 사례를 다양한 관점에서 분석해 보았다. 분석한 내용을 바탕으로 코로나 19 상황에서의 초등학교 음악 교육을 위한 수업 역량을 탐색하고 시사점을 도출할 수 있었다. 연구 결과, 코로나 19 상황에서의 음악 수업 역량으로는 ‘교수학습 상황에 따른 수업 설계 능력’, ‘음악 교과 특성을 기반으로 한 수업 구현 능력’, ‘디지털 기술과 정보에 관한 이해와 활용 능력’, ‘동료 교사 및 학습자와의 협력과 상호작용 능력’ 등이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 연구 내용을 바탕으로 코로나 19 이후의 초등 음악 교육의 발전을 위하여 초등 음악 수업 발굴과 우수 사례 보급, 음악 교육 특성에 맞는 원격수업 플랫폼과 기능 개발 및 활용 방안 마련, 다양한 교사 연수, 수업 환경 지원, 교수학습자료 데이터베이스 구축, 예비 초등교사 양성 과정에서 새로운 상황의 수업 수행 역량 함양 내용과 방법 포함의 필요성 등을 제언하였다. 앞으로 교육 실행의 주체로서의 교사 역량에 관한 다양한 연구와 시도를 통해 음악 교육의 본질을 실현할 수 있는 수업이 이루어지기를 기대한다. Since the appearance of COVID-19, music education has suffered very fundamental difficulties in which practical sound-centered classes are limited due to the severance of ‘meeting’ between students and teachers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the teaching competency that teachers should have for music education in the context of COVID-19. First, the general meaning and scope of instruction competency was explored, and the points reflected in the recent education flow were analyzed. Next, the meaning and elements of music instruction competencies were summarized by examining related prior studies. First, the general meaning and scope of instruction competency was explored, and the points reflected in the recent education flow were analyzed. Next, the meaning and elements of music instruction competencies were summarized by examining related prior studies. The classroom situation in elementary schools after Corona 19 can be largely divided into a completely non-face-to-face remote learning situation and a blended learning class situation. Accordingly, cases of music class practice in both non-face-to-face distance learning and blended learning were analyzed from various perspectives. Based on the above content, instruction competencies for elementary school music education in the Corona 19 situation were explored and implications were derived. The study results are as follows. Music teaching competencies in the context of COVID-19 include 'class design ability according to teaching and learning situations', 'class implementation ability based on music subject characteristics', 'understanding and using skills of digital technology and information' and 'ability to cooperate and interact with fellow teachers and students'. In addition, based on the research contents, the following suggestions were made for the development of elementary school music education after COVID-19. First, it is necessary to discover elementary school music classes and disseminate best practices. Second, it is necessary to develop a distance learning platform and function suitable for the characteristics of music education and prepare a plan for its use. Third, it is necessary to establish a teaching program for teachers, support for the classroom environment, and a database for teaching and learning materials. Finally, in the process of nurturing pre-primary elementary school teachers, it is necessary to include the contents and methods of cultivating the ability to perform classes in new situations. In the future, it is expected that classes that can realize the essence of music education through various studies and attempts on the teacher's competency as the main body of education.

Can microvessel invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma be predicted by pre-operative MRI?

Kim, Honsoul,Park, Mi-Suk,Choi, Jin Young,Park, Young Nyun,Kim, Myeong-Jin,Kim, Kyung Sik,Choi, Jin Sub,Han, Kwang-Hyub,Kim, EunJu,Kim, Ki Whang Springer-Verlag 2009 EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY Vol.19 No.7

Effects of rumen cannulation surgery on physiological parameters and rumen fluid pH in Korean native Hanwoo cattle

Kim, Eunju,Kim, Seong Bum,Baek, Youl Chang,Kim, Min Seok,Choe, Changyong,Yoo, Jae Gyu,Jung, Younghun,Cho, Ara,Kim, Suhee,Do, Yoon Jung The Korean Society of Veterinary Service 2018 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.41 No.4

Rumen cannulation is used for nutritional and microbiological research, clinical diagnosis, and rumen component transfaunation. However, the cannulation procedure can affect parameters such as complete blood count findings, serum chemistry, and rumen fluid pH. The objective of this study was to evaluate the health risks related to the rumen cannulation procedure over a 1-month period. We did not identify significant differences in red blood cell numbers or morphologies between pre- and postoperative timepoints. Moreover, no inflammation or infection was detected. Despite the absence of apparent clinical signs after surgery, serum chemistry results revealed changes in blood urea nitrogen levels and the activities of liver enzymes, including aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine kinase, from postoperative days 1 to 14. Rumen fluid pH, as measured from samples collected via an orogastric tube, was slightly increased after a preoperative fasting period and on postoperative day 1 but decreased thereafter from postoperative day 4, indicating a minor influence of cannulation surgery on ruminal fluid pH. This is the first study to evaluate hematological parameters and rumen pH before and after rumen cannulation surgery in Hanwoo cattle. Further research is required to better elucidate the potential effects of rumen cannulation surgery on animal health.

Aquatic Toxicity Assessment of Phosphate Compounds

Eunju Kim,Sunkyoung Yoo,Hee-Young Ro,Hye-Jin Han,Yong-Wook Baek,Ig-Chun Eom,Hyun-Mi Kim,Pilje Kim,Kyunghee Choi 환경독성보건학회 2013 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.28 No.-

Objectives Tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are high production volume chemicals, mainly used as foodstuff additives, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, synthetic resin, and disinfectants. Phosphate has the potential to cause increased algal growth leading to eutrophication in the aquatic environment. However, there is no adequate information available on risk assessment or acute and chronic toxicity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the toxic potential of phosphate compounds in the aquatic environment. Methods An aquatic toxicity test of phosphate was conducted, and its physico-chemical properties were obtained from a database recommended in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance manual. An ecotoxicity test using fish, Daphnia, and algae was conducted by the good laboratory practice facility according to the OECD TG guidelines for testing of chemicals, to secure reliable data. Results The results of the ecotoxicity tests of tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are as follows: In an acute toxicity test with Oryzias latipes, 96 hr 50% lethal concentration (LC<SUB>50</SUB>) was >100 (measured:>2.14) ㎎/L and >100 (measured: >13.5) ㎎/L, respectively. In the Daphnia test, 48 hr 50% effective concentration (EC<SUB>50</SUB>) was >100 (measured: >5.35) ㎎/L and >100 (measured: >2.9) ㎎/L, respectively. In a growth inhibition test with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, 72 hr EC<SUB>50</SUB> was >100 (measured: >1.56) ㎎/L and >100 (measured: >4.4) ㎎/L, respectively. Conclusions Based on the results of the ecotoxicity test of phosphate using fish, Daphnia, and algae, L(E)C<SUB>50</SUB> was above 100 ㎎/L (nominal), indicating no toxicity. In general, the total phosphorus concentration including phosphate in rivers and lakes reaches levels of several ppm, suggesting that phosphate has no toxic effects. However, excessive inflow of phosphate into aquatic ecosystems has the potential to cause eutrophication due to algal growth.

Direct Synthesis of Polymer Nanocapsules with a Noncovalently Tailorable Surface

Kim, Dongwoo,Kim, Eunju,Kim, Jeeyeon,Park, Kyeng ,Min,Baek, Kangkyun,Jung, Minseon,Ko, Young ,Ho,Sung, Wokyung,Kim, Hyung ,Seok,Suh, Ju ,Hyung,Park, Chan ,Gyung,Na, Oh&#x WILEY-VCH Verlag 2007 Angewandte Chemie Vol.46 No.19

<B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Hollow out your pumpkin: The direct synthesis of approximately 100-nm-diameter polymer nanocapsules was carried out in the absence of preorganized structures or templates. The method appears to be applicable to any monomer that has a flat core and multiple polymerizable groups at the periphery (see picture). The surface properties of the polymer shell, which comprises cucurbituril, can be easily tailored through host–guest chemistry. <img src='wiley_img/14337851-2007-46-19-ANIE200604526-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/14337851-2007-46-19-ANIE200604526-content'> </P>

Increased Risk for Developing Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter in Hepatitis B Carriers: A Population-based Follow-Up Study

( Eunju Kim ),( Hana Park ),( Ha Il Kim ),( Jihye Lim ),( Ji Yoon Kim ),( Han Chu Lee ),( Hyo-jung Nam ),( Ju Hyun Shim ) 대한간학회 2020 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2020 No.1

Aims: Recent studies have revealed significant associations between atrial fibrillation (Afib) or flutter (AF) and hepatic disorders such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic hepatitis C. In this study, we hypothesized that chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection would increase the risk of Afib/AF. Methods: To test this hypothesis, we used data from 43,255 adults (>19 years) who had periodic preventive medical checkups from 2005 to 2009 at the Health Screening and Promotion Center at Asan Medical Center and were followed up longer than one year. All subjects received a comprehensive health assessment, and their results were obtained through the institution’s Information Technology of Service Management system. Information on past medical history, smoking and alcohol consumption, and current drug history were extracted from standardized questionnaire responses. Electrocardiograms, based on which the diagnosis of irregular heartbeats was made, were available for all patients at baseline and at every checkup during follow-up (median: 4 tests/person). Results: In the baseline examination, 1,995 subjects were chronically infected with HBV, and 41,260 did not have hepatitis B or C. After 1:4 propensity score matching, 1,995 HBV carriers and 7,975 controls without any viral hepatitis were finally constructed. Over a mean follow-up time of 6.5±3.5 years, Afib/AF was observed in 18 HBV carriers (0.9%) and 38 controls (0.48%) (P<0.05). Multivariate Cox analysis also showed that patients with hepatitis B had a significantly higher incidence of Afib/AF [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 1.679], as did men (2.692), the elderly (1.080), obese individuals (1.966), and heavy drinkers (1.866) (Ps<0.05). For HBV carriers, heavy alcohol consumption (≥4 times/week) was the only factor independently correlated with the development of Afib/AF (adjusted HR, 4.997; P<0.05). Conclusions: We found that chronic HBV infection carried increased risk of Afib/AF. The best way to prevent atrial arrhythmia in HBV carriers could be to quit drinking.

Phyllodulcin, a natural functional sweetener, improves diabetic metabolic changes by regulating hepatic lipogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and gluconeogenesis in db/db mice

Kim, Eunju,Shin, Jae-Ho,Seok, Pu Reum,Kim, Min-Soo,Yoo, Sang-Ho,Kim, Yuri Elsevier 2018 Journal of Functional Foods Vol.42 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Phyllodulcin, an isocoumarin derivatives and well-known natural sweetener derived from <I>Hydrangea macrophylla</I> var, was evaluated for its roles in diabetes-related metabolic and genetic changes by regulating glucose homeostasis in the liver. C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice received 20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) stevioside (SVS 20), 10 mg/kg b.w. phyllodulcin (P 10), or 20 mg/kg b.w. phyllodulcin (P 20) for four weeks. Water and food intake were significantly lower in the phyllodulcin supplemented group compared with the diabetic group. Phyllodulcin supplementation suppressed the levels of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and plasma and hepatic triglyceride level. Phyllodulcin improved hepatic lipogenesis, while also suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress. Phyllodulcin inhibited hepatic fibrosis and regulated liver glucose homeostasis. Thus, these results indicate the potential of phyllodulcin to serve as a therapeutic agent to improve global hepatic function and metabolic abnormalities of diabetic conditions and the necessity to be better explored.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Phyllodulcin improved diabetic metabolic changes in db/db/ mice. </LI> <LI> Phyllodulcin lowered water and food intake. </LI> <LI> Phyllodulcin suppressed the levels of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c. </LI> <LI> Phyllodulcin improved hepatic lipogenesis. </LI> <LI> Phyllodulcin suppressed inflammation and oxidative stress. </LI> <LI> Phyllodulcin inhibited hepatic fibrosis and regulated liver glucose homeostasis. </LI> </UL> </P>

D-Xylose as a sugar complement regulates blood glucose levels by suppressing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK) in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats and by enhancing glucose uptake in vitro

Eunju Kim,Yoo-Sun Kim,Kyung-Mi Kim,Sangwon Jung,Sang-Ho Yoo,Yuri Kim 한국영양학회 2016 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.10 No.1

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is more frequently diagnosed and is characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. D-Xylose, a sucrase inhibitor, may be useful as a functional sugar complement to inhibit increases in blood glucose levels. The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-diabetic effects of D-xylose both in vitro and stretpozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide (NA)-induced models in vivo. MATERIALS/METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: (i) normal control; (ii) diabetic control; (iii) diabetic rats supplemented with a diet where 5% of the total sucrose content in the diet was replaced with D-xylose; and (iv) diabetic rats supplemented with a diet where 10% of the total sucrose content in the diet was replaced with D-xylose. These groups were maintained for two weeks. The effects of D-xylose on blood glucose levels were examined using oral glucose tolerance test, insulin secretion assays, histology of liver and pancreas tissues, and analysis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK) expression in liver tissues of a STZ-NA-induced experimental rat model. Levels of glucose uptake and insulin secretion by differentiated C2C12 muscle cells and INS-1 pancreatic β-cells were analyzed. RESULTS: In vivo, D-xylose supplementation significantly reduced fasting serum glucose levels (P < 0.05), it slightly reduced the area under the glucose curve, and increased insulin levels compared to the diabetic controls. D-Xylose supplementation enhanced the regeneration of pancreas tissue and improved the arrangement of hepatocytes compared to the diabetic controls. Lower levels of PEPCK were detected in the liver tissues of D-xylose-supplemented rats (P < 0.05). In vitro, both 2-NBDG uptake by C2C12 cells and insulin secretion by INS-1 cells were increased with D-xylose supplementation in a dose-dependent manner compared to treatment with glucose alone. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, D-xylose exerted anti-diabetic effects in vivo by regulating blood glucose levels via regeneration of damaged pancreas and liver tissues and regulation of PEPCK, a key rate-limiting enzyme in the process of gluconeogenesis. In vitro, D-xylose induced the uptake of glucose by muscle cells and the secretion of insulin cells by β-cells. These mechanistic insights will facilitate the development of highly effective strategy for T2D.

Structural Insights into Modulation of Neurexin-Neuroligin <i>Trans</i>-synaptic Adhesion by MDGA1/Neuroligin-2 Complex

Kim, Jung A,Kim, Doyoun,Won, Seoung Youn,Han, Kyung Ah,Park, Dongseok,Cho, Eunju,Yun, Nayoung,An, Hyun Joo,Um, Ji Won,Kim, Eunjoon,Lee, Jie-Oh,Ko, Jaewon,Kim, Ho Min Elsevier 2017 Neuron Vol.94 No.6

<P><B>Summary</B></P> <P>Membrane-associated mucin domain-containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor proteins (MDGAs) bind directly to neuroligin-1 (NL1) and neuroligin-2 (NL2), thereby respectively regulating excitatory and inhibitory synapse development. However, the mechanisms by which MDGAs modulate NL activity to specify development of the two synapse types remain unclear. Here, we determined the crystal structures of human NL2/MDGA1 Ig1-3 complex, revealing their stable 2:2 arrangement with three interaction interfaces. Cell-based assays using structure-guided, site-directed MDGA1 mutants showed that all three contact patches were required for the MDGA’s negative regulation of NL2-mediated synaptogenic activity. Furthermore, MDGA1 competed with neurexins for NL2 via its Ig1 domain. The binding affinities of both MDGA1 and MDGA2 for NL1 and NL2 were similar, consistent with the structural prediction of similar binding interfaces. However, MDGA1 selectively associated with NL2, but not NL1, in vivo. These findings collectively provide structural insights into the mechanism by which MDGAs negatively modulate synapse development governed by NLs/neurexins.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Crystal structure of neuroligin-2 (NL2) in complex with MDGA1 Ig1-Ig3 domains </LI> <LI> MDGA1 Ig1-Ig2 domains interact with NL2 dimer with 2:2 stoichiometry </LI> <LI> MDGA1 competes with Nrx1β for NL2 binding via their overlapping binding site on NL2 </LI> <LI> MDGA1 selectively forms complexes with NL2, but not NL1, in vivo </LI> </UL> </P>