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Rim, Hong-Kun,Cho, Woong,Sung, Sang Hyun,Lee, Kyung-Tae Williams Wilkins 2012 The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Thera Vol.342 No.3
<P>Nodakenin, a coumarin isolated from the roots of Angelicae gigas, has been reported to possess neuroprotective, antiaggregatory, antibacterial, and memory-enhancing effects. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of nodakenin by examining its in vitro inhibitory effects on inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and mouse peritoneal macrophages and its in vivo effects on LPS-induced septic shock in mice. Our results indicate that nodakenin concentration-dependently inhibits iNOS and COX-2 at the protein, mRNA, and promoter binding levels, and these inhibitions cause attendant decreases in the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2). Furthermore, we found that nodakenin inhibits the production and mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1 beta induced by LPS. Molecular data revealed that nodakenin suppressed the transcriptional activity and translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) by inhibiting inhibitory kappa B-alpha degradation and I kappa B kinase-alpha/beta phosphorylation. In addition, nodakenin was found to significantly inhibit the LPS-induced binding of transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 to tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) by reducing TRAF6 ubiquitination. Pretreatment with nodakenin reduced the serum levels of NO, PGE(2), and proinflammatory cytokines and increased the survival rate of mice with LPS-induced endotoxemia. Taken together, our data suggest that nodakenin down-regulates the expression of the proinflammatory iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1 beta genes in macrophages by interfering with the activation of TRAF6, thus preventing NF-kappa B activation.</P>
Hong-Kun Rim,김규엽,류재규,송영훈,김홍희,한종현,정현자,김형민 한국식품영양과학회 2011 Journal of medicinal food Vol.14 No.10
Soybean is a useful component of traditional Korean medicine with well-documented health-promoting effects. We investigated the effects of alcohol-fermented soybean (AFS) on immune function. When AFS treatment was used in combination with recombinant interferon-γ (rIFN-γ), there was a marked cooperative induction of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in mouse peritoneal macrophages. AFS increased the expression of inducible NO synthase mRNA and protein in rIFN-γ-primed macrophages. Treating macrophages with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), decreased the synergistic effects of AFS. In addition, AFS in combination with rIFN-γ increased the phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase. However, AFS had no effect on phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by itself. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 or the JNK inhibitor SP600125 inhibited the AFS-induced NO and TNF-α production. When AFS was used in combination with rIFN-γ, there was a co-operative activation of NF-κB and receptor-interacting protein 2 (Rip2)/IκB kinase (IKK)-β. Our results indicate that AFS increases the production of NO and TNF-α through the activation of Rip2/IKK-β in rIFN-γ-primed macrophages.
Scalable production of large single-layered graphenes by microwave exfoliation ‘in deionized water’
Kim, Hye-Rim,Lee, Sung-Hyun,Lee, Kun-Hong Elsevier 2018 Carbon Vol.134 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Single-layered graphenes with large sizes were produced by inserting solvent molecules between the graphene layers in graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) followed by direct microwave exfoliation ‘in a solvent’ to prevent re-aggregation. During the microwave exfoliation of GICs in deionized (DI) water, single-layered graphenes were produced, and their lateral sizes ranged from several micrometers to several tens of micrometers. The entire process time was less than 2 h, and toxic compounds were not used. In the case of microwave exfoliation in acetone or ethanol, graphenes with a thickness of 3–6 nm were mainly produced rather than single-layered graphenes. In addition, when the produced graphenes were directly dispersed in DI water, the dispersed state was maintained for 2 days. This method is very advantageous for industrial scale-up.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Effect of Chlorella vulgaris on Immune-enhancement and Cytokine Production in vivo and in vitro
Hyo-Jin An,Hong-Kun Rim,Jong-Hyun Lee,Min-Jun Seo,Jin-Woo Hong,Na-Hyung Kim,Noh-Yil Myung,Phil-Dong Moon,In-Young Choi,Ho-Jeong Na,Su-Jin Kim,Hyun-Ja Jeong,Hyeung-Suk Park,Jae-Gab Han,Jae-Young Um,Seu 한국식품과학회 2008 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.17 No.5
The object of this study was to investigate the immune-enhancing effects of Chlorella vulgaris (CV) on a deteriorated immune function by a protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) diet. Unicellular algae, CV were used as a biological response modifier. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed for 15 days with standard diet or a PEM diet, which is associated with decreased host immune defense. After 8 days, mice in the PEM diet group were orally administered by 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 g/kg body weight of CV or distilled water. Nutritional parameters, and interferon (IFN)-γ levels were significantly increased in the blood serum of the CV (0.15 g/kg)-treated group (29.6±2.8 pg/mL) compared to the non-treated PEM group (4.1±0.4 pg/mL, p<0.05). In addition, cell proliferation and production of cytokines were investigated via a CV (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/mL) treatment using a human T cell line MOLT-4 cell. The CV treatment (1 mg/mL) significantly increased the production of both IFN-γ and interleukin (IL)-2 (51.3±3.4 and 285.9±18.8 pg/mL, respectively) compared to the control (51.3±3.4 and 442.6±14.3 pg/mL, respectively), but did not affect the production of IL-4. These results suggest that CV may be useful in improving the immune function.
An, Hyo-Jin,Rim, Hong-Kun,Jeong, Hyun-Ja,Hong, Seung-Heon,Um, Jae-Young,Kim, Hyung-Min Informa Healthcare 2010 IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY Vol.32 No.4
<P>The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of hot water extracts of <I>Chlorella vulgaris</I> (CVE) on a deteriorated immune function through utilization of a protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) diet. Unicellular algae, <I>C. vulgaris</I>, were used as biological response modifier. PEM is associated with decreased host immune defense. Male C57BL/6J mice, initially four weeks old, were fed for 8 days with standard diet or a PEM diet. Mice in the PEM diet group were orally administered 0.1 g/kg and 0.15 g/kg of CVE for the following week. Nutritional parameters such as the total protein, albumin, glucose, and interferon γ (IFN-γ) were increased in blood serum of the CVE-treated group compared with the non-treated group. The mononuclear cell numbers from spleen, superficial, and mesenteric lymph node were reduced in mice fed with PEM diet, but numbers from the spleen and superficial lymph node were increased by the CVE (0.1 and 0.15 g/kg) treatment. We also investigated the effect of CVE on the production of cytokines in human T-cell line, MOLT-4 cells, and primary cultured splenocytes. The CVE treatment significantly increased the production of both interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 compared with the media control, but did not affect the production of IFN-γ. These results suggest that CVE may be useful in improving the immune function.</P>
Lee, Sung-Hyun,Kim, Hye-Rim,Lee, Taeseon,Lee, Haemin,Lee, Jinwoo,Lee, Jaegeun,Park, Junbeom,Lee, Kun-Hong Elsevier 2017 Carbon Vol.124 No.-
<P>Carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers were synthesized from ethylene, acetylene, or methane by separately injecting ferrocene and the carbon precursors during a direct spinning process. Ethylene and acetylene have low decomposition temperatures. It was difficult to synthesize CNT fibers from these precursors using the direct spinning method. CNT fibers were continuously synthesized by delaying the contact time between the catalyst particles and the carbon precursors, which provided sufficient time for catalyst growth. Changes in catalyst size from 2 nm to 20 nm were observed as a function of the catalyst formation step setting temperature (350-440 degrees C) and the carbon precursor injection tube length (8-310 mm), and the relationship between the catalyst size and the CNT diameter was characterized. The CNT fibers had higher I-G/I-D ratios when synthesized from acetylene (69.87) or ethylene (18.52) than from methane (3.61). The choice of the carbon precursor had a much larger effect on the I-G/I-D ratio of the synthesized CNT fibers than the other operating variables. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>
Lee, Sung-Hyun,Park, Junbeom,Kim, Hye-Rim,Lee, Taeseon,Lee, Jaegeun,Im, Yong-O.,Lee, Cheol-Hun,Cho, Hyunjung,Lee, Hyeseon,Jun, Chi-Hyuck,Ahn, Yu-Chan,Lee, In-Beum,Lee, Kun-Hong Elsevier 2016 Carbon Vol.100 No.-
<P>The optimum synthesis conditions for carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers were investigated using the Design of Experiment (DOE) technique. Direct spinning processes are governed by a variety of experimental factors: the methane flow rate, ferrocene flow rate, sulfur flow rate, hydrogen flow rate, water flow rate, and reaction temperature. The process was optimized in two stages that addressed first the Fractional Factorial Design (FFD) and then the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Results from each experiment were classified according to a 6-step rating system: nothing(1), black gas(2), dust(3), ribbon or film(4), fiber(5), or continuous fiber(6). In the first step, three major factors (methane, sulfur, temperature) were identified as important among the six experimental factors tested using FFD. The effects of the major factors and the interactions were analyzed through the main effect plot and the interaction plot. In the second step, the experimental conditions were optimized using a model equation derived from Box-Behnken design experiments. Finally, the CNT fibers were continuously synthesized under the optimum conditions. The synthesized CNT fibers mainly consisted of single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) 1.2 -3.8 nm in diameter. The I-G/I-D ratio of the CNT fibers was 48. This work provides a useful methodology for synthesizing the CNT fibers. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>