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이승열,김희정,배상은,김흥수,이진호,하인혁,김철수,Lee, Seung-Yeol,Kim, Hee-Jung,Bae, Sang-Eun,Kim, Heung-Su,Lee, Jin-Ho,Ha, In-Hyuck,Kim, Chul-Su 척추신경추나의학회 2013 척추신경추나의학회지 Vol.8 No.2
Objectives : The purpose of this clinical case is to evaluate the efficacy of Harpagophytum radix. Pharmacopuncture on Degenerative diseases of knee joint. Methods : We used Korean Medicine treatment and Harpagophytum radix. pharmacopuncture, for this patients. This case is measured and assessed by Neumerical Rating Scale(NRS), Korea Western Ontario MacMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(KWOMAC) and Physical examination of knee joint. Results : The NRS decreased from 8 to 5(Left knee joint) & 5 to 4(Right knee joint) and KWOMAC total points decreased from 77 to 41. Also Physical examination of knee joint improved. Conclusions : Harpagophytum radix. pharmacopuncture with Korean Medicine treatment is proved to be helpful to the pain relief and function recovery of knee joint.
Political Transition in North Korea in the Kim Jong-un Era: Elites’ Policy Choices
이승열 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2017 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.41 No.3
North Korea has already begun the process of transition, the patterns of which will be determined by the elites’ choice. System transition in North Korea may unfold in one of two ways: gradual transition, with the maintenance of the Suryong (supreme leader) system of communist power and acceptance of the market economy for the well- being of the people; or radical transition accompanied by sudden political change, which may lead to conflict between competitive elite groups before Kim Jong-un has time to solidify his hold on leadership. Which path will North Korea follow? In the era of Kim Jong-un, everything depends on the competition between the party elite and military elite.
Changes in North Korea’s Military and Security Policies and Implications of the Kim Jong Un Era
이승열 이화여자대학교 통일학연구원 2017 Journal of peace and unification Vol.7 No.1
When North Korea conducted two nuclear tests in January and September in 2016, it also went so far as to attempt to launch missiles more than 24 times. As the onset of test-firing of long-range missile, it tested Musudan, Rodong, and submarinelaunched ballistic missiles (SLBM) during the nine months of the period. In the thick of ever-heightening military challenges under the Kim Jong Un regime, to come up with effective counter measures is not an easy matter for the South Korean government. However, there is nothing new about North Korea’s military and security provocations under Kim Jong Un’s leadership. Though there are minor differences in the features, “defense and economy parallel development plan” in the Kim Il Sung era, “line of Songun (military-first) and economy construction” in the Kim Jong Il regime and “economy-nuclear parallel policy” under the leadership of Kim Jong Un have evolved from a very similar vein. If Kim Il Sung’s militaryeconomy parallel development plan had driven the people out to tighten their belts, demanding their unilateral sacrifice on the ground of insecurity at home and abroad, Kim Jong Il’s Songun-economy construction line was in the same context as Kim Il Sung’s in the way of stressing the importance of national defense. But Kim Jong Il’s policy was different, as it expanded the role of the military in strengthening the economy other than defense, such that building up the military became an impetus of economy construction. By contrast, the most critical feature of Kim Jong Un’s economy-nuclear parallel policy is giving priority to economic concerns over nuclear armament. Kim Jong Un’s policy can be interpreted as a suggestion of the regime’s direction of planning the economy and to complete the advancement of the nuclear so that enhanced war deterrence and its defense capacity – without having spent extra defense expenditure – will allow the country to give more attention to economic development and improving people’s economy with spare resources.
이승열,정진화,Lee, Seung-Yeol,Chung, Jin-Wha 대한족부족관절학회 2017 대한족부족관절학회지 Vol.21 No.3
Metatarsalgia means the pain under the lesser metatarsal heads. The many causes of metatarsalgia can be categorized into three groups: local disease in the region, altered forefoot biomechanics, and systemic disease affecting the region. Surgical options need to be considered if nonsurgical treatment fails. The metatarsal osteotomies are designed primarily to reduce the weightbearing forces on the metatarsal head by elevating or shortening the metatarsal. Many lesser metatarsal osteotomies have been described, and their success depends on many factors. Regardless of the method employed, it is important to maintain or restore the metatarsal cascade to maintain an even pressure under the lesser metatarsal heads and prevent transfer lesions. The surgeon must understand the effects of the metatarsal osteotomy on the forefoot patho-biomechanics and decide, using a combination of clinical examinations and imaging, whether the desired effect of the osteotomy is to shorten or elevate the metatarsal head or both.