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Aquatic Toxicity Assessment of Phosphate Compounds
Eunju Kim,Sunkyoung Yoo,Hee-Young Ro,Hye-Jin Han,Yong-Wook Baek,Ig-Chun Eom,Hyun-Mi Kim,Pilje Kim,Kyunghee Choi 환경독성보건학회 2013 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.28 No.-
Objectives Tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are high production volume chemicals, mainly used as foodstuff additives, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, synthetic resin, and disinfectants. Phosphate has the potential to cause increased algal growth leading to eutrophication in the aquatic environment. However, there is no adequate information available on risk assessment or acute and chronic toxicity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the toxic potential of phosphate compounds in the aquatic environment. Methods An aquatic toxicity test of phosphate was conducted, and its physico-chemical properties were obtained from a database recommended in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance manual. An ecotoxicity test using fish, Daphnia, and algae was conducted by the good laboratory practice facility according to the OECD TG guidelines for testing of chemicals, to secure reliable data. Results The results of the ecotoxicity tests of tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are as follows: In an acute toxicity test with Oryzias latipes, 96 hr 50% lethal concentration (LC<SUB>50</SUB>) was >100 (measured:>2.14) ㎎/L and >100 (measured: >13.5) ㎎/L, respectively. In the Daphnia test, 48 hr 50% effective concentration (EC<SUB>50</SUB>) was >100 (measured: >5.35) ㎎/L and >100 (measured: >2.9) ㎎/L, respectively. In a growth inhibition test with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, 72 hr EC<SUB>50</SUB> was >100 (measured: >1.56) ㎎/L and >100 (measured: >4.4) ㎎/L, respectively. Conclusions Based on the results of the ecotoxicity test of phosphate using fish, Daphnia, and algae, L(E)C<SUB>50</SUB> was above 100 ㎎/L (nominal), indicating no toxicity. In general, the total phosphorus concentration including phosphate in rivers and lakes reaches levels of several ppm, suggesting that phosphate has no toxic effects. However, excessive inflow of phosphate into aquatic ecosystems has the potential to cause eutrophication due to algal growth.
Aquatic Toxicity Assessment of Phosphate Compounds
Kim, Eunju,Yoo, Sunkyoung,Ro, Hee-Young,Han, Hye-Jin,Baek, Yong-Wook,Eom, Ig-Chun,Kim, Hyun-Mi,Kim, Pilje,Choi, Kyunghee The Korean Society of Environmental Toxicology 2013 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.28 No.-
Objectives Tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are high production volume chemicals, mainly used as foodstuff additives, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, synthetic resin, and disinfectants. Phosphate has the potential to cause increased algal growth leading to eutrophication in the aquatic environment. However, there is no adequate information available on risk assessment or acute and chronic toxicity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the toxic potential of phosphate compounds in the aquatic environment. Methods An aquatic toxicity test of phosphate was conducted, and its physico-chemical properties were obtained from a database recommended in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance manual. An ecotoxicity test using fish, Daphnia, and algae was conducted by the good laboratory practice facility according to the OECD TG guidelines for testing of chemicals, to secure reliable data. Results The results of the ecotoxicity tests of tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are as follows: In an acute toxicity test with Oryzias latipes, 96 hr 50% lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) was >100 (measured:>2.14) mg/L and >100 (measured: >13.5) mg/L, respectively. In the Daphnia test, 48 hr 50% effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) was >100 (measured: >5.35) mg/L and >100 (measured: >2.9) mg/L, respectively. In a growth inhibition test with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, 72 hr $EC_{50}$ was >100 (measured: >1.56) mg/L and >100 (measured: >4.4) mg/L, respectively. Conclusions Based on the results of the ecotoxicity test of phosphate using fish, Daphnia, and algae, $L(E)C_{50}$ was above 100 mg/L (nominal), indicating no toxicity. In general, the total phosphorus concentration including phosphate in rivers and lakes reaches levels of several ppm, suggesting that phosphate has no toxic effects. However, excessive inflow of phosphate into aquatic ecosystems has the potential to cause eutrophication due to algal growth.
Ebastine의 약동화에 미치는 Telmisartan의 영향
백상훈 ( Sanghoon Baek ),박선경 ( Sunkyoung Park ),장유정 ( Yoo Jeong Jang ),임미선 ( Misun Lim ),강원구 ( Wonku Kang ) 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 2014 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 연구업적집 Vol.24 No.0
Purpose: Telmisartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker has been known to be a potent blocker of both CYP2J2 and Pglycoprotein(P-gp) in vitro. This study aims to investigate the drug-drug interactions between telmisartan and ebastine,a CYP2J2 and P-gp substrate in rats. Method: Ebastine (10 mg/kg) was orally given in the presence and absence oftelmisartan (4 mg/kg, p.o.). Heparinized blood was serially taken and the plasma concentrations of ebastine and its threemetabolites (hydroxyebastine, carebastine and desalkylebastine) were determined using LC-MS/MS, and their pharmacokineticparameters were compared. Results: Peak concentrations (Cmax) and AUC of ebastine were significantly (p<0.05)increased in the presence of telmisartan by 2.1 and 1.9 times, respectively. While Cmax of hydroxyebastine was significantlyincreased by 1.9 times, the half-life of hydroxyebasteine was decreased significantly with telmisartan (p<0.05). There was no change in the pharmacokinetic parameters of carebastine, the active metabolite of ebastine, and desalkylebastinewas not detected in plasma. The systemic exposure of ebastine was significantly augmented by telmisartan, indicatingthat telmisartan may enhance the absorption of ebastine by blocking P-gp. Conclusion: Although telmisartanmay also partially contribute to inhibit the biotransformation to hydroxyebastine, the inhibitory action seemed to beoverridden by the enhancement of absorption, because the generation of hydroxyebastine was not diminished. In spiteof such interactions between telmisartan and ebastine, no clinical consequence could be expected due to no significantchange of the active metabolite, carebastine.
PAB 모듈 적용 고분자소재의 내환경 물성 특성 변화에 관한 연구
고윤기(Younki Ko),정선경(Sunkyoung Jeoung),유승을(Seungeul Yoo),곽성복(Sungbok Kwak),김정현(Jeounghyun Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2012 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2012 No.5
In the interior parts of the vehicle, the plastic material is popularly used in the economical and emotional aspects of passengers. The plastic component lies in the harsh environment such as high temperature, humidity variation and direct sun light. These environmental factors affect to the material characteristics and life time of plastic components in the vehicle. In this paper, the material test for the specimens made from the plastic used in the dash board in the vehicle, is carried out after aging in the various condition of temperature, humidity and ultraviolet rays. In order to investigate the aging effect on the environmental factors, the elastic modulus and stress-strain curve are obtained from the tensile tests.