초점과 정보 구조에 따른 한국어 화자의 영어 억양 실현 양상

엄혜영,이혜숙,김기호 한국음성과학회 2001 음성과학 Vol.8 No.2

Focus and inforYriation structure are closely related with the distribution of pitch accents. A focused word conveys new information and bears a pitch accent. A content word can usually get a pitch accent, but it can be deaccented if it is mentioned earlier in the discourse. In this paper, we test how English native speakers and Korean learners of English realize pitch accents according to focus and information structure of a sentence. The production experiment shows that English native speakers give a pitch accent to narrow-focused items, deaccenting all the other items of the sentence, For VIA broad focus, native speakers give a pitch accent either to both the verb and its complement or to the complement only. On the other hand, it is found that Koreans give pitch accents to most content words regardless of focus and information structure. Moreover, the perception experiment confirms that Koreans' intonation patterns, which are not appropriate in terms of focus and information structure, may jeopardize listeners' comprehension. This paper shows that Korean speakers have little knowledge about focus and information structure for intonational realization, and that such notions should be applied to teaching of English intonation.

적응 지각 필터를 이용한 오디오 음질 개선 알고리즘

엄혜영,한헌수,홍민철,차형태 한국음향학회 2003 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.22 No.8

본 논문에서는 적응적인 방식으로 필터의 성능을 향상시킴으로써 잡음에 의해 열화된 오디오 신호의 음질을 개선하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 주파수 영역으로 변환된 잡음에 의해 열화된 신호를 바크 대역으로 분할하여 청각 자극 에너지를 계산하고, 필터를 적응적으로 적용하여 잡음 에너지를 제거함으로써 본래의 신호를 획득하는 방식을 사용하였다. 기존의 방식에서는 묵음 구간에서 획득한 잡음 에너지를 사용하여 필터를 구성하여 사용하며, 이때 잡음의 에너지가 급격하게 변화한다면 음질의 개선률이 급격하게 감소함을 알 수 있다. 그러나 제안하는 방식에서는 잡음 에너지가 급격하게 변화하여도 음질 개선률에는 변화가 적음을 알 수 있었다. 기존 방식과의 비교를 위하여 신호대 잡음비와 잡음대 마스킹비를 비교하였고 청각 테스트를 수행하여 그 결과로부터 향상된 음질 개선을 확인할 수 있었다. In this paper, a new adaptive audio signal enhancement algorithm is proposed. In order to remove a broadband noise from a noisy signal, a filter is designed and applied adaptively to noisy audio signal. The noisy signal is first transformed to frequency domain and divided into bark domain to calculate excitation energy. A filter will be calculated to eliminate the noise by using the excitation energy and noisy energy which is obtained from a silent area. The filter is adaptively adjusted and continuously applied until the threshold point is met. The algorithm also works well even though the noise's energy change all of a sudden. SNR, NMR comparison and MOS Test are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Phonetic realizations of /h/ after a sonorant in Korean

엄혜영 한국음운론학회 2014 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.20 No.3

In Korean /h/ is known to be optionally deleted between a voiced segment and a vowel or a glide. The current study investigates the phonetic realization of Korean /h/ occurring after a sonorant consonant, questioning the validity of complete /h/ deletion and raising the issue of possible influence of /h/ on the preceding sonorant. In the production experiment with two-syllable minimal pairs where one member contains a sonorant followed by /h/ and the other contains only a sonorant, such as /kamhi/ ‘dare’ and /kami/ ‘persimmon-nom’, it was found that the duration of the sonorant preceding underlying /h/ is shorter than that of the sonorant not followed by /h/ even when /h/ itself is not acoustically manifested. The results suggest that /h/ usually considered to be deleted in casual speech is in fact not completely deleted in the sense that it affects the preceding sonorant.

The Perception of Word Boundaries by Korean College EFL Learners

엄혜영 대한언어학회 2006 언어학 Vol.14 No.3

Um, Hye-Young. 2006. The Perception of Word Boundaries by Korean College EFL Learners. The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 14(3), 51-70. This paper investigates the perception of English word boundaries by Korean college EFL learners and compares it to that of English native speakers. Thirty five Korean speakers and 10 English native speakers participated in an English perception task in which the subjects were asked to choose whether they heard, e.g., keep stalking or keeps talking. The stimuli include three types of phrases: 1) aspiration of stop consonants, 2) glottal stop and/or laryngealization and 3) allophones of lateral phoneme 'l' as well as glottal stop serve as word boundary cues. It was found that Korean speakers had difficulty segmenting the stream of speech on the basis of the kinds of acoustic-phonetic cues available to native English speakers. But it was also found that some stimuli were easier than others for participants to segment. In addition, there was a correlation between the perception of word boundaries and speakers' English proficiency level, showing the possibility of the improvement of perception.

마스킹 특성을 이용한 Inter-band Smoothing기법을 통한 음질 개선에 관한 연구

엄혜영(Hye-yeong Eom),김헌중(Hun-joong Kim),차형태(Hyung-tai Cha) 한국방송·미디어공학회 2002 한국방송공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2002 No.-

Prevalence and comorbidity of allergic diseases in preschool children

김형은,권은별,백지현,신윤호,엄혜영,지혜미,윤정원,한만용 대한소아청소년과학회 2013 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.56 No.8

Purpose: Allergic disease and its comorbidities significantly influence the quality of life. Although the comorbidities of allergic diseases are well described in adult populations, little is known about them in preschool children. In the present study, we aimed to assess the prevalence and comorbidity of allergic diseases in Korean preschool children. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study comprising 615 Korean children (age, 3 to 6 years). Symptoms of allergic diseases were assessed using the Korean version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire that was modified for preschool children. Comorbidities of allergic diseases were assessed by ‘In the last 12 months, has your child had symptoms?’. Results: The prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis as recorded using the ISAAC questionnaire, within the last 12 months was 13.8%, 40.7%, and 20.8%, respectively. The symptom rates of allergic conjunctivitis, food allergy, and drug allergy were 14.8%, 10.4%,and 0.8%, respectively. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in children with asthma was 64.3% and that of asthma in children with allergic rhinitis was 21.6%. The prevalence of rhinitis in children with conjunctivitis was 64.8% and that of conjunctivitis in children with rhinitis was 23.6%. Conclusion: The prevalence of current rhinitis in our preschool children is shown to be higher than that previously reported. Allergic conjunctivitis is closely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis. However, further studies are warranted to determine the prevalence and effects of these comorbidities on health outcomes in preschool children.

바이오매스 자원으로서의 Lemna Paucicostata의 인공배양조건과 이화학적 특성에 관한 연구

곽정훈,이진의,김기혜,엄혜영,신종서,라창식,Kwag, Jung-Hoon,Lee, Jin-Eui,Kim, Ki-Hye,Eum, Hye-Yeong,Shin, Jong-Suh,Ra, Chang-Six 한국축산환경학회 2010 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구에서는 Lemna P.의 인공배양 조건을 파악하고 생산된 바이오매스의 영양적 가치에 관하여 조사하였다. Lemna P.의 배양을 위해 총용적 $2,630\;cm^3$, 유효용적 $2,240\;cm^3$의 생물배양조를 이용하였으며 인공광원 6,250 lux, 평균온도 $28^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 인공폐수를 이용하여 배양하였다. 물 유동여부가 Lemna P.의 생장에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 하부층의 물 유동이 없는 경우 일일 1.1 이상의 성장률을 보인반면 하부층 물 유동이 있는 경우에는 단지 $0.15\;d^{-1}$의 생장률을 보였다. 또한 인공 폐수내 $NH_4$-N 농도변화와 광 조사시간이 Lemna P. 성장에 마치는 영향을 분석한 결과 광주기 $16h\;d^{-1}$에서의 생장률이 8h 및 $24h\;d^{-1}$에서 보다 높았으며 Lemna P.의 생장은 초기 $NH_4$-N의 농도에 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 초기 $NH_4$-N의 농도가 낮을수록 Lemna P.의 생장률은 높았으나 조단백질 함량은 초기$NH_4$-N 농도에 비례하였다. $NH_4$-N의 농도 2, 10, 50, $100\;mg\;L^{-1}$에서 배양한 후의 Lemna P.의 조단백질 함량은 각각 18, 24, 37, 43%로 50과 $100\;mg\;L^{-1}$ 농도에서 생장한 Lemna P. 바이오매스의 조단백질함량은 현재 단백질원으로 이용되고 있는 아마박(조단백질 함량 35%), 면실박(38%), 대두박(45%)과 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다. 광주기 $16h\;d^{-1}$ 초기 $NH_4$-N 농도 $2\;mg\;L^{-1}$ 이하에서 매우 높은 생장률로 증식한 Lemna P.의 조지방, 조단백질, 조섬유, 조회분, NDF 및 ADF 함량이 각각 2.77, 18.03, 27.02, 20.01, 41.00, 65.68%로 밝혀짐에 따라 우수한 단백질 또는 섬유질 대체자원의 대량 생산이 가능함을 알 수 있었다. 특히 Lemna P.는 식물성 지방보다 동물성 지방에서 검출되는 단일 및 다중 불포화 지방산들을 함유하고 있으며, 가능성 지방산으로 알려진 C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, C20:5n3 및 C22:2 들을 지나고 있어 가축의 가능성 사료자원으로 활용가치가 높을 것으로 판단되었다. Conditions for artificial culture of Lemna Paucicostata and its nutritional values were examined in this study. Lemna P. was cultured using artificial wastewater and a bioreactor (total volume $2,630\;cm^3$, working volume $2,240\;cm^3$) was operated at conditions of 6,250 lux and $28^{\circ}C$. Water flow affected the growth of Lemna P.: growth rate was very high (more than $1.1\;d^{-1}$) at a condition of no-water movement, but it was very low (less than $0.15\;d^{-1}$) when water moved slowly. The growth of Lemna P. was higher in $16h\;d^{-1}$ light cycle than in Sand $24h\;d^{-1}$, and it was also severely affected by the initial $NH_4$-N levels of wastewater. The growth rate of Lemna P. was high in lower $NH_4$-N level, indicating that the growth rate is in inverse proportion to $NH_4$-N concentration in wastewater. However, the contents of crude protein (CP) of Lemna P. were proportional to the initial $NH_4$-N concentration. The CP contents of Lemna P. cultured at 2, 10, 50 and 100 $NH_4$-N mg $L^{-1}$ was 18, 24, 37, 43%, respectively, showing the Lemna P. cultured at 50 and $100\;mg\;L^{-1}$ had similar protein contents to linseed (CP 35%), cottonseed (CP 38%) and soybean (CP 45%). Fat, protein, fiber, NDF and ADF contents of Lemna P. harvested at conditions of $16h\;d^{-1}$ light cycle and less than $2\;mg\;L^{-1}$ of $NH_4$-N level was 2.8, 18, 27, 20, 41 and 65.7%, respectively. Since the growth rate of Lemna P. was very high (more than $1.1\;d^{-1}$) at those conditions, it was convinced that mass production of valuable protein and fiber sources are feasible. In particular, since the Lemna P. has unsaturated fatty acids found mainly in animal fat as well as beneficial fatty acids to health such as C18:ln9c, C18:2n6c, C20:5n3 and C22:2, the Lemna P. biomass would be a highly valuable alternative feed source to grains.