흉요추부 전방 척추 기기 고정술의 생체 역학적 연구

유재원,An, Howard S.,임태홍 대한척추외과학회 1995 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.2 No.2

The purpose of this biomechanical study was design to assess construct stabilities of modern antcrior thoracolumbar instrumentation in a calf spine model with an anterior nad middle column defect. Twenty fresh calf spines(L2-L5) were used for the biomechanical test with an anterior and middle columm defect. L2 and L5 vertcbrae were used to attach the loading and base frames. Specimens underwent nondestructive biomechanical tests performed using a 3-D motion measuring system. In each specimen, three diffrent cases were tested: 1)intact spine 2)anterior fixation with an interbody graft following total discectomy and endplate excision of L3-L4 disc 3)anterior fixation only without the graft. Four anterior fixators, University Anterior Plating System(UNIV), the Kaneda device. the Z-plate, and Texas Scottish Rite Hospital system(TSTH) were used. A PMMA block was inserted into the disc space to simulate the interbody grafting, and a fixation device was implanted with axial compression. Modern anthrior instrumentation for the thoracolumbar spine such as the kaneda device. TSRH device, Z-plate, and UNIT plate restored the stavility in all motions, when an interbody graft has been inserted. The stability of fixation devices revealed that the Kaneda device is the best, particular- ly in restoring the torsional stability. The information on the relative stability provided by different instrumentations should help the spine surgeon in choosing the appropriate instrumentation for the operation.

요추 디스크의 섬유륜 방사상 파열이 요추 운동분절에 미치는 생체역학적 운동 효과 : Effects of Radial Tear of the Annulus Fibrosus

안재용,홍정화,임태홍,An, Howard S. 대한척추외과학회 1998 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.5 No.2

Study design : Lumbar disc degeneration and segmental instability of the lumbar spine are causes of low back pain. Disc degeneration causes specific changes of the intervertebral disc, and could affect anatomic variations of end plate and vetebral body. However, the exact relationship between degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc and segmental motion characteristics is not known. It is known that radial tears of the annulus fibrosus initiate or accompany degenerative process of nucleus pulposus and the motion segment. It is hypothesis of this study that the existence of radial tear in the annulus fibrosus affects 3 dimension motion characteristics of motion segment. For the purpose, the degree of intervertebral disc degeneration is newly classified by existence of radial tear. Then, the resulting biomechanical motions are investigated. Objectives : To investigate effects of disc degeneration by the classification on kinematic motions of the motion segment from human lumbar spine and to suggest a quantified method to determine spinal instability in vivo Materials and methods : A total of 60 spinal motion segments from human lumbar spine was used for this study. To measure 3 dimensional motion of the motion segments, Vicon system(Oxford, England) with 3 cameras reflective markers and VAX station was used. 6 kinds of pure moments (flexion, extension, right and left axial rotation, and right and left lateral bending) were applied to the motion segments using dead weight for each loading step. At the end of test(maximum loading), motion segments were frozen for anatomical study. For making clear the degree of the degeneration of the disc, a new classification based on MRI results was used: Grade i is a normal young disc without tear; Grade 2 is a normal aging disc without radial tear; Grade 3 is a degenerative disc with radial tear; and Grade 4 is a severely degenerative disc with radial tear and other degeneration such as showing decreased disc height. Results : The upper lumbar specimens with radial tears has increased flexion motions as compared to the normal group. Also, the right and left axial rotation in radial tear group increased as compared to the normal group. However, there were no statistical differences in other motions. For the lower lumbar specimens, there were no significant differences in measured motions in all directions between the normal and radial tear groups Conclusions : These results suggests that the segmental motions are affected by radial tear in the intervertebral disc. Thus, the radial tear in the annulus fibrosus of lumbar intervertebral disc could cause the instability of lumbar spine. Further research is required to determine the relationship between other structural changes and biomechanical characteristics, and future studies should include in vivo investigations to correlate these findings to patients' symptoms.

Antimicrobial Activity of Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry) Produced Proanthocyanidin (PAC) on the Growth and Adhesion Properties of Staphylococcus aureus

Hui, Jonathan,Choy, John,Suwandaratne, Sid P.,Shervill, Jenna,Gan, Bing S.,Howard, Jeffrey C.,Reid, Gregor The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2004 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.9 No.1

Cranberries have long been used by lay people to relieve the symptoms of urinary tract infections. Recent research has determined that the component of cranberry called proanthocyanidin (PAC) is the primary mechanism for inhibiting P-fimbriated E.coli adhesion to uroepithelial cells in vitro. A series of experiments were performed to determine the effects of PAC on growth and adhesion of uropathogenic E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus to urinary catheter material. The results showed that PAC-inhibited binding of Gram positive S. aureus to collagen coated surfaces and significantly decreased the growth of these bacteria. P-fimbriated E.coli did not bind well to the biomaterial and their growth was unaffected by the cranberry extract with the exception of some loss in viability at 1000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL after 5 to 18 hours of exposure. This is the first report of the potential for cranberries to interfere with the adhesion and growth of S. aureus, a multi-drug resistant organisms responsible for morbidity and mortality especially in hospitalized patients.

Antimicrobial Activity of Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry) Produced Proanthocyanidin (PAC) on the Growth and Adhesion Properties of Staphylococcus aureus

Jonathan Hui,John Choy,Sid P. Suwandaratne,Jenna Shervill,Bing S. Gan,Jeffrey C. Howard,Gregor Reid 한국식품영양과학회 2004 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.9 No.1

Cranberries have long been used by lay people to relieve the symptoms of urinary tract infections. Recent research has determined that the component of cranberry called proanthocyanidin (PAC) is the primary mechanism for inhibiting P-fimbriated E.coli adhesion to uroepithelial cells in vitro. A series of experiments were performed to determine the effects of PAC on growth and adhesion of uropathogenic E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus to urinary catheter material. The results showed that PAC-inhibited binding of Gram positive S. aureus to collagen coated surfaces and significantly decreased the growth of these bacteria. P-fimbriated E.coli did not bind well to the biomaterial and their growth was unaffected by the cranberry extract with the exception of some loss in viability at 1000 μg/mL after 5 to 18 hours of exposure. This is the first report of the potential for cranberries to interfere with the adhesion and growth of S. aureus, a multi-drug resistant organisms responsible for morbidity and mortality especially in hospitalized patients.

미국 원자력의 부흥-미래설계

Howard Angelina S. 한국원자력산업회의 2001 원자력산업 Vol.21 No.5

The Multinationals and Economic Development: The Changing Scene

Howard S. Ellis 서울대학교 경제연구소 1977 經濟論集 Vol.16 No.2

Review Article : Painful Boney Metastases

( Howard S Smith ),( Intikhab Mohsin ) 대한통증학회 2013 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.26 No.3

Boney metastasis may lead to terrible suffering from debilitating pain. The most likely malignancies that spread to bone are prostate, breast, and lung. Painful osseous metastases are typically associated with multiple episodes of breakthrough pain which may occur with activities of daily living, weight bearing, lifting, coughing, and sneezing. Almost half of these breakthrough pain episodes are rapid in onset and short in duration and 44% of episodes are unpredictable. Treatment strategies include: analgesic approaches with “triple opioid therapy”, bisphosphonates, chemotherapeutic agents, hormonal therapy, interventional and surgical approaches, steroids, radiation (external beam radiation, radiopharmaceuticals), ablative techniques (radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation), and intrathecal analgesics. (Korean J Pain 2013; 26: 223-241)

춘계학술대회 기념호: Simposium (2) Progress in Vascular Biology; Patocytosis-A Novel Endocytic Pathway for Uptake of LDL by Macrophages

Howard S. Kruth 한국지질동맥경화학회 2001 韓國脂質學會誌 Vol.11 No.1

Evaluation of imputation-based association in and around the integrin- -M (ITGAM) gene and replication of robust association between a non-synonymous functional variant within ITGAM and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Han, S.,Kim-Howard, X.,Deshmukh, H.,Kamatani, Y.,Viswanathan, P.,Guthridge, J. M.,Thomas, K.,Kaufman, K. M.,Ojwang, J.,Rojas-Villarraga, A.,Baca, V.,Orozco, L.,Rhodes, B.,Choi, C.-B.,Gregersen, P. K. Oxford University Press 2009 Human Molecular Genetics Vol.18 No.6

<P>We recently identified a novel non-synonymous variant, rs1143679, at exon 3 of the ITGAM gene associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility in European-Americans (EAs) and African-Americans. Using genome-wide association approach, three other studies also independently reported an association between SLE susceptibility and ITGAM or ITGAM-ITGAX region. The primary objectives of this study are to assess whether single or multiple causal variants from the same gene or any nearby gene(s) are involved in SLE susceptibility and to confirm a robust ITGAM association across nine independent data sets (n = 8211). First, we confirmed our previously reported association of rs1143679 (risk allele 'A') with SLE in EAs (P = 1.0 x 10(-8)) and Hispanic-Americans (P = 2.9 x 10(-5)). Secondly, using a comprehensive imputation-based association test, we found that ITGAM is one of the major non-human leukocyte antigen susceptibility genes for SLE, and the strongest association for EA is the same coding variant rs1143679 (log(10)Bayes factor=20, P = 6.17 x 10(-24)). Thirdly, we determined the robustness of rs1143679 association with SLE across three additional case-control samples, including UK (P = 6.2 x 10(-8)), Colombian (P = 3.6 x 10(-7)), Mexican (P = 0.002), as well as two independent sets of trios from UK (P(TDT) = 1.4 x 10(-5)) and Mexico (P(TDT) = 0.015). A meta-analysis combing all independent data sets greatly reinforces the association (P(meta) = 7.1 x 10(-50), odds ratio = 1.83, 95% confidence interval = 1.69-1.98, n = 10 046). However, this ITGAM association was not observed in the Korean or Japanese samples, in which rs1143679 is monomorphic for the non-risk allele (G). Taken together along with our earlier findings, these results demonstrate that the coding variant, rs1143679, best explains the ITGAM-SLE association, especially in European- and African-derived populations, but not in Asian populations.</P>

Endometrial carcinoma in vitro chemosensitivity testing of single and combination chemotherapy regimens using the novel microculture kinetic apoptosis assay: implications for endometrial cancer treatment

Karen S. Ballard,Howard D. Homesley,Charles Hodson,Cary A. Presant,James Rutledge,Allan Hallquist,Mathieu Perree 대한부인종양학회 2010 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.21 No.1

Objective: The in vitro microculture kinetic (MiCK) apoptosis assay has been used to predict single or combination chemotherapy response in leukemia patients. This feasibility study addressed MiCK in endometrial cancer specimens. Methods: Endometrial cancer specimens from total abdominal hysterectomies were processed at a central laboratory. Single cell suspensions of viable endometrial cancer cells were plated in individual wells. Single and combination regimens were tested: combinations of doxorubicin, cisplatin, and paclitaxel and carboplatin and paclitaxel (Gynecologic Oncology Group [GOG] 209 endometrial cancer phase III trial arms) as well as single agent testing with paclitaxel,carboplatin, doxorubicin, cisplatin, ifosfamide, and vincristine (active agents in GOG trials). Apoptosis was measured continuously over 48 hours. Results: Fifteen of nineteen patients had successful assays. The highest mean chemo sensitivity was noted in the combination of cisplatin, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel with lower mean chemosensitivity for carboplatin and paclitaxel. Combination chemotherapy had higher chemosensitivity than single drug chemotherapy. However, in 25% of patients a single drug had higher chemosensitivity than combination chemotherapy. As single agents, ifosfamide, cisplatin, and paclitaxel had the highest kinetic unit values. Conclusion: Using a panel of agents simulating clinical dose regimens, the MiCK assay was feasible in evaluating in vitro chemosensitivity of endometrial cancer. MiCK assay results correlated with GOG clinical trial results. However,25% of patients might be best treated with single agent chemotherapy selected by MiCK. Ifosfamide, cisplatin, and paclitaxel appear to have high activity as single agents. MiCK may be useful in future new drug testing and individualizing endometrial cancer patient’s chemotherapy management.