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동북아 해양패권 경쟁에 대한 이론적 고찰 -신현실주의와 신자유주의 시각을 중심으로
임수환 평화문제연구소 2011 統一問題硏究 Vol.23 No.2
As George Modelski and William Thompson argue that modern world system is an “oceanic system,” one has to focus on the competition for the maritime hegemony to understand geopolitics in the Northeast Asia. The regime of freedom of the seas is in distress in the 21st century East Asia as the US hegemony over the ocean is checked by the growth of the Chinese anti-access/area-denial forces. The realists think order and peace are established through the balance of power while the liberals think they are established through cooperation within international regimes. Theorists of both streams share prospects of peace between the US and China either through balance of power or cooperation in the liberal international regime. What is problematic is that the peaceful relationship between the two world powers could not necessary extend to the security of the regional countries surrounding continental China. Small countries under pressure from China would invite the US to keep maritime hegemony in this region. Korea can secure its position through strengthening of a liberal regime in this region, as it is joining the complex interdependence among advanced industrial democracies. Korea-US-Japan cooperation can reach out China for regional stability and develop a favorable environment for the peaceful reunification of the Korean peninsula. 조지 모델스키와 윌리엄 톰슨의 주장과 같이 근대 세계체제는 곧 해양체제이다. 따라서 동북아 지정학을 이해하기 위해서는 해양패권 경쟁에 초점을 두고 관찰해야 한다. 제2차 세계대전 이후 미국의 패권 하에 유지되어 온 해양의 자유 레짐이 중국의 군사적 성장으로 인하여 제한될 위험에 처해 있다. 현실주의자들은 세력균형을 질서유지의 수단으로 생각하고 자유주의자들은 레짐 속에서의 협력을 통한 질서와 평화를 추구한다. 두 부류의 이론가들은 각각 세력균형 또는 자유주의 국제레짐에의 적응을 통해 미국과 중국이 전쟁을 피할 수 있다는 낙관론을 펴고 있다. 문제는 두 세계강국이 상호간의 전쟁을 피할수 있다는 사실이 곧 역내 국가들의 안보를 보장해 주지는 못한다는 측면에 있다. 중국으로부터 가해지는 군사적, 정치적 압력에 시달리는 역내 약소 국들은 미국의 개입을 초청하여 역내 해양패권을 유지할 수 있게 해 줄 것이다. 한국은 선진 산업민주주의 국가들이 형성하고 있는 복잡한 상호의존에 가담하고 있으므로 역내 자유주의 레짐을 강화하는 방법으로 자국의 안보를 확보할 수 있다. 한미일 안보협력체가 중국과 지역안정에 협력함으로써 한반도 평화통일의 조건을 성숙시킬 수 있을 것이다.
Saemaul Movement and Rural Development
임수환 한국농업사학회 2007 농업사연구 Vol.6 No.1
Rural societies used to experience changes with the industrialization of national economy. The pattern of rural change largely depends on the social and state structure. Saemaul Movement was the outcome of specifically South Korean state-society relationship: small farmdominance and the autonomous state. Major achievementof the Movement is said to be the elimination of absolute poverty from South Korean rural area. Participant villagers showed enormous voluntarism in the cooperative projects for the improvement of their living standards. The state encouraged rural voluntarism not only through the educational and administrative guidance but also through provision of inputs such as fertilizer, pesticides and new seeds. The state also launchedambitious projects to build large-scale dams, reservoirs, tidal dikes, water pumping and draining plants and water canals, along with the higher grain price policy. The state elites led the Saemaul Movement with their own plan to motivate rural population to the improvement of roofing, road, running water and sewage in the first stage and then to lead those motivated farmers to various commercial farming projects for the improvement of farm income in the next stage. In actuality, villages which began the Samaul movement from commercial farming to get higher income succeeded well over those which followed state directives passively. The Korean case shows the importance of bottom-up leadership who know the specificity of each rural village. President Park thought the Saemaul Movement carries the Korean spirit of collectivism, which is superior to western commercial individualism: Koreans have to find their own way to build democracy, which could be quite different from the western one. Thus the spirit of the New Community Movement developed in the rural society needs to be propagated to the urban factories too.