고려~조선전기 鶴城李氏의 지역 내 위상과 역할

이종서(Lee Jong-Seo) 한일관계사학회 2007 한일관계사연구 Vol.28 No.-

학성이씨는 울산의 토성(土姓)이다. 토성은 고려시기 향리에서 연원하였다. 고려의 향리는 국가의 관료체제에 편입되었으며 상급 향리인 장리층(長吏層)은 중앙 양반과 신분이 동등했다. 그러나 고려후기에 실질적 위상이 하락하였고, 조선전기에는 제도적으로 격하되었다. 장리층은 이러한 변화에 대응하여 고려말에 대거 중앙관직을 얻어 향리를 벗어났고, 국가에서는 이탈을 억제하는 제도를 마련하였다. 그 결과 조선전기에는 고려의 장리 가문이 계속 향리를 담당하는 이족(吏族)과 양반이 되어 좌수와 별감을 담당하는 사족(士族)으로 분화하여 각자의 역할을 하였다. 학성이씨도 이족과 사족으로 분화하였다. 이예(李藝)의 아들 중 이종근의 후손은 향리직을 담당했고, 이종실의 후손은 사족이 되었다. 호장 등 상급 향리직을 담당하던 이종근의 후손들은 임진왜란을 계기로 향리 신분을 면하게 되었다. 그러나 이후에도 계속 향리를 담당하여 일부 가문은 1700년대 중반까지 이어졌다. 조선후기에 더 이상 향리가 존중받지 못하고 중인으로 천시되자 이종근의 후손들은 향리를 그만두었다. The Hakseong Lee House has been a renowned Toseong(土姓) entity in the Ulsan region for a long time. Toseong designations originated from the Hyangri entities of the Goryeo dynasty period. The Hyangri entities of Goryeo were part of the national ruling system overseen by the government, and the Jangri figures(the Jangri-class(長吏層), who were the senior Hyangri figures) occupied the social status equivalent to those of the Yangban figures living in the capital or other central regions. Yet their status deteriorated in the latter half period of the Goryeo dynasty, and in the early half of the Joseon period, their status was officially demoted. Responding to such changes in their own statuses, many of the Jangri figures managed to obtain positions inside the central government during the ending days of the Goryeo dynasty and escape the Hyangri status, while the government began to implement protocols discouraging the breaking from their original statuses. As a result, the Jangri houses of the Goryeo dynasty diverged into two groups, the Ijok(吏族) figures who kept managing Hyangri tasks, and the Sajok(士族) figures who became Yangban figures and were appointed to Jwasu and Byeolgam posts, in the early half period of Joseon. The Hakseong Lee house diverged as well. Among the sons of Lee Yae(李藝), Lee Jong Geun’s descendants continued to assume the roles of Hyangri, and Lee Jong Shil’s descendants became Sajok figures. Lee Jong Geun’s descendants, who were senior Hyangri figures(such as Hojang figures), escaped that status around the time of the Imjin-year war with the Japanese. Yet other house members maintained such existence through the mid-1700s. In the latter half period of the Joseon dynasty, the Hyangri figures were no longer respected as they had been in the past, and were rather disdained as middle class citizens(中人). So the Lee House members discontinued their service as Hyangri figures.

매독균이 HaCaT세포의 표면 항원 발현에 미치는 영향

이종서 ( Jong Seo Lee ),이민걸 ( Min Geol Lee ),이광훈 ( Kwang Hoon Lee ),이정복 ( Jung Bock Lee ) 대한피부과학회 1996 대한피부과학회지 Vol.34 No.5

Background: In primary syphilis, Treponema pallidum invades skin and mucosa through the epidermis, enters blood vessels and circulates in the blood. Afterwards, T. pallidum migrates out of the blood vessels to the pidermis in secondary syphilis to induce diverse skin findings. Therefore, the epidermis seems to be one of the main targets in syphilis. Most of the epidermal cells are keratinocytes and it ca i be presumed that, T. pallidum infection elicit,s defenr.e mechanisms at kerat.inocyte level resulting in changes of the keratinocyt,e surface molecule expression. Objective .' We have cxamined by ELISA whether virulent T. pallidum and its 47-kDa antigen could change the expre.;sions of E cadherin, MHC I, and ICAM 1 on the surface of HaCaT, a transformed human kerai.inocyte cell line. Methods . The 96 well plates of 4 x 10' HaCaT cells/well were cultured for 1 2 days at 37g, and cultured for 16 hoi!rs at 37g including 3x 10' T. pallidum per well or its 47-kDa antigen. Then the changes of E-cadherin, MHC I and, ICAM-I were observed by ELISA. Media alone was used for negative cont,ro: and TNF a of 10U/well was used for positive control. Results : On culturing with T. pallidum, the expression of E-cadherin and MHC I increased sig- nificantly compared with the negaiive control. That of ICAM 1 showed increased findings com- pared t,o the negative control, but, it was not, significant. On culturing with its 47 kDa antigen, the expression of E-cadioerin and MHC-I increased significantly compared with negative control. ICAM-1 expression was increased compared to the negative cont,rol, but it. was not significant,. Conclusion . The increase in E-cadherin and MHC I expressions in HaCaT cells cultured with T. pallidum may be related to the defence mechanisms of the host cells. (Kor J Dermatol 1996;34(5): 797-804)

풍력발전기의 사이클로이드형 YAW & Pitch Gearbox의 신뢰성평가에 관한 연구

이종직(Jong-Jik Lee),이용범(Yong-Bum Lee),김태석(Tae-Seok Kim),이기천(Gi-Chun Lee),박종원(Jong-Won Park) 대한기계학회 2019 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2019 No.2

오픈소스 프로그램 KIMM-CAM 을 이용한 NC 가공에 관한 연구

이종직(Jong Jik Lee),이충성(Choong Sung Lee),박종원(JongWon Park),이용범(Yong Bum Lee),이태현(Tae Hyun Lee) 대한기계학회 2021 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2021 No.5

3차원 모델링에 의한 디스크형 단상 스위치드 리럭턴스 모터의 해석

이종한(Jong-Han Lee),이은웅(Eun-Woong Lee),김종겸(Jong-Kyum Kim),이동주(Dong-Ju Lee),윤서진(Su-Jin Yun) 대한전기학회 1997 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1997 No.7

증례보고 : 베타 수용체 차단제와 칼슘 통로 차단제를 복용 중인 환자에서 상완신경총 차단 후 지연 발생한 심정지

이종연 ( Jong Yeon Lee ),이형석 ( Hyung Suk Lee ),박사현 ( Sa Hyun Park ),길현주 ( Hyun Jue Gill ),이상우 ( Sang Woo Lee ),김승호 ( Seung Ho Kim ),정금희 ( Kuem Hee Chung ),김민성 ( Min Sung Kim ),이헌락 ( Heon Rak Lee ) 대한마취과학회 2006 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.51 No.6

A Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR) mediated vasovagal syncope is the most common neurally mediated reflex characterized by the sudden failure of the autonomic nervous system and have been reported in patients undergoing a peripheral nerve block. The concomitant administration of a β-adrenoreceptor antagonist and calcium channel blocker have a synergistic suppressant effect on the autonomic nervous system and interact with the anesthetics significantly. We report a case of a 57-year-old female patient with essential hypertension controlled with lercanidipine and carvedilol. Cardiac arrest developed with spontaneous respiration 50 min after the brachial plexus block to remove a plate in the humerus. Epinephrine was administered and the pulse immediately returned to a normal sinus rhythm. This event might be vasovagal syncope mediated by BJR, and realted to the antihypertensive medication used. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2006; 51: 752~5)

場所の助詞「に」と「で」の誤用の原因の分析

李宗恩(Lee, Jong-Eun) 대한일어일문학회 2018 일어일문학 Vol.79 No.-

Among the particles used in two countries with similar morphology, Japanese particles “に(ni)” and “で(de)” and Korean particles “에(e)“ and”에서(eseo)“ have a common meaning to express location. Particles "ni" and "e" are used to indicate ”place of existence“ and "de" and "eseo" are used to indicate "place where behavior and action occur." A Korean Japanese learner corresponds the particles one to one without difficulty. In doing so, a problem may arise as the correct answer rate surpasses 90%. Therefore, regarding the selection of particles “ni” and “de,” Lee (2017)(2018)’s study shows that Korean Japanese language learners (major, non-major) in the initial learning stage have tendencies to use fixed phrases "position+ni" and "place name+de." In addition, Lee (2017)(2018) backed up the tendency of selection of such particles in precedent study, and clearly supports the results of the usage errors of particles "ni" and "de" to represent place in relation to the influence of learning and of one’s mother tongue through an experiment conducted on November 2013. (Examinees: majors in Busan P. University (73 students), non-majors in Busan K. University (73 students)) Although the method of experiment follows a similar pattern to previous studies of Lee (2017)(2018), this study analyzes the survey conducted on November 2013 and reclassifies the questionnaire based on learning level and not the period of learning. More than 95% of non-major students were excluded form the survey as they do not have a qualified language certificate. The following results were obtained based on the comparison and contrast of location particles “ni” and “de” used by major students of different level. The causes of usage errors can be largely divided into four. ① Difference in level: the accuracy rate of semi-advanced level (N2) learners is slightly higher than advanced level (N1) learners. ② Influence of learning: A: excessive use of "ni" compared to “de” and over-generalization of the fixed phrases "position+ni" and “place name+de.“ (Su et al. (2006)) B: A unit of noun+particle formation is created when selecting particles "ni" and "de." (Noda et al. (2001), Sakuda (2001)) ③ Frequency of learning materials: ”Mae(前)“ and ”naka(中)“ used to represent location comes up fewer times than ”ni“ and ”de“ in ”Minnano Nihongo 1,2.“ ④ Influence of mother tongue: Korean Japanese learners are influenced greatly by the mother tongue in expressions ”to live (~sumu)“ and ”to stay (~tomaru).“ Especially the results that the accuracy rate of beginning level students are ranked slightly higher than semi-advanced to advanced level students in the case of "tomaru" shows discrepancies with the study done by Ozeki (2007).

라디칼 개시제를 이용한 MA-PLA 제조 및 바이오플라스틱 PLA/PA11 블렌드의 상용성 개선

이종은(Jong-Eun Lee),김한얼(Han-Eol Kim),남병욱(Byeong-Uk Nam) 한국산학기술학회 2019 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.20 No.4

Vegetable oil은 자연 유래 물질로 낮은 가격 및 친환경적이라는 장점으로 최근 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 하지만 vegetable oil 내의 이중결합의 낮은 반응성으로 인해 고분자 합성의 기반 물질로 사용하기 위해서는 반응성이 높은 관능기로 치환하여 사용하는 경우가 많다. Tung oil은 α-eleostearic acid를 주성분으로 하는데, 이 구조는 3개의 이중결합이 공명구조 형태로 되어있기 때문에 다른 vegetable oil과는 달리 높은 반응성을 보인다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 tung oil을 styrene 및 divinylbenzene 등의 monomer와 양이온 중합을 통해 tung oil의 관능기 치환 과정이 없는 열경화성 수지를 합성하였으며, 각 monomer의 조성이 합성된 열경화성 수지에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 열적·기계적 물성을 측정하였다. 그 결과, tung oil-styrene- divinybenzene copolymer는 단일 Tg를 갖는 homogeneous한 열경화성 고분자를 형성하는 것을 확인하였으며, 기계적 물성의 변화를 통해 tung oil 및 styrene은 soft segment로써 합성된 copolymer에 elastic한 성질을 부여하고, divinylbenzene은 hard segment로 작용하여 합성된 copolymer에 brittle한 성질을 부여하는 것을 확인하였다. Recently, various investigation of vegetable oil which is extracted from natural resources is being progressed because of its low cost and environmental aspect. However, double bonds in vegetable oil should be substituted to other high reactive functional group due to its low reactivity for synthesizing bio-polymeric materials. α-eleostearic acid ,which is consist of conjugated triene, is the main component of tung oil, and the conjugated triene allows tung oil to have higher reactivity than other vegetable oil. In this study, tung oil is copolymerized with styrene and divinylbenzene to make thermoset resin without any substitution of functional group. Thermal and mechanical properties are measured to investigate the effects of the composition of each monomer on the synthesized thermoset resin. The result shows that the products have only one Tg, which means the synthesized thermoset resins are homogeneous in molecular level. Mechanical properties show that tung oil act as soft segment in the copolymer and make more elastic product. On the other hand, divinylbenzene acts as hard segment and makes more brittle product.

政治와 倫理

李鍾殷(Lee, Jong Eun) 성곡언론문화재단 1992 성곡논총 Vol.23 No.-

하인리히 하이네의 몇 가지 모티브에 관하여: 19세기 파리의 역사가와 유물론의 인간학적 전환

이종서 ( Jong-seo Lee ) 한국미학예술학회 2021 美學·藝術學硏究 Vol.64 No.-

1830년대 파리의 역사가로서 하이네는 괴테 예술 시대의 유기체 이념과 랑케의 객관적 역사의 이념에 대한 중요한 비판자였다. 그는 또한 독일의 종교와 철학의 역사에서 보편사의 진보에 대한 목적론적 견해에 지배적이었던 신적 섭리의 이념을 주의 깊게 탐구했다. 특히 그가 주목했던 기독교의 이념은 인간의 도덕적 행위를 순수한 정신과 엄격하게 동일시함으로써 육체의 권리를 억압했던 정신주의를 기반으로 지탱되었다. 기독교 정신주의의 지배가 가져온 당대의 정치적 퇴보에 맞서 하이네는 생기론적 범신론에 가까운 감각주의를 옹호했다. 이 감각주의에 따르면, 육체는 악하고 오직 정신만이 신성하다는 요구를 철회할 때, 비로소 역사 속 모든 것에 각기 상이하게 출현하고 표명하며 발전하는 범신론적 신이 가능해지기 때문이다. 특정한 이념들과 시대적 욕구의 관계, 그리고 그것들 사이의 투쟁에 주목하는 생시몽주의 역사관에 공감하면서부터 하이네는 보편사의 이념에 대해 비판적으로 접근할 수 있게 되었고, 그럼으로써 그는 억압된 물질의 복권 문제와 더불어 신을 대하는 역사가의 감각 문제를 인간학적 화두로 전환할 수 있었다. 하이네의 유물론적 감각주의에 따르면, ‘현재’라는 관심과 ‘살아있음’의 권리는 바람직한 미래에 부속되어야만 하는 수단이 결코 아니며, 미래의 구호를 예민하게 감지하는 역사가에게 오히려 이는 신적 필연성에 따른 혁명의 생명력 있는 이미지로 응축된다. 하이네의 역사철학은 무엇보다도 물질과 육체의 권리를 구제하여 생생한 살아있음의 감각을 다시 일깨우기 위한 인간학적 시도였다. By the 1830s, Heinrich Heine, a Parisian historian, became an important critic of Goethe’s organicism and Ranke’s ideal of objective history by rejecting the application of eternal laws of organs and reason to history. Heine’s view on history is not a progressive evolution, such as the gradual development of reason, but a throughgoing kind of vital pantheism according to which God would be manifested to a different degree in all things had we no demand that spirit only be divine, not body. Although these two anthropological concepts, body (Fleisch) and spirit (Geist), are interdependent, Christian spiritualism said the enjoyment of the senses should be suppressed, so that it demands of their followers moral conduct by denouncing matter and insisting on pure spirit. Heine’s pantheistic sensualism made him skeptical of certain teleological views of history that were also essential to the Christian idea of providence and to the historical development of this idea. In Heine’s polemic against spiritualism, the rehabilitation of the body has Saint-Simonian evidence that there has been some sort of struggle for existence between each specific idea in history. As an advocate of a materialistic (sensualistic) view of the history, Heine’s philosophy of history was foremost an anthropological attempt to reinstate the vital rights of body and matter.