향원(鄕原)은 왜 덕(德)의 적(賊)인가?

이장희(Lee, Jang-Hee) 사회와철학연구회 2012 사회와 철학 Vol.0 No.24

‘향원’은 맹자가 ‘덕의 적’으로 명명된 인물이다. ‘향원’의 어떤 특성이 맹자로 하여금 그처럼 강도 높은 비난을 하게 되었는지를 궁구해 보는 게 이 논문의 목적이다. 선행 연구의 하나로 이혜경은 그 이유를 향원의 ‘위선성’에서 찾았다. 향원이 완벽한 덕성을 갖추지 않은 자임에도 불구하고 군자처럼 굴었던 것이 비난의 표적이라는 것이다. 이혜경은 흥미롭게도 이러한 맹자의 비난이 ‘마음의 윤리’라는 잣대에 기댄 불공정한 비난이라고 비판한다. 완벽한 덕성을 구현했다고 자부하기 힘든 많은 사람들이 그럼에도 불구하고 ‘선’을 이루려고 노력하는 것을 어떤 면에서 더 높이 평가해야 한다는 것이다. 유학의 역사에서 맹자를 위시한 대부분의 주류 유학자들은 ‘마음의 윤리’에 기대어 지나치게 높은 윤리적 기준을 강요한 것이 오히려 ‘위선자’를 양산하게 만들었다는 것이다 본 논문은 맹자 ‘향원장’에 대한 치밀한 분석을 토대로 이혜경의 이와 같은 해석이 잘못되었으며 향원에 대한 맹자 비판의 핵심은 ‘위선성’이 아니라 ‘사이비성’임을 강조할 것이다. 또 이러한 맹자의 비판 근저에 높여 있는 맹자 윤리학의 성격을 ‘덕 윤리학(virtue ethics)’의 시각에서 파악하는 것이 맹자의 향원에 대한 비판을 이해하는 데 중요한 실마리를 제공할 수 있음을 보여주고자 한다. A ‘village honest man’ is called ‘the enemy of virtue’ by Mencius. This paper aims to explore the central features of the village honest man that lead Mencius to criticize him so harshly Lee Hye Kyong has attributed the criticism to the ‘hypocrisy’ of the village honest man. Although he has not perfected his virtues, the village honest man pretends to be an ‘examplary person(君子),’ and that"s the reason Mencius attacked him. Interestingly, Lee does not endorse Mencius"s criticism. She, rather, criticizes Mencius an ordinary person who strive to be virtuous is more likely to be like the village honest man, and hence it is more proper to encourage him or her rather than to devalue him or her. According to Lee, the mainstream Confucianism adopt the ethical standard from the viewpoint of ‘the ethics of mind,’ and this standard is almost beyond attainable for ordinary people. And in turn this lofty standard easily makes one to be a hypocrite. Based on the careful examination of the chapter, ‘the Village Honest Man,’ in the Mencius, this paper will show that Lee"s analysis is mistaken for the core of Mencius"s criticism lies not in ‘hypocrisy’ but in ‘that which seems but is not.’ And it also shows that Mencius"s ethical thought can be best characterized and understood in terms of ‘virtue ethics.’

일반논문 : 예(禮)와 덕(德)

이장희 ( Jang Hee Lee ) 한서대학교 동양고전연구소 2015 동방학 Vol.32 No.-

전통사회에서 예는 사덕(四德)의 하나이며 인간들 사이에 지켜져야 마땅한 규범인 까닭에 예의 “윤리적” 성격이 의심되어본 적은 없었다. 하지만 오늘날 예의 “윤리성”에 대해 그것이 무엇인지 확연히 손에 잡히게 느끼는 사람은 드물 것이다. 예를 윤리적인 것이라고 부르기에는 현대적 감수성으로 쉽게 받아들여지지 않는 요소들이 있는 것이다. 이는 앞서 언급한 계급적이고 가부장적인 요소 이외에도, 단순한 관습성을 넘어선 윤리성을 예의 어디에서 담보할 수 있는지 쉽게 떠오르지 않기 때문이다. 이 글은 예의 ‘윤리적 성격’에 대한 탐구를 기존 연구에 기대어 하고자 한다. 공자의 사상에서 ‘예’의 중요성을 새삼 부각시킨 허버트 핑가레트의 글에서 시작하여 예의 성격을 인(仁)과의 관계를 통해 파악하고자 시도한 뚜웨이밍과 신광래의 글, 그리고 의(義)와의 관계에서 예를 바라본 이명한의 글을 통하여 예의 성격을 고찰할 것이다. 그리고 마지막으로 덕(德)으로서의 예와 규범으로서의 예라는 두 층위에서 예를 검토해봄으로써 예의 ‘윤리적 성격’에 대해 종합적이고 포괄적인 시야를 확보하고자 시도할 것이다. In traditional society there has never been a doubt about the value of li as one of the four virtues as well as the norm people should abide by. However, today there are few people who can clearly understand li``s "ethical validity." We can point to some elements that are not considered desirable in today``s society. In addition to being classiest and patriarchical, it is not easy to think of ethical elements in li that can go beyond simple conventionality. This paper aims to explore the ethical nature of li based on previous studies, namely, Herbert Fingarett``s study on the significance of li in Confucius``s thought, Tu Wei-ming``s exploration of the relation between jen 仁 and li, Kwong- loi Shun``s careful examination on the subject of li``s relation jen, and Myeong-hwan Lee``s understanding of li in terms of the concept of yi 義. Finally, characterizing li as objective norm and subjective virtue as well, I will attempt to gain some comprehensive perspective on the ethical nature of li.

BEZ235 (PIK3/mTOR inhibitor) Overcomes Pazopanib Resistance in Patient-Derived Refractory Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cells

Kim, Hee Kyung,Kim, Sun Young,Lee, Su Jin,Kang, Mihyeon,Kim, Seung Tae,Jang, Jiryeon,Rath, Oliver,Schueler, Julia,Lee, Dong Woo,Park, Woong Yang,Kim, Sung Joo,Park, Se Hoon,Lee, Jeeyun Neoplasia Press 2016 Translational oncology Vol.9 No.3

<P><I>BACKGROUND:</I> Although pazopanib treatment has become the standard chemotherapy in salvage setting for metastatic sarcoma patients, most patients progress after pazopanib treatment in 4 to 6 months. After failure to pazopanib, patients have limited options for treatment. Therefore, subsequent therapy in patients who failed to pazopanib is urgently needed and the use of patient derived cells or patient derived tumors for accompanying testing with various pharmacological inhibitors could offer additional treatment options for these patients. <I>METHODS:</I> Patient derived tumor cells were collected from ascites at the time of progression to pazopanib and a 13-drug panel was tested for drug sensitivity. We confirmed the results using <I>in vitro</I> cell viability assay and immunoblot assay. We also performed the genomic profiling of PDX model. <I>RESULTS:</I> The growth of patient derived tumor cells was significantly reduced by exposure to 1.0 μM AZD2014 compared with control (control versus AZD2014, mean growth = 100.0% vs 16.04%, difference = 83.96%, 95% CI = 70.01% to 97.92%, <I>P</I> = .0435). Similarly, 1.0 μM BEZ235 profoundly inhibited tumor cell growth <I>in vitro</I> when compared to control (control versus BEZ235, mean growth = 100.0% vs 7.308%, difference = 92.69%, 95% CI = 78.87% to 106.5%, <I>P</I> < .0001). Despite the presence of CDK4 amplification in the patient-derived tumor cells, LEE011 did not considerably inhibit cell proliferation when compared with control (control vs LEE011, mean growth = 100.0% vs 80.23%, difference = 19.77%, 95% CI = 1.828% to 37.72%, <I>P</I> = .0377). The immunoblot analysis showed that BEZ235 treatment decreased pAKT, pmTOR and pERK whereas AZD2014 decreased only pmTOR. <I>CONCLUSION:</I> Taken together, upregulation of mTOR/AKT pathway in sarcoma patient derived cells was considerably inhibited by the treatment of AZD2014 and BEZ235 with downregulation of AKT pathway (greater extent for BEZ235). These molecules may be considered as treatment option in STS patient who have failed to pazopanib in the context of clinical trials.</P>

부산시 소재 각급 학교에 대한 대기오염도의 비교분석

이현희,정장표,장영환,이무강 慶星大學校 環境問題硏究所 2002 環境硏報 Vol.12 No.1

According to the conclusion of this study, air pollution concentration of Youngdo-gu belong to Seobu educational institution was in the lowest density.(SO_2 : 0.002 ppm, PM-10 : 32 ㎍/㎥, No_2 : 0.016 ppm) and Dongnae-gu belong to Dongnae educational institution was in the highest.(SO_2 : 0.002 ppm, PM-10 : 88㎍/㎥, No_2 : 0.047 ppm) Air pollution level by classification of each educational institution about elementary schools, middle schools, high schools in Busan appeared that the pollution level about all air pollutants appeared high in Dongnae, Dongbu, Bukbu, Haeundae, Nambu, Seobu in due order. Air pollution level by classification of each Gu about elementary schools, middle schools, high schools in Busan appeared that the pollution level of Geumjeong-gu was very high (SO_2 : 0.002 ppm, No_2 : 0.047 ppm, PM-10 : 89 ㎍/㎥) and level of pollution around high school in Busan was the highest. To improve air quality getting worse day by day, steady and systematic control of observing the air quality standards should be continued. The more effective and active method of air quality improvement should be considered.

평면형 Bi-Sb 다중접합 열전변환기의 특성

이현철,유호종,김진섭,함성호,신장규,이종현,이정희,권성원,박세일 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1997 센서技術學術大會論文集 Vol.8 No.1

A planar Bi-Sb multijunction thermal converter for the precise measurements of ac voltage and current has been fabricated and its characteristics was discussed. In order to convert ac power into heat, a bifilar thin film Pt-heater, which could cancel its Thomson and Peltier effects, was prepared on the Si_(3)N_(4)/SiO_(2)/Si_(3)N_(4) diaphragm for the thermal isolation between heater and silicon substrate. To convert the temperature or the heat generated by the heater into dc voltage and current, hot and cold junctions of the Bi-Sb thermopile, which has a large difference in Seebeck coefficients, were formed on the dielectric diaphragm and the silicon substrate, respectively. The respective thermal sensitivity of the thermal converter with a bifilar heater was about 10.1 mV/mW and 14.8 mV/mW in the air and vacuum, which is about eight times higher than that of commercial 3-dimensional thermal converter. In the case of ac 2 V-input voltage, the ac-dc voltage transfer difference was about ±2.0 ppm, and in the case of ac 10 mA-input current, the ac-dc current transfer difference was about ± 0.6 ppm, in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 10 kHz.

생식세포의 성판정과 내시경 및 초음파기를 이용한 미세주입 인공수정

이장희,김창근,백순화 中央大學校 遺傳工學硏究所 2001 遺傳工學硏究論集 Vol.14 No.1

Flowcytometry를 이용한 DNA함량차이에 의한 X-, Y-정자의 분리와 착상전 HY항원과 PCR기술을 이용한 수정란의 성판정기술은 축산분야에 새롭게 적용되고 있다. 최근 정자의 90%이상 정확하게 성판정되어 분리되어지며 살아있는 정자의 분괴속도도 시간당 5,000이내 정도 된다. 그러나 빠르게 분괴된 정자의 일반적인 인공수정에는 충분하지 못한 실정이다. 그러르모 성판정된 정자 또는 수정란 화수 및 이식을 위해 개발되어져야 한다. Sex preselection through the separation of X- and Y-sperm based on DNA contents using flowcytometry and embryos using PCR technique and HYantigens at preimplantation is now a reality in livestocks. Sperm can be sexed with 90% accuracy by flowcytometry/cell sorting. The current speed of sexing is about 5,000 live sperm of each sex per second, remarkably fast considering that each sperm is individually sexed. Fast sperm sexing is not enough to use standard numbers of sperm per artificial insemination dose. Therefore, micro insemination using laparoscopy and ultrasonography must be improved for sexed sperm or embryo recovery and transfer.

Solid Phase Micro Extraction을 이용한 산초의 휘발성 성분 분석

이재곤,장희진,곽재진,김옥찬,이계호 한국식품영양학회 1999 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.12 No.2

Solid phase micro extraction(SPME)법의 최적조건 실험 및 SPME로 추출된 산초(Zanthoxylum schinifolium)의 휘발성 성분을 GC/MSD로 확인하였다. 휘발성 성분 추출에 자주 이용되는 동시증류추출(SDE)법으로 산초의 휘발성분을 분석하여 SP-ME 법에서 확인된 휘발성 성분과 조성비를 비교하였다. SPME 최적조건 시험에서 분자량이 적고 비점이 낮은 성분은 온도가 증가할수록 화이버에 흡착되는 양은 적게 나타났으며, 분자량이 크고 비점이 높은 성분은 추출시간이 증가할수록 흡착되는 양은 증가하였다. SPME 최적조건인 추출시간 30분과 50℃에서 분리된 휘발성 성분에서는 limonene(14.65%), geranyl acetate(11.07%), β-phellandrene(7.42%), 및 phellandral(3.08%) 등의 monoterpenoids 화합물과 caproic acid(11.99%), caprylic acid(8.01%), heptanoic acid(3.49%) 등의 지방산 화합물이 주요 성분으로 확인되었고, SDE법으로 추출된 휘발성 성분에서는 geranyl acetate(13.31%), limonene(12.81%) β-phellandrene(8.86%), trans-geraniol(5.22%) 및 caprylic acid(3.03%) 등의 화합물이 주요 성분으로 확인되었다. 지방산 성분들은 SPME법에서 높게 나타난 반면에 알코올 성분들은 SDE법보다 낮았다. SPME법은 적은 양의 시료로도 매우 신속하고 간단하게 전처리 할 수 있기 때문에 기존의 휘발성분 분석시 주로 사용한 SDE법에 비해 편리하며 경제적인 것으로 생각된다. Test of optimum condition of solid phase micro extraction(SPME) was performed by use of 5 volatile components in dilute aqueous solution. Volatile components of Sancho(Zanthoxylum schinifolium) were isolated by SPME method and were analyzed by GC/MSD, and compared with volatile components isolated by simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE) method. Total 31 components were identified by comparing gas chromatography retention time and mass spectral data. The major compounds were limonene, geranyl acetate, β-phellandrene, phellandral, myrcene, linalool, rose oxide, caproic acid and caprylic acid. SPME sampling procedure was found to be a good method for qualitative analysis of the volatile components.

서울시 교직원 당뇨병의 역학적 특성 및 관련위험요인분석

이희우,김종희,장철환,신선미 韓國學校保健學會 2004 韓國學校保健學會誌 Vol.17 No.1

Purpose : To describe the prevalence, epidemiological characteristics, and related factors of diabetes mellitus in school personnel. Method : 5,384 school personnel (2,638 males 2,746 females) received physical examinations at the Seoul School Health Center in Z 2. Using the American Diabetes Association criteria, and fasting blood sugar(FBS) was classified as normal at 110>=FBS, borderline 111-125, and the diabetes group 126<=FBS. Related factors of each group were evaluated by gender. Results : In the diabetes group, there were 4.74% males and 0.8% females, and the borderline group was 6.37% males and 2.22% females. The older age group gad a higher distribution in both males and females in the diabetes group. In the diabetes group, the mean and abnormal rate of BMI, systolic hypertension, diastolic hypertension, total cholesterol, GOT, GPT, and GTP were higher than in the normal group. In life style factor, the diabetes group gad a higher distribution of meat eating and smoking more than 20 years than the normal group. The effect of FBS on BMI, BP(blood pressure), total cholesterol, GOT, GPT, and GTP were investigated after controlling for confounding variables. In the borderline and diabetes group, the mean of BMI, BP, total cholesterol, GOT, GFT, and GTP was higher in dose-response effect. In the logistic multiple regression, the related factors of the diabetes group were hypertension and abnormal GTP in males, and abnormal total cholesterol and GTP in females. In the borderline group, the related factors were meat eating, hypertension, and high GOT in males and the older age group, and hypertension, total cholesterol, and abnormal GTP in females. Conclusions : It is possible to manage all related factors of diabetes mellitus except for age. An appropriate program for health promotion is necessary.

烏骨鷄의 特性調査 : 第Ⅲ報 烏骨鷄의 血液像에 關하여 Ⅲ, Effects of the Blood Picture in Korean Native Ogolgye

李乙熙,鄭場龍,朴成振 진주산업대학교 1981 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

This experiment was conducted to investigate normal blood picture;count of red blood cell and white blood cell and amount of hemoglobin and rate of lymphocyte, heterophil, eosinophil, basophile and monocyte of white blood cell count and size of red blood cell, with 10 male ckicks of the 182 days-Korean Native Ogolyes designated the number 265 natural monument. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The measured range and mean of red blood cell count were 2.81-3.72×10 exp (6) /㎣ and 3.45-0.35×10 exp (6)/㎣. 2. The measured range and mean of amount of hemoglobin were 10.01-15.28gm/100ml and 12.44±1.60gm/100ml. 3. The mean of white blood cell was 17.64±1.57×10 exp (3)/㎣. 4. The each rate measured of lymphocyte, heterophil, eosinophil, basophile and monocyte of white blood cell count was 59.4±4.14, 24.5±3.73, 3.0±1.35, 12.6±1.7 and 9.3±2.95%. 5. Mean of size of red blood cell was 13.28±. 52×8.27±14μ.

CO전화반응에 관한 연구

이태진,김장희,김윤갑 嶺南大學校 工業技術硏究所 1989 연구보고 Vol.17 No.2

The experimental rate equation and optinum operating of CO shift reaction over the industrial CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃catalyst ICI 52-1 was investigated with process variables (temperature, space velocity, and H₂O/CO ratio). The activation energy of the reaction to 150℃~200℃ is 14˚Kcal/mole. Reaction rate model expressions are derived, to allow optimization of reactor design. And this model is shown to fit the experimental results well.