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A Historical Overview of Korean Perceptions of the United States: Five Major Stereotypes
유영익 한국학중앙연구원 한국학중앙연구원 2004 Korea Journal Vol.44 No.1
This article examines five major stereotypes concerning America held by Koreans from the earliest contacts about 150 years ago until the present day. The author examined each stereotype chronologically . The first stereotype held during the late Joseon period was a result of the prevailing Sinocentric worldview in the region. According to this view, Americans were uncultured barbarians. As knowledge of the West increased among Joseon intellectuals, however, a second stereotype arose; namely, that America was the wealthiest nation in the world with vast territory and no territorial ambitions. This view was given impetus by Huang Zunxian’s Zhaoxian celyue (A Strategy for Korea), which recommended that Joseon make an alliance with America. With the emergence of the United States as a major regional power in the wake of the Spanish-American War (1898), a third stereotype of America as an imperialist aggressor emerged. This view was particularly strong among Korean communists during the Japanese colonial period and became more firmly entrenched after 1945. A fourth stereotype also emerged during Japanese rule, which viewed America as a white nation pitted against the yellow nations of East Asia. This racialist view is particularly apparent in the writings of Yun Chi-ho and arose from his experience of racial discrimination in America as well as from the influence of Japanese propaganda. A fifth stereotype has emerged in recent times and views America as a nation in terminal decline. This view has its origins in the work of Oswald Spengler and the School of Decline. In his conclusion, the author argues that despite the existence of negative stereotypes, the positive stereotype of America as a benevolent nation has prevailed in the Republic of Korea. In conclusion, the author argues that Korean-American relations must be based not on stereotypes but on mutual understanding based on rational and objective research
유영익 역사학회 2006 역사학보 Vol.0 No.189
Syngman Rhee and the Making of the ROK Constitution in 1948
柳永益 연세대학교 인문과학연구소 1999 人文科學 Vol.80 No.-
Syngman Rhee (SR, 1875-1965), the first President of the Republic of Korea, spent about five and a half years in the Hanso˘ng [Seoul] Prison as a political prisoner from January 1899 to August 1904. While in prison, he devoured books, magazines, and newspapers printed in Korean, Chinese, Japanese and English. He also authored and translated many books, articles, and poems utilizing multi-lingual sources. The works which SR completed in prison include Tongnip cho˘ngsin ("The Spirit of Independence") Ch′o˘ng-Ⅱcho˘n′gi ("A History of the Sono-Japanese War″) and Ch'eyo˘k-chip ("Anthology of poems Written in Substitution of Pena. Labor"), which were published years after his release from prison. There are some mansucripts which SR wrote in prison but were not subsequently published. One of them is a group of SR's essays and notes preserved in a Western-style notebook, which might conveniently be labelled "Miscellaneous Prison Writings (MPW, Kamok chapki)." The "MPW" consists of about forty literary pieces in seven major categories: (A) Writings concerning SR's prison life; (B) records concerning the incidents which were occurring in and out of the Hansong Prison; (C) the essays and editorials which SR composed in classical Chinese for patriotic causes; (D) translations of important diplomatic documents; (E) hand-written copies of important official papers and documents (F) newspaper clippings; and (G) other sundry notes. Along with the manscripts of a "New English-Korean Dictionary," which SR failed to bring to completion because of the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in early 1904, the "MPW" remains a key source for unravelling SR's life in the Hanso??ng Prison and the formation of his early litical thoughts. In this paper the author analyzes and annotates fifteen select literary pieces from the "MPW", including: (1) a list of books, magazines and newspapers which SR read in the Hanso??ng Prison; (2) SR, "A Sleepless Night in Autumn;" (3) SR, "A Proposal to Set Up a School in Prison to the Prison Warden;" (4) SR, "Appendix to the Newly-translated History of the Sino-Japanese War," (5) SR, "Encouragement of Modern Learning;" (6) SR, "A Proposal to Establish a Major Newspaper Company;" (7) SR, "Comments on the Public Commotion over the Streetcar Incident in Seoul;" (8) SR, "Let's Build a [New] State on the Basis of [New Religious] Teachings;" (9) a translation of the Korean text of the 1902 Treaty of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance into English; and (10) a hand-written copy of the Chinese translation of a paper written by U.S. Commissioner of Education John Eaton, entitled "On Education in the United States" (1872). A perusal of SR's "MPW" reveals that the youthful SR indeed was an erudite scholar-journalist who could articulate his reformist views on the Taehan (Great Han) Empire not only in forceful han'gu??l style, but also in elegant classical Chinese prose. SR's writings in English show that he had "mastered" the English language in the Seoul prison, that is, before the began his studies at universities in the United States in 1905. All in all, "MPW" sheds light on SR's life in the Hanso??ng Prison and helps understand his thoughts as a champion of Korean independence and reform at the turn of the 20th century.