매크로/마이크로 레벨 볼트 결합 구조물에서의 실험적/해석적 방법을 통한 시스템 특성 비교

김봉석,이성민,이문구,이수훈,Jun Ni,송준엽,이창우,하태호 한국공작기계학회 2006 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.-

As the micro technology and miniaturization of a structure and component in the last couple of decades have been concretely realized, the understanding of structural and dynamic characteristics and prediction of dynamic behavior are indispensable to the miniaturized structures and micro machines. This paper shows the effect of dynamic characteristics in bolt-jointed structures by comparing natural frequencies and mode shapes between macro and micro-scale beams through experimental modal analysis and finite element analysis with a1 8 test models by materials, by size, and by joining condition; that is, SS41 and A16061-T651, micro and macro, and monolithic beam and bolt-jointed beam.

TDI계 수분산성 폴리우레탄 접착제의 특성에 Diisocyanate의 구조가 미치는 영향

강승구,송봉근,이재흥,박찬조,류해일 한국공업화학회 2003 공업화학 Vol.14 No.3

수년 전부터 많은 연구자들에 의해 폴리우레탄의 수용화, 수분산화의 연구가 수행되어 왔다. 그럼에도 불구하고 폴리우레탄의 특성에 디이소시아네이트가 구조에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 많이 진행되지 않았고 또한 미흡한 상태이다. 따라서 번 연구에서는 디이소시아네이트의 형태와 함량 변화에 따른 폴리우레탄의 특성을 연구하였다. 폴리우레1탄 수분산체(PUD)는 poly(tetramethylent ether) glycol (PTMG), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), trethylamine (TEA) 등을 사용하여 제조하였다. 제조한 폴리우레탄 수분산체(PUD)의 구조를 FT-IR을 이용하여 확인하였다. 폴리우레탄 수분산체의 특성은 DSC, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), particle analyzer, universal testing machine (UTM) 등을 사용하여 측정하였다. 폴리우레탄 수분산체(PHD)에서 입자크기는 IPDI 함량이 증가할수록 작아지는 경향을 나타내었으며, 유리전이온도(Tg)는 IPDI 함량이 증가할수록 조금씩 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, 폴리우레탄 수분산체(PUD)의 접착세기 변화에서는 [NCO]/[OH] 몰비를 1.2로 유지되도록 하면서 합성에 관여하는 [NCO] 양에 해당하는 [TDI]/[IPDI] 몰비를 변화시켜 얻은 폴리우레탄 수분산체의 접착세기는 [TDI][IPDI] 몰비가 50/50일때 좋은 집착세기를 나타내었다. 또한 [NCO]/[OH] 몰비를 1.6으로 일정하게 유지되도록 하고 [TDI]/[IPDI] 몰비를 변화시켜 얻은 폴리우레탄 수분산체의 접착세기는 [TDI]/[IPDI] 몰비가 75/25일 때 좋은 접착세기를 나타내었다. Aqueous polyurethane dispersions (PUD) has been investigated by many researchers for a long time. However, relatively little systematic work has been reported, in detail, on the effect of structure of the diisocyanate on the properties of polyurethane. This work describes the properties of polyurethane in relation to the variation of diisocyanate type and contents. Aqueous polyurethane dispersions (PUD) were prepared from the poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMG), toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), dimethyol propionic acid (DMPA), and triethylamine (TEA). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FT-IR, GPC, universal testing machine (UTM), and particle analyzer were utilized to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of PUD according to diisocyanate type and contents. As the content of IPDI in PUD increased, the particle size decreased. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of PUT were shifted to a lower temperature as IPDI conent increased. When [NCO]/[OH] mole ratio was 1.2, the adhesion force of PUD shown the best result at [TDI]/[IPDI] mole ratio of 50/50. And, at [NCO]/[OH] mole ratio of 1.2, the adhesion force of PUD was the best when [TDIl/[IPDI] mole ratio was 75/25.

Immunohistochemical study on the expression of calcium binding proteins (calbindin-D28k, calretinin, and parvalbumin) in the cerebral cortex and in the hippocampal region of nNOS knock-out(−/−) mice

Yu Jin Cho,Jae Chul Lee,Bong Gu Kang1,2,Jaeyeol An,Hyeon Suk Song1,2,Onju Son,Do-Hyun Nam,Choong Ik Cha,Kyeung Min Joo 대한해부학회 2011 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.44 No.2

Nitric oxide (NO) modulates the activities of various channels and receptors to participate in the regulation of neuronal intracellular Ca2+ levels. Ca2+ binding protein (CaBP) expression may also be altered by NO. Accordingly, we examined expression changes in calbindin-D28k, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal region of neuronal NO synthase knockout(−/−) (nNOS−/−) mice using immunohistochemistry. For the first time, we demonstrate that the expression of CaBPs is specifically altered in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal region of nNOS−/− mice and that their expression changed according to neuronal type. As changes in CaBP expression can influence temporal and spatial intracellular Ca2+ levels, it appears that NO may be involved in various functions, such as modulating neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, regulating synaptic transmission, and neuroprotection, by influencing the expression of CaBPs. Therefore, these results suggest another mechanism by which NO participates in the regulation of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis. However, the exact mechanisms of this regulation and its functional significance require further investigation.

담즙정체성 간염의 임상적 양상

최선택,은종렬,임상우,김봉준,이헌주,구미진,최준혁 영남대학교 기초/임상의학연구소 2001 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.18 No.1

Background: Cholestatic hepatitis is failure of bile to reach the duodenum with hepatocellular damage and no demonstrable obstruction of the major bile ducts. The prognosis is usually good with recovery in less than 4 weeks after withdrawal of the offending drug. However, a prolonged course lasting over 3 months is possible and, in rare cases, progression to ductopenia with development of a vanishing bile duct syndrome occurs. A differential diagnosis with other causes of Chronic liver disease is needed. Materials and Methods: From January 1991 through Jaunary 2000, 14 patients diagnosed as cholestatic hepatitis by liver biopsy were inclouded. The possible causative drug, clinical features, laboatory findings, and progression of cholestatic hepatitis were evaluated. The semiquantitative study of liver lesions was performed by two independent observers. Results: Causes of cholestatic hepatitis are 5 cases of oriental medicine, 3 cases of anti-tuberculosis medication, 1 case of ticlopidine and antibiotics and 4 cases of unknown causes. The clinical features of cholestatic hepatitis were jaundice, itching, urine color change, and general weakness. During 6 to 30 months, LFT of 5 patients showed prolonged elevation. Elevated total cholesterol ≥250 mg/dL in 6 patients, pheripheral blood eosinophilia in 5 patients, auto-antibody positive in 6 patients were observed respectively. The biopsies showed intralobular bilirubinostasis with a mixed portal inflammatory infiltration. Conclusion: In cholestatic hepatitis. durations of abnormal LFT are variable regardless of causative drugs. If cholestatic hepatitis progresses toward chronic course, viral hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and autoimmune hepatitis should be differentially diagnosed and sequential liver biopsies are needed.

Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection of Gastric Epithelial Neoplasms after Partial Gastrectomy: A Single-Center Experience

Song, Byeong Gu,Kim, Gwang Ha,Lee, Bong Eun,Jeon, Hye Kyung,Baek, Dong Hoon,Song, Geun Am Hindawi 2017 Gastroenterology Research and Practice Vol.2017 No.-

<P><B>Aims</B></P><P> To investigate the feasibility and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of gastric epithelial neoplasms in the remnant stomach (GEN-RS) after various types of partial gastrectomy. </P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P> This study included 29 patients (31 lesions) who underwent ESD for GEN-RS between March 2006 and August 2016. Clinicopathologic data were retrieved retrospectively to assess the therapeutic ESD outcomes, including en bloc and complete resection rates and procedure-related adverse events. </P><P><B>Results</B></P><P> The en bloc, complete, and curative resection rates were 90%, 77%, and 71%, respectively. The types of previous gastrectomy, tumor size, macroscopic type, and tumor histology were not associated with incomplete resection. Only tumors involving the suture lines from the prior partial gastrectomy were significantly associated with incomplete resection. The procedure-related bleeding and perforation rates were 6% and 3%, respectively; none of the adverse events required surgical intervention. During a median follow-up period of 25 months (range, 6–58 months), there was no recurrence in any case. </P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P> ESD is a safe and feasible treatment for GEN-RS regardless of the previous gastrectomy type. However, the complete resection rate decreases for lesions involving the suture lines.</P>

Geographical distribution of ticks in Korea, 2015

Bong Gu Song,Wook-Gyo Lee,Sung-Chan Yang,Kyu-Sik Chang,Jong Yul Roh,E-Hyun Shin,Young Ran Ju 한국응용곤충학회 2016 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.10

The geographical distribution of ixodid ticks in were surveyed at 10 areas from April to November 2015. We investigated tick distribution using dry ice bait trap and flagging method as a part of disease vector monitoring in Korea. As a result, ticks collected 29,992 ixodid ticks with 3 genera, 7 species. Among them, Genus Haemaphysalis, Ixodes and Amblyomma accounted for 29,751 (99.2%), 223 (0.7%) and 18 (0.1%). Haemaphysalis longicornis was accounted for 88.9%, which has become the dominant species. Some species, such as H. japonica and Ixodes persulcatus were only collected Gangwon area. Metropolitan area had the highest population of ticks 6,540 (21.8%), Chungbuk area was next 5,049 (16.8%). In environmental distribution, Genus Haemaphysalis was highly collected in grassland site (32.1%) and Genus Ixodes was highly collected in coniferous forest site (43.5%). Upon analysis of the monthly distribution, H. longicornis, the dominant species, was highly collected at nymph stage in May, and its larva was highly collected in September. These studies may provide important information for control and management of tick in Korea.

Distribution of ixodid ticks in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) reported areas in Korea

Bong Gu Song,Jong Yul Roh,Won Il Park,Eun Hee Shin,Seong Yoon Kim,Kyu-sik Chang,Wook-Gyo Lee,Young Ran Ju,E-Hyun Shin 한국응용곤충학회 2015 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.10

We investigated the distribution of ixodid ticks in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) case reported areas using flagging method from May to November 2014 in Korea. We collected 13,471 ixodid ticks with 2 genera and 3 species. Among them, Genus Haemaphysalis and Ixodes accounted for 99.9% (13,455) and 0.1% (16), respectively. Genus Haemaphysalis consisted of 2 species, H. longicornis (96.2%) and H. flava (3.7%). I. nipponensis was only collected in Genus Ixodes. H. longicornis was the dominant species (over 90%) in most study areas. Ixodid ticks were evenly distributed at various environmental sites, such as residences, hills, grassfields, fields, graves, copses, other sites. The further study on SFTSV infection in ixodid ticks will be needed.

Geographical Distribution of Ixodid Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Korea during 2011-12

Bong Gu Song,Jong Yul Roh,Won Il Park,Eun-hee Shin,Sun-Whan Park,Jungsang Ryou,Chan Park,Wook-Gyo LEE,E-hyun Shin,Mi-Yeoun Park 한국응용곤충학회 2013 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.10

We investigated the prevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia- syndrome virus (SFTSV) and geographical distribution of ixodid ticks from 25 regions of the Korea during 2011-2012. We collected 25,940 ixodid ticks with 3 genera and 7 species using dry ice bait trap and flagging. Among them, Genus Haemaphysalis, Ixodes and Amblyomma counted 25,821 (99.5%), 118 (0.5%) and 1 (<0.0%). Genus Haemaphysalis consisted of 4 species, H. longicornis (90.4%), H. flava (9.2%), H. formosensis and H. hystricis (<0.1%). Genus Ixodes consisted of 2 species, I. nippoenesis (0.4%) and I. persulcatus (0.1%). Only one Amblyomma testudinarium was collected. The highly infested sites were grassland (50.1%) and mixed stand forest (20.3%). Minimum infection rate (MIR) of SFTSV in H. longicornis was 0.5% in Korea and this rate was similar to that in China (0.46%). Our results showed that H. longicornis is a major vector of SFTSV and its surveillance will be needed at high risk area.

연구논문 : 양명의 치양지(致良知)와 수운의 시천주(侍天主)비교 연구

송봉구 ( Bong Gu Song ) 충남대학교 유학연구소 2010 儒學硏究 Vol.23 No.-

이 논문은 양명학과 동학의 수양법을 치양지와 시천주를 중심으로 비교 연구하는 것이다. 크게 세 가지로 나누어서 살펴보았다. 첫째는 두 분의 일생을 비교해서 어떻게 그러한 수양법을 만들게 되었는지 과정을 살펴보았다. 양명은 용장의 깨달음을 통해서 새로운 격물개념을 제시하면서 사상이 더욱 원숙해지는 계기를 마련한다. 수운은 용담에서 한울님을 만나면서 21자 주문을 만들어 쉬운 수양법을 펼치게 된다. 둘째는 수양법의 근거인 양지와 천주는 어떤 의미를 가지고 있는지 그 의미를 살펴보았다. 양명에 있어서 양지는 모든 만물의 근거이면서 사물을 인식하고 판단하는 역할도 했다. 수운의 천주는 역시 모든 만물의 근거이기도 하고 사물을 인식하고 판단하는 역할도 했다. 셋째는 수양방법을 비교해보았다. 양명의 수양법은 ‘치양지’였다. 만나는 모든 사물과 사건에서 양지를 실현한다는 것이다. 오직 양지만을 믿고 만나는 모든 사물과 사건에서 양지를 제시해서 옳은 것은 취하고 그른 것은 버리는 수행방법이다. 유학에서 여러 갈래로 나누어져있던 수양법이 양명에 와서 하나의 수양법으로 통일된 것이다. 수운의 수양법은 21자 주문을 평생동안 잊지 않고 간직하는 것이었다. 21자 주문이 항상 나와 함께 있으니 외부에서 나를 유혹해도 넘어가지 않게 된다. 두 분의 수양법 공통점은 다양하고 복잡한 수양법을 쉽게 바꾸었다는 것이다. 그러나 양지와 천주를 나의 주인공으로 모시기까지의 과정은 역시 쉽지 않았다는 것이 공통점이라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 다른 점은 수운은 영부라는 부적을 제시하여 좀 더 구체적이면서 신비로운 방법을 사용했다는 것이다. This article is to compare ``sicheonju``, Su-un`s way of cultivating the mind with ``chiyangji``, Yangmyung`s way in the three aspects. First, it`s important to investigate how they developed the way of cultivating the mind in their lives. Yangmyung could developed his thought of things and nature through the realization at Yongjang. Su-un also made the 21 words as an easy way of cultivating the mind by finding God at Yongdam. Secondly, the notions of ``yangji`` and ``cheonju`` play essential roles in cultivating the mind. Yangmyung`s ``yangji`` is the source of nature, aware of things and judge them. Su-un`s ``cheonju`` is almost identical with Yangmyung`s ``yangji``. Lastly, their ways of cultivating the mind are nearly alike as well. Yangmyung`s ``yangji`` is embodied in all the things and the deeds. In Yangmyung, the way of cultivation the mind is to believe in ``yangji`` ,find it in all the things and the deeds, accept the right, and exclude the wrong. Various ways of cultivating the mind in Confucianism were unified into the one way. Su-un`s way is to recite the 21 words and keep them in mind throughout the lives. As the 21 words are always within them people don`t fall into them, even if there are many temptations outside. Both Yangmyung and Su-un changed the diversity of complicated ways into simple ways. And the complicated process of embodying ``yangji`` and ``cheonju`` were not easy. However, Su-un used the more specific and mysterious way by presenting a charm of ``youngbu``.

홍익인간의 철학적 의미와 역사적 전개

송봉구 ( Bong Gu Song ) 영산대학교 동양문화연구원 2010 동양문화연구 Vol.6 No.-

This article is to analyze the philosophical significance of Humanitarianism, the spirit of the foundation of Youngsan University and then see how it developed in the history of Korea. Humanitarianism is derived from the myth that in the ancient time Hwanoong, a son of God, came into the world and cultivated it by controling agriculture, life and disease, in order to benefit it. Why did he try to benefit the world even though there was no need to make it a better place to live. It is because he had a good will. Dangoon, a son of Hwanoong tried to make the world a better place to live, like his father. Dangoon`s mother was called Woongye, originally a bear that was changed into a person. She trained herself in a cave without sunlight, eating only garlic and mugwort because she had a vice as well as a virtue in her spirit, unlike Hwanoong who had no vice as a son of God. That was why she had to train herself to remove the vice in human being. Since Dangoon was a son of viceless Hwanoong and Woongye who got rid of vice, he also could cultivate the world without any reward. Humanitarianism developed in the history of Korea in many ways, and was also related to Cheonsung mountain near Youngsan University. Especially, Wonhyo and Su-un succeeded to Humanitarianism through Buddhism and Cheondogyo respectively. Wonhyo relized in the mountain that all the life is precious and gave an easy way to get to the truth of Buddhism to people who suffered the pains and turmoil in wars. Su-un also gave a way of cultivating the mind to people who had hard times in the last period of Chosen. When people find that they are great beings through these teachings, they will be able to live their happy lives. Youngsan University have to try to make students realize these teachings and this world a better place for everyone to live.