신생흰쥐의 알콜성 뇌손상 후 환경강화가 BDNF 발현 및 운동수행력에 미치는 영향

이선민,구현모,김진상,Lee Sun-Min,Koo Hyun-Mo,Kim Jin-Sang 대한물리치료학회 2003 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.15 No.3

Alcohol exposure during development leads to significant long-term neurobehavior dysfunction and central nervous system alteration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of enriched enviroment in developmental period through motor behavior test and expression of BDNF. Neonatal rat exposed to alcohol on postnatal days 4 through 10 were studied. Female Sprague-Dawley pups were assigned to two groups. Experimental group(EG) via 4.5 g kg-1day-1 of ethanol was housed in enriched enviornment for 9 weeks. The main result of this study were as follows: 1. There was significant difference in the mean of weight change between control and experimental group. 2. In motor behavior test, there was significant difference in the mean of weight change between control and experimental group. 3. Regarding the immunoreactivity of BDNF were higher appeared experimental group than control group. In conclusion, the present results reveals that enriched enviroment in developmental period is to be extremely useful in neuronal reprganization and motor behavior improvement after alcohol exposure.

흰쥐의 피부화상 후 저강도 레이저 조사가 표피성장인자의 발현에 미치는 영향

이선민,구현모,남기원,김석범,김진상,Lee Sun-Min,Koo Hyun-Mo,Nam Ki-Won,Kim Souk-Boum,Kim Jin-Sang 대한물리치료학회 2002 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.14 No.3

This study was performed to investigate the effect of low power laser irradiation on epidermal growth factor(EGF) expression in the burned skin of the rats. Burns of about 3cm in diameter were created with 75'c water on the back of the rats, and the lesion of experimental group were irradiated on days 1, 2, and 3 postwounding. Control tensions were not irradiated. After burns, low power laser irradiation was applied by using 1000Hz, 830nm GaAlAs (Gallium-aluminum- arsenide) semiconductor diode laser. The expression of epidermal growth factor evaluated immunohistochemistry on mouse anti-EGF. The results of this study were as follows 1. In expression of EGF, the lesion of experimental group made EGF to more induce significantly than control tensions. 2. EGF immunoreactivity in burned skin were increased markedly 3 days after burns, and increased gradually from 1 day to 2 days in burns which is laser irradiation These data suggest that low power laser have wound healing effect in the burned skin of the rats.

문학적 장애 재현이 창출하는 공감과 연대-샤이니 무투(Shani Mootoo)의 장편소설 『밤에 피는 선인장 꽃』 (Cereus Blooms at Night)을 중심으로-

이선민 ( Lee Sun-min ),우충완 ( Woo Chung Wan ) 성균관대학교 인문학연구원(성균관대학교 인문과학연구소) 2019 人文科學 Vol.0 No.72

본 연구는 21세기 현대 영미 문학 속 장애 재현이 장애인 당사자의 생활체험과 같은 장애의 물질성을 간과하고 정치적 저항을 위시한 수사적 상징성에 치우친 결과, 정작 중심이 되어야 할 장애와 장애인에 대한 담론이 주변화 된다는 문제의식으로부터 출발한다. 이러한 문제의식은 장애 재현에 대한 심층 분석과 다양한 논의 및 성찰로 더욱 정교화 될 것이다. 본고는 줄리아 크리스테바(Julia Kristeva)의 ‘비체’(the abject)와 로즈메리갈랜-톰슨(Rosemarie Garland-Thomson)의 ‘미스핏’(misfit) 이론을 바탕으로 캐나다 작가 샤이니 무투(Shani Mootoo)의 장편 소설 『밤에 피는 선인장꽃』(Cereus Blooms at Night)을 심층적으로 분석한다. 사회적으로 비체화된 미스핏(misfit)의 공간에서 주인공 말라(Mala Ramchandin)가 정신장애를 입게 되는 과정과 미스핏(misfit)의 공간을 핏(fit)의 공간으로 변화시켜 가는 과정이 중점적으로 분석된다. 이를 통해 핏(fit)과 미스핏(misfit)의 공간 변화에 따른 정신장애 인물의 다양한 생활 체험을 살펴봄으로써, 비체로서의 장애가 인간 간 상호 공감과 연대를 이끌어내 는 매개체로서 물질성을 가진다는 점을 드러내며 장애의 생성력을 밝히고자 한다. 마지막으로, 본고는 문학작품 속 장애 재현이 제기하는 다양한 쟁점의 핵심이 다름 아닌 인간 본연의 취약성과 의존성에서 비롯된 불안과 두려움에 있다는 점을 지적하며, 이러한 인간의 ‘약함’을 이해하는 과정의 한 통로인 장애 재현의 문학적 가능성과 잠재력에 대해 논의한다. This paper starts from the critical perspective that the aesthetic representation of disability in contemporary novels marginalizes the discourses on efforts for promoting a more ethical understanding of the disability issues by focusing on rhetorical symbolism such as political resistance rather than the materiality of the disabled bodies and the actual experience of the disabled individuals. Thus, this paper aims to argue that the ethical issues at the core of representations of disability are ‘vulnerability’ and ‘dependence,’ which result in anxiety. This perspective will be supported by exploring the way Shani Mootoo’s novel Cereus Blooms at Night represents disability, based on Julia Kristeva’s theory of the abject and Rosemarie Garland- Thomson’s concept of the Misfit. Mootoo describes how her main character becomes a mentally disabled figure resulting from a change of space. Physical violence caused by a conflict between individual values and hegemony creates misfit space and transforms the main character into a mentally disabled abject figure. However, the mentally disabled character deconstructs the boundary between misfit and fit through ‘interactive empathy and bonding.’ This suggests the possibility of interactive empathy and bonding for minority individuals by recognizing atavistic vulnerability and dependence. Through the analysis of Cereus Blooms at Night, this paper maintains that mental disabilities also have access to materiality as a medium for interactive empathy and bonding. As a result, this paper argues that the representation of the actual experience of the people with disabilities in contemporary novels suggests the possibility of understanding ‘vulnerability’ and ‘dependence’ between the non-disabled and the disabled individuals.

호텔정보시스템의 특성이 사용자 만족도를 통하여 기업성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 실증적 연구

이선민(Sun-Min Lee) 글로벌융합연구학회 2022 글로벌융합연구학회지 Vol.1 No.1

4차 산업혁명이 발전하면서 사람들의 물질적 향유도 지속적으로 향상되었다. 산업혁명의 과실이 사물인터넷, 빅데이터, 인공지능 등 분야에서 누려왔고, 성과가 나왔다. 호텔 산업은 사회의 모든 부문과 산업을 포함한 광범위한 서비스를 포함한다. 호텔의 정보 시스템 수준을 지속적으로 개선해야만 경쟁력을 높일 수 있다. 이러한 이유로, 본 연구의 목적은 호텔의 장기적인 발전을 촉진하기 위해 호텔정보시스템과 기업성과 사이의 관계를 탐구하는 것이다. 본 논문은 사용자 만족도에 대한 호텔정보시스템의 특성에 대한 실증적 분석을 실시하였다. 선행연구의 결과를 인용 및 분석하여 호텔정보시스템의 보안성, 편리성, 유용성, 민첩성이 기업성과에 미치는 영향을 선택하여 연구를 수행하고 Smart PLS 2.0을 사용하여 중국 내 호텔실무자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 수집된 데이터를 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 보안성은 사용자 만족도에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 편리성은 사용자 만족도에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 유용성은 사용자 만족도에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 넷째, 민첩성은 사용자 만족도에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 다섯째, 사용자 만족도는 기업성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. With the development of the fourth industrial revolution, people's material enjoyment has been continuously improved. The fruits of the industrial revolution have been enjoyed in the Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence and other fields, and results have been created. The hotel industry involves a wide range of services, including all sectors and industries in society. Only by continuously improving the level of the hotel's information system can competitiveness be enhanced. For this reason, the purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between the hotel information system and corporate performance, so as to promote the long-term development of the hotel. This paper makes an empirical analysis of the characteristics of the hotel information system on user satisfaction. Quoting and analyzing previous research results, selecting the impact of the hotel information system's security, convenience, usefulness, and agility on corporate performance to do research and conduct a survey of hotel practitioners in China through the use of Smart PLS 2.0 Use structural equations to analyze the collected data. The research results are as follows: First, security had a positive effect on user satisfaction. Second, convenience had a positive effect on user satisfaction. Third, usefulness had a positive effect on user satisfaction. Fourth, agility had a positive effect on user satisfaction. Fifth, user satisfaction had a positive effect on corporate performance.

탈북 여성은 어떻게 말할 수 있는가?

이선민(Sun-Min Lee) 한국여성커뮤니케이션학회 2014 미디어, 젠더 & 문화 Vol.29 No.2

이 연구는 탈북 여성의 말하기가 어떠한 조건 속에서 이뤄지는지, 여성들의 말하기가 어떤 의미를 생산하는지를 알아보기 위해 종합편성채널 ‘채널A’의 토크쇼 <이제 만나러 갑니다>를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 미디어를 통한 탈북 여성의 공적 발언이 젠더와 국민 국가가 교차하는 지점과 보수적 미디어 기업의 프로그램 속에서 구조화되는 맥락에 대해 논의했다. 분석결과, 소수자의 말하기라는 의미에도 불구하고, 탈북 여성은 북한 사회 비판이라는 정치적 맥락에서 ‘망명자’로 나타났고, 자본주의 사회 적응의 맥락에서 ‘이등시민’으로 재현됐다. 또한, 탈북 여성들은 미디어를 통해 대한민국 국민으로서 정체성을 보여주려 하지만 성공적으로 받아들여지지 못하고 있었다. 탈북 여성들의 말하기는 남성들의 말 속에서 부차적이거나 주변화되어 나타났고, 보수 성향의 미디어가 전달하고자 하는 반공 메시지 안에서 적극적으로 활용되는 한계를 드러내고 있었다. This study aims to analyze how North Korean women defectors’ talk is presented on television media and examine it’s meaning effect, paying attention to the fact that they are still the others marginalized in the political context of hostile inter-Korean relations. For this, this researchers analysed qualitatively their talks on television talk show <Now, Going To Meet> on Channel A. This study argues North Korean women defectors’ public speech have a tendency to be produced in the cross between gender aspects and nation-state aspects, and that they are speaking in the context of conservative media companies’ program. As a result, on the one hand the women are mainly depicted as good refugees that are politically nonthreatening to South Korea to the extent as to criticize North Korean regime harshly. On the other hand, the TV talk show is trying to label North Korean women defectors as ‘second-class citizen’ by describing them as inadequate for acquiring new citizenship. The meaning of these effects, therefore, implies that the women’s discursive practices in the context of media representation are likely to fail in demonstrating their identity as the normal citizen of South Korea. In conclusion, it should be noted that the women’s speaking is still represented by the marginalized and peripheral ways in the very old fashion of anti-communism.

동적 토픽 모델링과 감성 분석을 이용한 COVID-19 구간별 비대면 근무 부정요인 검출에 관한 연구

이선민 ( Lee Sun Min ),천세진 ( Chun Se Jin ),박상언 ( Park Sang Un ),이태욱 ( Lee Tae Wook ),김우주 ( Kim Woo Ju ) 한국정보시스템학회 2021 情報시스템硏究 Vol.30 No.4

Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyze the sentiment responses of the general public to non-face-to-face work using text mining methodology. As the number of non-face-to-face complaints is increasing over time, it is difficult to review and analyze in traditional methods such as surveys, and there is a limit to reflect real-time issues. Approach This study has proposed a method of the research model, first by collecting and cleansing the data related to non-face-to-face work among tweets posted on Twitter. Second, topics and keywords are extracted from tweets using LDA(Latent Dirichlet Allocation), a topic modeling technique, and changes for each section are analyzed through DTM(Dynamic Topic Modeling). Third, the complaints of non-face-to-face work are analyzed through the classification of positive and negative polarity in the COVID-19 section. Findings As a result of analyzing 1.54 million tweets related to non-face-to-face work, the number of IDs using non-face-to-face work-related words increased 7.2 times and the number of tweets increased 4.8 times after COVID-19. The top frequently used words related to non-face-to-face work appeared in the order of remote jobs, cybersecurity, technical jobs, productivity, and software. The words that have increased after the COVID-19 were concerned about lockdown and dismissal, and business transformation and also mentioned as to secure business continuity and virtual workplace. New Normal was newly mentioned as a new standard. Negative opinions found to be increased in the early stages of COVID-19 from 34% to 43%, and then stabilized again to 36% through non-face-to-face work sentiment analysis. The complaints were, policies such as strengthening cybersecurity, activating communication to improve work productivity, and diversifying work spaces.

커피전문점의 품질특성이 재구매에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이선민(Sun-Min Lee) 글로벌융합연구학회 2023 글로벌융합연구학회지 Vol.2 No.1

현대인의 외식은 일상생활이라 할 수 있다. 커피는 인간의 기본적인 욕구를 충족시키는 대표적인 외식 분야의 하나이다. 최근, 한국에서는 건강과 웰빙에 대한 인식이 높아짐에 따라, 커피의 소비 추세가 원두로 전환되고 있다. 따라서 높은 가격에도 불구하고 대중화된 원두커피는 개인의 취향에 따라 차별화되고, 특별한 맛을 원하는 구매 계층을 창출하였다. 커피전문점은 스페셜티 커피를 특별히 도입하여 고품질 소비자의 수요 확대에 역점을 두고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 커피의 서비스품질과 매뉴품절이 관계품질을 매개로 재구매에 미치는 영향 관계를 입증하는 것이다. 본 연구는 커피전문점을 이용해 본 20대 이상의 일반인을 대상으로 하였으며, 기본통계분석은 SPSS 23.0을 사용하였고, 가설검정을 위해 구조방정식 패키지 Smart PLS 4.0을 사용하였다. 본 연구의 실증분석 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가설 H1의 서비스 품질은 관계 품질에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 가설 H2의 메뉴 품질은 관계 품질에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째 가설 H3의 관계 품질은 재구매에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 본 연구를 통해 관계품질이 높아지면 소비자들의 커 피 전문점 에 대한 재구매가 높아지는 것으로 연구되었다 Eating out is a daily life of modern people. Coffee is one of the representative dining areas that satisfy basic human needs. Recently, as awareness of health and well-being increases, the consumption trend of coffee is shifting to coffee beans. Therefore, despite the high price, popularized coffee beans are differentiated according to individual tastes and created a purchasing class that wants a special taste. Coffee shops are focusing on increasing the demand of high-quality consumers by specially introducing specialty coffee. The purpose of this study is to prove the effect of coffee service quality and menu quality on repurchase through relationship quality. This study was conducted on the general public in their 20s or older who used coffee shops, and SPSS 23.0 was used for basic statistical analysis, and the structural equation package Smart PLS 4.0 was used for hypothesis test. The empirical analysis results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the service quality of hypothesis Hl had a significant effect on the relationship quality. Second, the menu quality of hypothesis H2 had a significant effect on the relationship quality. Third, the relationship quality of hypothesis H3 had a significant effect on repurchase. Through this study, it was studied that the higher the quality of the relationship, the higher the repurchase of coffee shops by consumers.

특수교사 직무역량 분석

이선민 ( Lee Sun Min ),박재국 ( Park Jae-kook ) 대구대학교 한국특수교육문제연구소 2016 특수교육저널 : 이론과 실천 Vol.17 No.4

본 연구는 특수교사에게 요구되는 직무역량에 대한 실행도과 중요도에 대한 특수교사의 인식을 조사하고 직무역량의 개선에 필요한 핵심 직무역량의 우선순위를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 문헌분석을 통하여 1차적으로 특수교사에게 요구되는 5가지 핵심 직무역량 영역과 각 영역을 설명할 수 있는 하위 40개 문항을 구성한 후, 특수교육전문가 10인을 대상으로 각 직무역량 영역과 각 하위 문항의 타당성에 대해 검증을 받았다. 이렇게 구성된 직무역량에 대하여 특수교사 148명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고 얻어진 모든 데이터를 통계적으로 분석한 결과 얻어진 주된 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 5개의 핵심 직무역량 영역, 즉 ‘교사의 기본 자질 및 태도’, ‘특수교육대상자 교육지원’, ‘교수학습’, ‘상담 및 생활지도’, ‘학급운영 및 행정업무’ 영역 모두에서 실행도와 중요도 간에 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 또한, 특수교사의 교직경력, 근무기관, 학교급에 따라 직무역량 영역별의 특징적인 유의미한 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 직무역량 영역의 하위 40개의 문항을 대상으로 실행도와 중요도 차이에서 요구도 값을 산출한 후, 요구도 점수를 기준으로 현직 특수교사에게 가장 우선적으로 개발되어져야 할 핵심 문항을 추론한 결과, ‘스트레스 관리를 통한 신체·정서적 안정 유지’, ‘투철한 교직관 및 교육철학 수립’, ‘적절한 교수방법의 활용’, ‘상황대처능력’, ‘전문성 함양을 위한 적극적 자기계발’ 등의 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 특수교사에게 요구되는 핵심 직무역량 개발 방안 등에 대해 논의하였다. The purpose of this study was to explore the level of perception on job competence of special education teachers and then to investigate their needs and priorities. To these ends, 5 core competences and 40 items were extracted by performing literature review, and 10 special education experts verified the content validity of items. And then 148 special education teachers were asked to complete the questionnaire. Results were as follows: First, in terms of survey on the level of perception on the five sub job competences, the gap between the importance level and current status level on special education teachers` basic features and attitude was the widest. On the contrary, the gap between the importance level and current status level on class management and adminstration was the most narrow. As well, there were significant differences according to sociodemographic variables such as career period, duty organ, and school class. Second, in terms of special education teachers` needs and priorities, they needed various competences such as ‘competence to maintain the physical and emotional security through managing stress’, ‘competence to establish view and philosophy of education’, ‘competence to use proper teaching method’, ‘competence of dealing with situation’, and ‘competence of self-development to foster expertise’. Based on these results, the improvement plans to facilitate special education teachers` job competence were suggested.

고악성도 신경아교종의 수술 후 방사선 치료 성적과 예후인자 분석

이선민(Sun Min Lee),박영제(Young Je Park),윤원섭(Won Sup Yoon),이석(Suk Lee),양대식(Dae Sik Yang),정용구(Yong Gu Jeong),김철용(Chul Yong Kim) 대한방사선종양학회 1992 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.10 No.1

Purpose: To analyze the postoperative radiotherapy results and prognostic factors in patients with WHO grade 3 and 4 gliomas. Materials and Methods: A total of 99 patients with malignant gliomas who underwent postoperative radiotherapy between 1988 and 2007 were enrolled in this study. Total resections, subtotal resections (≥50%), partial resections (<50%), and biopsies were performed in 16, 38, 22, and 23 patients, respectively. In total there were 32, 63 and 4 WHO grade 3, 4, and unspecified high grade gliomas, respectively. The biologically equivalent dose was in the range of 18.6 to 83.3 Gy10 (median dose, 72.2 Gy10). We retrospectively analyzed survival rate, patterns of failure, prognostic factors, and adverse effects. Results: The median follow-up time was 11 months and there were 54 patients (54.5%) with local failure. The one and 2-year survival rates were 56.6% and 29.3%, respectively, and the median survival duration was 13 months. The one and 2-year progression-free survival rates (PFS) were 31.3% and 18.2%, respectively, and the median PFS was 7 months. The prognostic factors for overall survival were age (p=0.0001), surgical extents (subtotal resection, p=0.023; partial resection, p=0.009; biopsy only, p=0.002), and enhancement of tumor in postoperative imaging study (p=0.049). The factors affecting PFS were age (p=0.036), tumor enhancement of the postoperative imaging study (p=0.006). There were 3 patients with grade 3 and 4 side effects during and after radiotherapy. Conclusion: In addition to age and surgical extents, tumor enhancement of the postoperative imaging study was included in the prognostic factors. The most common relapse patterns were local failures and hence, additional studies are needed to improve local control rates. 목 적: WHO 등급 3/4의 신경아교종 환자에서 수술 후 방사선 치료의 결과와 예후인자를 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1988년부터 2007년까지 수술 후 고악성도 신경아교종으로 확진된 환자들 중 방사선 치료를 시행한 99명을 대상으로 하였다. 나이는 18∼77세(중앙값, 51세), 남, 여가 각각 55, 44명이었다. 수술은 완전절제, 아전절제(50% 이상 절제), 부분절제(50% 미만 절제), 조직검사만 시행한 예가 각각 16, 38, 22, 23명이었고, WHO 등급 3, 4, 기타(unspecified high grade glioma)가 각각 32, 63, 4명이었다. 방사선 치료는 1.8 또는 2 Gy 통상 분할치료 혹은 1.2 또는 1.5 Gy 하루 2회 치료 방법으로 하였고 중앙 생물학적 등가선량은 72.2 Gy10 (18.6∼83.3 Gy10)였다. 동시항암화학방사선치료나 연속화학방사선요법을 적용한 환자가 49명이었다. 환자들의 생존율 및 실패양상, 예후인자, 부작용에 대해 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결 과: 대상 환자의 중앙 추적 관찰기간은 11개월이었다. 국소치료 실패한 환자가 54명(54.5%)이었고, 이중 12명(22.2%)은 방사선치료부위 밖의 병변 진행을 동반하였다. 전체 생존율은 1년 56.6%, 2년 29.3%였고, 중앙생존기간은 13개월이었다. 무진행생존율은 1년, 2년이 각각 31.3%, 18.2%였으며, 중앙생존기간은 7개월이었다. 전체생존율에 영향을 미치는 인자로는 나이(p=0.0001), 수술 절제 정도(완전절제를 기준으로, 아전절제 p=0.023, 부분절제 p=0.009, 조직생검 p=0.002), 수술 후 영상검사에서 조영증가 여부(p=0.049)였다. 무진행생존율에 영향을 미치는 인자는 나이(p=0.036)와 수술 후 영상검사에서 조영증가 여부(p=0.006)였다. 방사선치료중과 후에 3등급 이상의 부작용이 각각 3명과 1명에서 발생하였다. 결 론: 나이, 수술절제 정도, 수술 후 영상검사에서 조영증가 여부가 생존율에 유의한 요인으로 분석되었다. 국소 치료실패가 대부분을 차지하여, 국소 제어율 향상을 위한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이다

1980년대 이후 한국 단독주택 공간 형태 변화 연구

이선민(Lee, Sun-Min),허범팔(Hur, Bum-Pall) 한국실내디자인학회 2012 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.21 No.5

This study found out the change of spacial form of detached house in Korea on a 10-year basis from 1980s though analysis on the architecture of each period. For the subject houses of this study, the detached houses introduced repeatedly as excellent cases in technical journals for architecture were collected among those completed by architects who designed numerous houses and a survey was conducted on 18 detached houses of 18 architects among the in urban style houses in Seoul and suburban style houses in the suburbs of Seoul. Through this study, it could be found that, as the morphological application of traditional architecture was settled with spatial concept, the external spatial form of the detached houses in Korea after 1980s was changed to westernized form but the internal spacial form had been continuously changing suitable to our emotion by reflecting the living habit and taste with the traditional attitude to perceive and accept the nature. As for the change in the forms of interior space, vertical space with more than two floors became common. Front porch and stair hall, which were located at the center of a house and became an important spacial element that overlapped family’s moving line, changed to open and bright space that used transparent glass and increased the space to contact the open air, reflecting our living habit and taste that preferred the feeling of internal openness. A Private space, main room, was more segmented and luxurious, and a public space, living room, secured the independency by getting close to symbolic yard. As for the change in the form of exterior space, the form of facade window has been changing in its location and size and brought free images due to the advancement of technology and material. The shape of roofs was borrowed from western style and a lot of geometrical forms that break away from the concept of angle rater and eaves are appearing.