中原圈 寺刹風景에 관한 考察

鄭玧洙,秋甲喆,李成基 建國大學校 附設 自然科學硏究所 1992 建國自然科學硏究誌 Vol.3 No.-

Four temples were picked from the central northern area in Chung-Won Zone. And the considered result of the temple scape factors can be conclusion as follows: 1. Most of relics worthy of the buddhist culture and tradition were burnt away and lost out,. There were much difficulties in collection and comparision of bibliographical materials. So urgent is the task of recovering and restoring the relics into their original forms and conditions. 2. When Chung-Won Zone in taken in a view of the military strategic position throughout the ancient triple dynasties rather than a center of cultural creation in the context of historical research, we cannot say that Chung-Won Zone was affected uniquely by a particular one nation among the three dynasties. 3. Virgin forest is completly damaged in general throughout current forest aspect of the each temple and yet forests are reviving and on the way of transition to the original. 4. It is assumed that the plants from the primitive around the temple in common were hard wood forest of mixed forest. To quickly bring up the progress of stable forest growth and development for the purpose of ecological advantage, useful hard wood forest should be well tended in a positive approach as the hard wood forest is potentially surfacing out. 5. Country species which is afforested to be proper to form the temple scape should be planted at many small sized spots so barren lands around. It is recommendable that Quercus aliena BL. stands espceally at the Kakyoon Temple be taken care of concentrating it should be leaded to the balanced selection forest type. 6. Caution should be directed to prevent damage of Theodiplosis Japonensis U. et I. from pinus densiflora S. et Z. stands at Kooin Temple and Konglim Temple and also from pinus densiflora for. multicaulis U. at Kayoon Temple. 7. Forest outside the boundary of the temple should be established as a special protective zone and worning boards should be displayed to the public so that people recognize the forest scapes are the most precious resources and dense forest should be developed to be a model forest in Korea. 8. We should be able to find a place of sight pleasue, rest and recreation through further successful development of natural scape elements surrounding the temples. It is ideal that man can expect to enjoy our mental recuperation in the nature from of the forest.

人蔘이 自然發生高血壓쥐에 있어서 血壓 및 血漿 Renin 活性度에 미치는 影響에 關한 實驗的 硏究

孫宜錫,朴陞哲,許鳳烈,李禎均,林憲吉,咸駿洙,梁忠模,韓哲洙,朴贊雄,金海中 대한의학협회 1979 대한의학협회지 Vol.22 No.9

당뇨병 환자에서 혈장 Thrombin-Antithrombin Ⅲ 및 Plasmin-α_2-Plasmin Inhibitor 복합체의 임상적 의의

김경욱,김은숙,정상수,윤수지,박우일,이준희,남수연,안철우,문병수,김경래,차봉수,송영득,임승길,이현철,허갑범 대한당뇨병학회 2002 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.25 No.5

연구배경:당뇨병 환자에서 혈액응고 및 섬유소용해 체계의 이상경향이 있어 그 결과로 여러 혈관합병증의 발생위험이 높다는 사실은 널리 알려져 있다. 그 기전은 아직 확실히 밝혀지지 않았으나, 고혈당으로 인한 혈장 단백질들의 비효소성 당화작용이나 산화성 스트레스로 인한 유리 라티칼 작용으로 응고항진이나 섬유소용해 활성의 저하를 유발하는 것으로 생각되고 있다. 최근 응고 및 용해인자와 그 억제자의 복합체들의 증가가 이 상태를 비교적 예민하게 반영한다고 알려져 있다. 방법:본 연구에서는 당뇨병 환자 101명과 정상 대조군 20명에서 혈장내 thrombin­antithrombin complex(TAT)와 plasmin­α₂­plasmin inhibitor complex(PIC)를 측정하여 비교하고, 당뇨병 환자에서 미세혈관 합병증과 대혈관합병증의 유무에 따른 차이와, 이미 혈관 질환의 위험인자로 알려져 있는 인자들간의 상관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 결과:1. 환자의 분포를 살펴보면 혈관합병증이 있는 군은 85명, 혈관합병증이 없는 군은 16명이었고, 평균연령은 각각 57.9±14.1세, 49.9±16.6세로 혈관 합병증이 있는 군에서 더 나이가 많았고, 체질량지수는 23.2±3.4㎏/㎡, 24.1±3.4㎏/㎡로 두 군간 유의한 차이는 없었다. 또 두 군간의 혈압 및 HbA1c, 공복혈당 및 인슐린과 C­peptide, 총 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, HDL­콜레스테롤, Lp⒜는 유의한 차이가 없었고, 미세혈관합병증이 있는 군에서 당뇨병의 유병기간이 길었다. 2. TAT 및 PIC의 농도는 정상 대조군에서는 2.8±1.2 ng/mL, 240.4±69.7 ng/mL이었고, 당뇨병 환자군에서는 9.5±22.6 ng/mL, 472.2±258.7 ng/mL이었다. TAT와 PIC 모두 당뇨병 환자군에서 정상 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가되어 있었고(p<0.001), TAT/PIC ratio는 두 군간 차이가 없었다. 3. 당뇨병 환자의 혈관합병증에 따른 TAT 및 PIC, fibrinogen 농도는 합병증이 없는 군은 각각 4.1±2.4ng/mL, 362.2±272.0ng/mL, 322.7±102.4mg/mL으로 PIC와 fibrinogen의 증가를 보였으나, 연령을 보정한 후에는 통계학적 유의성은 없었다. 또 대혈관 합병증군에서는 각각 6.0±4.9 ng/mL, 507.4±321.6 ng/mL, 427.1±194.7 mg/dL이었으며 미세·대혈관 합병증군에서는 10.4±6.4 ng/mL, 484.8±269.7 ng/mL, 388.4±132.4 mg/dL으로 TAT의 증가를 보였으나 역시 연령을 보정한 후에는 통계학적 유의성은 없었다. 4. 미세혈관합병증군에서 HbA1c(>8%)가 높은 군의 PIC 농도가 유의하게 높았고(p=0.049), 대혈관합병증군에서 HbA1c(>8%)가 높은 군의 총 콜레스테롤 농도가 유의하게 높았다(p=0.042). 5. 총 당뇨병 환자군에서 PIC는 fibrinogen과 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를, BMI와 음의 상관관계를 보였으며(r=0.47, 0.31,-0.25), 혈관 합병증이 없는 당뇨병 환자군에서만 TAT는 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를 보였다(r=0.67). 결론:이상의 결과에서 혈장 TAT 및 PIC 농도는 당뇨병 환자에서 정상 대조군에 비해 의미있게 증가되어 있었고, 당뇨병 환자군에서는 연령의 증가와 유병기간이 혈액응고항진 및 용해의 장애에 큰 역할을 함을 알 수 있었으며, 총 당뇨병 환자군에 PIC와 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를, BMI와 음의 상관관계를 보였으며 혈관 합병증이 없는 당뇨병 환자군에서만 TAT는 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 따라서 당뇨병 환자에서 혈액응고 및 용해의 장애가 동반되어 있다고 볼 수 있으며, 혈장 TAT 및 PIC는 혈관합병증으로의 진행을 예측하는 지표로서 유용하리라 생각된다. 또 혈당조절정도와 상관성이 있으므로 혈당조절후에 추적검사를 시행하여 합병증의 예방이 가능한지 추후 연구가 필요하리라 생각된다. Background : Abnormality of coagulation and fibrinolystic system is known as a predisposing factor of vascular complication in diabetes. Although the pathogenesis is not well known, non-enzymatic glycation reaction and the increase in production of free radicals due to an increased oxidative stress may be linked to the hypercoagulibility and hypofibrinolytic activity. As indices of abnormality in coagulation and firinolysis in peripheral blood, plasma thrombin-antithrombin Ⅲ complex (TAT) and plasmin-α_2-plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC) were measured. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether hypercoagulability exists in diabetic patients with or without vascular complication. Methods : In our study, we measured plasma thrombin-antithrombin Ⅲ compelx (TAT) and plasmin-α_2-plasmin inhibit or complex (PIC) in 101 diabetic subjects and 20 controls. Comparing TAT and PIC levels in diabetic microvascular complication group, diabetic macrovascular complication group and controls, we examined correlation between risk factors associated with diabetic vascular complication. Results : 1. The group with diabetic vascular complication was older than group without complication. There was no significant difference in BMI, blood pressure, HbA_ic, blood sugar level, insulin, C-peptide, serum creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, Lp (a) between two groups. The group with diabetic microvascular complication had longer duration of diabetes. 2. Concentration of TAT and PIC were 2.8±1.2 ng/ mL, 240.4±69.7 ng/ mL in controls and 9.5±22.6 ng/ mL, 472.2±258.7 ng/ mL in diabetic patients, respectively. TAT and PIC were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in control (p<0.001). But TAT/PIC ratio was no significant difference between two groups. 3. In diabetic patients, concentration of TAT and PIC and fibrinogen were respectively 4.1±2.4 ng/ mL, 362.2±272.0 ng/ mL, 322.7±102.4 mg/ dL in group without vascular complication and 5.3±4.1 ng/ mL, 529.5±258.7 ng/ mL, 374.9±106.2 mg/ dL in group with microvascular complication, which group had increase in PIC and Fibrinogen but no significance after correction of age. Concentration of TAT and PIC and Fibrinogen were 60.±4.9 ng/ mL, 507.4±321.6 ng/ mL, 427.1±194.7 mg/ dL in macrovascular complication, and 10.4±6.7 mg/ mL, 484.8±269.7 ng/ mL, 388.4±132.4 mg/ dL in combined vascular complication which group showed increase of TAT but also had no significant increase after correction of age. 4. In diabetic microvascular complication patients, group of high HbA_1c (>8%) (p=0.049) had significant high PIC concentration. In diabetic macrovascular complication patients, group of high HbA_1c (>8%) (p=0.042) had significant high total cholesterol concentration. 5. In all diabetic patients, PIC was positively correlated with fibrinogen and HbA_1c and negatively correlated BMI (r=0.47, 0.31, -0.25). Only in daibetic patients without angiopathy, TAT was positively correlated with HbA_1c (r=0.67). Conclusion : In this study, plasma TAT and PIC concentration significantly increased in diabetic patients compared with controls, and PIC was increased in group with microvascular complication, TAT were increased in group with combined micro macrovascular complication. However, there was no significance relationship existed when correctinf for age. PIC was correlated with HbA_1c. TAT was correlated with HbA_1c only in the group without angiopathy. Abnormality of coagulation and fibrinolysis were combined in diabetes, plasma TAT and PIC can be used as an index of vascular complication. Also we found the correlation with the degree of the blood glucose control. Therefore we need follow up study for the possibility of prevention of vascular complication after controlling the blood glucose to age-matched patients (J Kor Diaabetes Asso 25:354~363, 2001).

Enterococcus faecium 19-46-4에 의한 Cholic Acid의 생산

정은영,김명수,이철훈,김병홍 한국산업미생물학회 1996 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.24 No.5

항균활성을 갖는 혐기성 미생물에 대한 탐색연구에서 항균활성이 강한 Enterococcus faecium 19-46-4를 선발하여 혐기적 배양으로 이 균주가 생산하는 항생물질의 분리, 정제 및 이화학적 특성 및 구조분석을 행하였다. 40ℓ 균배양액으로부터 iso-butanol extraction, C-18 liguid column chromatography, HPLC등을 통해 약 100mg의 항균물질을 분리정제하여 KIST 194로 명명하였고, KIST 194를 UV, IR, ^1H-NMR, ^13C-NMR, EI-MS와 LC-MS 등의 기기분석을 한 결과 cholic acid (3α, 7α, 12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan 24-oic acid)로 동정하였다. A facultative anaerobe Enterococcus faecium 19-46-4 was used to study the production of an antimicrobial substance in anaerobic conditions. Major part of the antibiotic activity was found in the culture filtrate of the bacterium. The active compound was extracted by an equal volume of iso-butanol and concentrated in vacuo (at 50℃) before purification by C-18 liguid column chromatography and HPLC. A chromatographically pure compound was obtained by two passages of HPLC columns, The compound appeared as a pale-yellow powder. The yield was about 2.5 mg l^-1 culture filtrate. The compound was named as KIST 194. KIST 194 were identified as cholic acid (3α, 7α, 12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan 24-oic acid) based on its physico-chemical properties determined by UV, IR, ^1H-NMR, ^13C-NMR, EI-MS and LC-MS.

시루봉地域一帶의 森林植生에 關한 硏究 : 天然林 및 人工林의 林分構造를 中心으로 Focused on Forest Stand Structure of Natural Artifical Forests

정윤수,신수철 동국대학교 생명자원과학대학 연습림 1997 연습림논문집 Vol.- No.5

To investigate the structure of the forest vegetation of Mt. Sirubong area in Chungbuk district, fifteen plots of natural forest and five plots of artificial forest were set up. As the result of classification and ordination analysis the study area was divided into six groups, which were Quercus mongolica community, Q. serrata community, Pinus densiflora community, Larix leptolepis community, P, rigida community and P. koraiensis community. Species diversity indices range of each of the communities was 0.8686∼1.2403, Quercus mongolica community showed the highest value and P. rigida community showed the lowest value among the communities. The similarity indices range were 17.14∼81.29%, between Quercus serrata community and Pinus densiflora community showed the highest value while on the other between Quercus serrata community and Larix leptolepis community showed the lowest value among the communities. The comparision of site index between Mt. Sirubong area with nationwide, Pinus koraiensis was the highest site index and P. rigida was above the average and Larix leptolepis was the average. Pinus densiflora showed below the average compared with nationwide was caused by the decline species of successional trends in the middle temperated forest zone. According to analysis of annual ring growth of major tree species by tree ring chronology, growth­decrease was occured in common in the year of 1974∼75, 1983∼85, 1987∼88, 1991 and 1995, this was highly concerned with the amount of precipitation during the period of from march to November.

한국 무용 춤사위 중 외발서기 동작의 안정성 분석

정철수,조영숙,배성제 師範大學 體育硏究所 1994 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.15 No.2

The purpose of this study was conducted to investigate the relationship the stability and the kinetic & kinematic variables in one-foot-stand of Korean Dance. The subject were eight females who were experienced 10 years in Korean Dance. Three dimentional coordination of the body segment parameters and kinematic variables were calculated by three dimentional cinematography using the the DLT (Direct Linear Transformation) method. The ground reaction force and stability in one-foot-stand motion were obtained from an AMTI force platform. The kinetic variables of the center of pressure and kinematic variables of the knee angle, hip angle, elbow angle, shoulder angle, trunk lean angle. horizontal thigh angle at the instant of touch down, 1st extension, 1st flextion, 2nd extension, 2nd flextion, stability were investigated. The conclusion obtained from the analyzed were as follow; The C.O.P displacement of the subjects was 1.21±0.71cm (n=50) during the stability phase in one-foot-stand motion of the Korean Dance. It is concluded that the somewhat greater left knee angle (147.8±12.4。), right knee angle (133.0±8.7。), left elbow angle (77.0±4.6。) and the trunk angle (15.8±5.4。) on the event of stability in the range of the subjects motion would result incresing the stability. And the somewhat less right hip angle (147.8±12.4。), right shoulder angle (104.4±4.7。), horizontal thigh angle (48.0±8.8。) on the event of stability in the range of the subjects motion were found to be important to improve the stability during one-foot-stand motion. The somewhat less 55% C.O.G hight (C.O.G height/height) were found to be important to improve the stability during stability phase in one-foot-stand motion of the Korean Dance.

地域社會開發과 리더쉽

鄭喆洙 경북대학교 1982 새마을 硏究論叢 Vol.2 No.-

韓國農村 새마을 運動의 社會學的 評價

鄭喆洙,朴宗祐 慶北大學校 東洋文化硏究所 1975 東洋文化硏究 Vol.2 No.-

The New Village Movement in Korea was initiated in 1970 to bring about the modernization of Korean rural society through innovations of various kinds. The movement, that is social change, is not an immanent change arising from the social system itself but a contact change from the outside of the system. Nor is it a selective contact change but a direct contact change or a planned change by the government. More than five years have passed since its initiation. Therefore, this paper aims at present to evaluate the present status of the New Village Movement and to measure cultural, technological, and environmental changes, if any, of rural society. Consequently, the study is concerned with the sociological and social psychological examination of the present status of adoption of the innovations within the community. The methods utilized for aquiring data are: formal or informal interviews with the persons concerned, examination of the existing records and the previous studies available, and finally a survey of 439 households. The survey was conducted in February 1975. The sample approximates a systematic random sample of 430 farm households within the boundary of North and South Kyungsang Provinces (220 from Community Development village, 210 from Non-Community Development village), with 420 households sufficiently complete to process. Major findings of the study are summarized as follows: (1) Among the farmers in general, the adoption rate of agricultural innovation programs encouraged by the agricuiture supervising authorities seems to be very high. 18 items were used for this measure such as the planting of recommended seeds, the practice of seed sterilization, the use of weed spray before making the rice seed-bed, the use of vinyl cover on the rice seed-bed to keep the bed warm, the use of fertilizer at a proper time after transplantation, the spraying of preventive chemicals after transplanting, the spraying of a proper amount of preventive chemicals prior to the occurrence of large numbers of insects, the use of compost for rice growth last year, the practice of testing the degree of the acidification of the soil, early plantation of the rice plant, the renewal of rice seeds every three years, a deep plowing of the paddy-field, the adjustment of the amount of the use of nitrogenous fertilizer to prevent rice plant fever, the planting of bean plants along ridges between paddy-fields, and so on. In these 19 items, the rate of adoption of the innovations was higher than 70% for 13 items, and more than a half of the farmers respsnded positively for all of the items above except one, the practice of testing the degree of the acidification of the soil. In addition, the rate of the adoption of agricultural innovations is higher among the members of C·D village than members of Non-C·D village. (2) Farmers' living conditions seem to have been improved. Four of the six items such as replacement of thatch rooves by slate, fence and road repairs, and the modernization of the kitchen were adopted by more than a half of the farmers. Especially, more than 80% of the farmers showed favorable attitudes toward the items for the replacement of thatch rooves by slate and road repairs. And members of C·D village than those of Non-C·D village in general show a higher adoption rate for improving in their living conditions. (3) The rational life index measured by 16 items for the use or non-use of the farming plan mannual, subscription of a magazine on farming, listening to radio programs on farming, etc. seemed to be considerably high among the farmers surveyed in general. More than a half of the farmers adopted all the items. Higher rates of adoption of rational life techniques are seen among the members of C·D village. (4) The standard of living of the majority of the farmers has been improved since 1970. Higher improvement is seen among the members of C·D village. (5) Although 84.8% of the farmers have favorable attitudes toward family planning(C·D village: 88.1%, Non-C·D 81.2%), the proportion of actual practice of family planning among the farmers is much lower campared to their attitude. By camparison of two villages in terms of the knowledge about, attitude toward, and practice of family planning, much higher proportion of members of C·D village than those of Non-C·D village keep positive values. (6) Among the farmers, a great gap is found between the attitudes toward and practice of standardized and abridged procedures of family rites which are highly encouraged by the government. That is, most of the farmers regardless of the members either of C·D or Non-C·D, show a favorable attitude toward it, but a significant part of them hesitate to practice it. (7) Approximately 90% of the farmers participate at least in one group activity. (the rate of participation is slightly higher among tne members of C·D village than Non-C·D village.) (8) Achivement motivation in general is higher among the members of C·D than those of Non-C·D village. (9) Great change is seen in the farmers' traditional value orientation. Greater changes were found in C·D village than in Non-C·D village. This was measured by the examination of their attitudes toward such items as: fatalism, kinship ties, locality consciousness, dependency upon kinsmen, traditional distinction between the sexes, family determined marriage, preferential attitude toward boys, devination to decide if a proposed marriage is possible, seniority the idea of putting government officials above the citizens, the idea of distinction between the gentry and peasantry, dominance of men over women, magic, etc, Of the 12 items there has been least change in those items concerned with attitudes toward seniority and family determined marriage. (10) The rate of adoption of innovations among the farmers both cultural and technological is highly correlated with their acreage under cultivation. (11) Farmers who have a higher rate of adoption of innovations are more likely than those with a lower rate to have favorable attitudes toward improvement in their living conditions, rationalization of their daily life, and the participation in group activities. They also have a higher achievement motivation than those of the less adopting group. (12) When farmers were asked the meaning of the few Village Movement, the majority of them replied that it meant improvement in the living environment and an increase in income. (13) More than 90% of the farmers responded positively to the New Village movement since they were certain that it greatly contributed to development of their community.

에어로빅스 운동시 부상 유발 동작의 운동 역학적 분석

정철수,신인식,현무성,배성제,김복영,이기청 한국운동역학회 1995 한국운동역학회지 Vol.5 No.1

One of the reason that the aerobic dance is popular for korean women is that it is considered as a moderate aerobic exercise. However, high rate of aerobic dance related injuries have been reported among the participants. The purpose of this study was to estimate the impulsive load to the body while performing certain aerobic dance movement. Based on the preliminary questionairs on aerobic dance injury for 210 replyees, two aerobic dance movements including Run and High Kick were identified as high injury induced movements. The impulsive loads during aerobic dance estimated were joint angular acceleration and the vertical ground reaction force. The joint angular acceleration was determined using a 3-D cinematography technique, and the ground reaction force was measured with using an AMTI force platform system. It was founded that : the peak vertical ground reaction force 1738.7±171.2N, 1990.9±134.9N for Run, High Kick respectively. The peak vertical ground reaction force during High kick movement reached 3.7 body weight, which exceeded 3 body weight of force that can be experienced during jogging. These results indicates that although the aerobic dance movements look moderate means of exercise, certain movement ca produce highly impulsive look to the body and can aggravate injury when the movement is, kept repeated faster than the speed of healing process.

韓國農村에 있어서 農事技術革新의 受容過程

鄭喆洙 慶北大學校 東洋文化硏究所 1974 東洋文化硏究 Vol.1 No.-

1. Objectives of the Project: (1) To determine how the farmers adopt agricultural innovations encouraged by the farming policy authorities and to see the correlations between their attitudes of adoption of agricultural innovations and their socio-economic conditions. (2) To study what kinds of communication sources the farmers use in acquiring information about the agricultural innovations, and to make a comparative analysis of respective roles of mass media or personal contacts in their adoption process. 2. Methodology (Selection of the Sample Villages/Households and Interviewing) Four C.D. Villages and as many non-C.D. villages were selected from Kyongsangbuk-do Province for the present study. From each of these eight villages forty to fifty households totaling 360 households in all were chosen by the use of random sampling method. A total of 360 householders were personally interviewed with a questionaire from August through October of 1973. Out of the original 360 respondents, only 341 respondents' answer proved to be valid for the study. Therefore 341 copies of questionaire were treated for comparison and analysis of this study. 3. Selected Characteristics of Sample Households (1) Median age 46.6 (2) Illiteracy rate 32.3% (3) Median size of family members 6.4 (4) Farm size 8.5tambo^* (5) Possession of radio 94.4% (6) Possession of TV 18.7% (7) Subscription of a newspaper 19.7% (8) Subscription of a magazine 17.0% (9) Subscription of a farm magazine 13.2% (10) Listening to radio programs on agriculture 54.0% (11) Dwelling duration of more than 30 years in the same village 83.6% (12) No experience of living in the town or city 19.6% ^*1 tambo is equivalent to .245 acres. 4. Data Analysis Collected (1) Adoption of Agricultural Innovation Programs In order to determine the attitude of adoption of agricultural innovation programs a questionaire of 12 items derived from the agricultlnal programs encouraged by the agriculture supervising authorities was given to each respondent, and the findings are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 ◁표 삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요) On the basis of the data collected and using "Arbitrary Index Construction," we made an adoption index of agricultural innovation and the indices were correlated for comparison with respondents' socio-economic variables. The findings are as the following in Table 2. (The correlation between the two variables were testified by X^2-test.) TABLE 2 Correlation between the Adoption Index of Agricultural Innovations and Socio-Economic Variables ◁표 삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요) As shown in Table 2, in the correlation between the adoption index of agricultural innovations and the respondents' socio-economic variables, a high degree of significance is found in the items of farm size, the degree of participation in community organizations, the frequency of visit to Rural Guidance Offices and listening to radio concerning agriculture, while no statistical significance is found in the items of age and education of the householders. However, in the percentage rates of age in younger group (mainly, below 30 years of age) and of education in above elementary school level, the rate of adoption index proved to be high. Therefore it follows that those respondents who are younger in age and higher in educational background are more likely to have a strong tendency of adoption of agricultural- technological innovations. On the other hand, the comparison of C.D. villages with non-C.D. villages in their correlation of adoption index convinced us to conclude that villagers in C.D. villages show a stronger tendency toward adoption of agricultural-technologica innovations compared with that of non-C.D. villagers. (2) Adoption of Agricultural Innovations and Communication Sources The purpose of the chapter lies in the determination of the role of communication sources at adoption stages for adopter categories in the adoption of T.O.K weeding chemicals (that is, a kind of agricultural programs recommended to farmers), and furthermore to analytically and cross-culturally compare the findings of my study with those of my predecessors in and outside the country. Using the theoretical knowledge of Professor E.M. Rogers, an authority in Diffusion Theory, I divided adoption process of innovations as knowledge stage persuasion stage and decision stage, and I investigated what kinds of communication sources the respondents use in the respective stage. The adopters were catergorized by innovaters, early adopters, early majority, late majority and non-adanalyzed the role of communication sources at adoption stages for adopter categories. Thus I testified the hypothesis by E.M. Rogers. The followings are summary of the comparison for testification. 1. Mention of any mass media source was made by 35% of the 334 respondents, and personal communication sources were made by 62% at knowledge stage in the adoption process. A much higher difference in rate between mass media source and personal communication source is found in the decision stage rather than in the knowledge stage and in the persuasion stage. Therefore, unlike the rural community in the United States of America, the Korean rural community sees that the personal communication sources are of much greater importance in the knowledge stage and in the persuasion stage in the adoption process rather than mass media sources, and particularly, personal communication is of the utmost importance in the decision stage. 2. While the mass media communication sources play more important roles compared with those of personal communication sources in early adopters of innovations rather than in later adopters of innovations, personal communication sources play more important roles in both early adopters and late adopters of innovations. When we look into the reasons why the personal communication sources is more important than mass communication sources in every stage, they are firstly a poorer preparation and subscription of mass communication in Korean rural community than in his U.S. counterpart; secondly, a high rate of illiteracy of Korean farmers and a low rate of contact with mass media because of poor economic condition, etc. In conclusion the fact that Korean rural community shows a greater importance of personal communication sources rather than mass media communication in the adoption process compared with the case in the U.S., it follows that Korean rural community is still in the stage much more characteristic of Gemeinschaft. The findings of the present study reveals more than 26 percent of utilizing mass media sources in every stage of adoption process. Judging from these phenomena compared with those of Professor Seung-Gyu Mun (less than three percent in every stage), it may well say that we have witnessed a notable development for seven years thanks to a high rate of mass media expansion into rural areas and a successful performance of New Village Movement(or Community Development Plan) in which many agricultural innovation programs are included. On the other hand, when we compare the findings of the present study with that of 1973 in the rural community in Colombia(Percentage of Utilizing Mass Media Source at each stage), we can conclude that mass communication sources play a fairly great role in the diffusion of innovation. 3. Unlike the case in the rural area of the U.S., in Korea, the role of the personal-localite communication sources (33.6%) in the knowledge stage is higher than that of personal-cosmopolite communication sources (28.6%). This gap of rate between both sources was enlarged in the decision stage. Consequently the findings of the study agree with that of Rogers's study in Columbia in 1973. In short, we have surveyed some hypotheses about the role of communication sources at adoption process, developed in the advanced American society and we have concluded that they may not have cross-culturally validity in the rural community of Korea. On the other hand, we have found that the tendency of adoption process is similar to that of Colombian rural community. However, the only difference we may point out is that Korean phenomenon of roles of mass media and extension agents in every station of life shows a slightly higher than that of Colombian counterpart.