Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)/clay 나노복합재 제조 및 물성에 관한 연구

안준형,김명준,박찬섭,이영철,신동명 한국고분자학회 2004 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2004 No.04

국제법상 요청에 의한 무력개입의 적법성

안준형 국제법평론회 2022 국제법평론 Vol.- No.62

. As “the threat or use of force” is generally prohibited under Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter, the principle prohibiting the use of force has been firmly established as a general principle of international law. In addition, as an exception to the principle prohibiting the use of force, it is generally recognized that the exercise of the right of self-defence against prior armed attack or the use of force under the approval of the United Nations Security Council is exceptionally permitted. Nevertheless, in order to justify the use of force in the international community, States have used various international legal justifications, including anticipatory or preemptive self-defence, humanitarian intervention, protection of overseas nationals, protection of democracy, and self-determination. The so-called “intervention by invitation” is one of the main justifications that States claim to intervene in foreign civil war. However, if consent is granted by the requesting state, there would be no “use of force” prohibited from the beginning, so the intervention cannot be regarded exception to Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter. Despite the relevant principles of international law related to foreign forcible intervention, especially the principle prohibiting the use of force, non-intervention, and self-determination, intervention by invitation is clearly permitted under international law. Nevertheless, if a State intervenes in another state's civil war and uses “intervention by invitation” as a legal justification, the question arises as to who has the authority to request forcible intervention, that is, what is the criterion for judging a legitimate government under international law. For this reason, most of the controversies related to “intervention by request” arise due to the question of who can give valid consent. In this paper, we first theoretically review the legality of intervention by invitation under international law, and then comprehensively review the controversy raised when intervention by invitation is invoked, especially in the context of civil war.

사이버테러 규제입법과 국내법의 역외적용: 보호주의 관할권의 행사기준을 중심으로

안준형 육군사관학교 화랑대연구소 2016 한국군사학논집 Vol.72 No.3

North Korea’s cyberterrorist acts, which have been repeatedly committed in recent years, is a part of its asymmetric strategy. North Korea has continuously attempted to commit a cyberterrorist acts. Furthermore, the impact and destructive power of North Korea’s cyberterrorist acts are getting much stronger. Hence, it is now imperative to establish an appropriate countermeasure for North Korea’s cyberterrorist acts. In March this year, ‘Bill on Anti-Terrorism for the Protection of Citizens and Public Security’ was enacted. Subsequently, the enforcement ordinance and regulation were made public in May and June, respectively. However, cyberterror related elements are not included in the definition of ‘terror’ stipulated in Article 2 of this law. Hence, it is hard to conclude that this law has a substantial significance in the cyberterror regulations. Recently, a large number of cyberterror related studies have been conducted. It is important to note that many of the legal study theses have presented the measures to improve the current legal system against cyberterror. However, a majority of these theses have focused on the cyberterror response system along with the need for enacting an unified lay for cyberterror. That is, most of them have not examined thoroughly the problem associated with extraterritorial application of domestic laws, which might become an issue in the international law. For an effective response to cyberterror, we would inevitably face the issue associated with the extraterritorial application of domestic laws. As a result, this issue would certainly cause conflicts and disputes between the countries concerned. On that account, South Korea also needs to thoroughly review how far exercising the extraterritorial jurisdiction through an unified cyberterror regulatory legislation can be justified under the international law. This paper first aimed to examine why protective principle was proposed as a useful countermeasure to cyberterror on the basis of the development process and concept of protective jurisdiction. Moreover, this paper also aimed to examine the abuse problem caused by the ambiguity of the standards. In addition, this paper attempted to interpret the minimal standards for allowing the exercise of protective jurisdiction in consideration of the circumstance precluding wrongfulness under state responsibility and the determination rule of jurisdiction under the international law. That is to say, this paper can provide important implications for the aspects to be considered by South Korea in the relationship with its neighbors when legislating cyberterror law that will have the issue of extraterritorial application in the future. 최근 거듭되고 있는 북한의 사이버테러는 비대칭전략의 일환으로서 끊임없이 시도되고 있을 뿐 아니라 그 영향력과 파괴력도 한층 강력해지고 있어 이에 대한 적절한 대응책 마련이 시급히 요구되고 있는 실정이다. 올해 3월 ‘국민보호와 공공안전을 위한 테러방지법’이 제정된 것을 시작으로 5월과 6월에 각각 그 시행령과 시행규칙이 마련되기도 하였으나, 동법 제2조에 규정된 ‘테러’의 정의를 살펴보면 사이버테러 관련 요소들은 포함하지 않고 있어 사이버테러 규제에 있어서는 이 법이 실질적인 의의를 갖는다고 보기 어렵다. 이와 같은 상황에서 최근 사이버테러를 주제로 한 연구가 적지 않게 제시되고 있는 가운데 법학논문들 중에서도 상당수가 현행 사이버테러 대응 법체계의 정비방안을 제시하고 있는 것이 눈에 띈다. 그러나 이와 같은 논의들은 대부분 사이버테러를 위한 단일 법률 제정의 필요성과 함께 사이버테러 대응 시스템에 집중된 것으로서, 이 법의 마련으로 국제법상 문제될 수 있는 국내법의 역외적용 문제는 거의 다루지 않고 있다. 사이버테러에 대한 효과적인 대응을 위해서는 국내법의 역외적용이 불가피하다는 점을 고려하면, 이는 관련 국가간 이견과 분쟁을 촉발할 것이 자명하다. 따라서, 우리나라 또한 단일의 사이버테러 규제입법을 마련시 이를 통한 역외관할권 행사가 국제법상 어느 범위까지 정당화될 수 있는지를 구체적으로 검토할 필요가 있다. 본고에서는 먼저 보호주의 관할권의 발전과정과 그 개념에 비추어 오늘날 특수한 성격을 갖는 사이버테러에 보호주의가 유용한 대응책으로 제시되게 된 배경을 고찰하면서, 그 기준의 모호성으로 야기된 남용문제도 함께 살펴보았다. 또한 국제법상 관할권의 결정준칙에 대한 검토를 바탕으로, 국가책임법상의 위법성 조각사유에 비추어 보호주의 관할권 행사가 명백히 허용될 수 있는 최소한의 기준에 대한 해석을 시도하였다. 이는 향후 역외적 효과를 갖는 사이버테러 입법 마련시 주변국들과의 관계에서 우리나라가 고려해야 할 사항들에 대한 일정한 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

급성기 후 보행 가능한 경도 혹은 중등도의 외상성 뇌손상 환자에서 심박동 변이도 분석을 이용한 자율신경 기능의 평가

안준형,이진영,김종훈 대한신경정신의학회 2010 신경정신의학 Vol.49 No.4

Objectives: Autonomic nerve system dysfunction has been reported in patients following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, studies providing direct evidence of a link between the two have been scarce. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate cardiac autonomic modulation in post-acute ambulatory outpatients with TBI using an analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: Twenty-one patients with TBI and 21 age- and gender- matched normal controls were evaluated. The HRV assessments were performed using conventional time and frequency domain analyses as well as non-linear complexity analysis. Results: In the patient group, standard deviation values of the RR intervals (SDNN), the square root of the mean squared differences of successive normal sinus intervals (RMSSD), total successive RR interval difference (TSRD), and the very low frequency (VLF) power spectral parameter were significantly lower than in the control group. The patients with moderate severity of TBI exhibited a significantly lower value of VLF than those with mild severity. The severity of anxiety symptoms had a tendency to be correlated with the mean heart rate and the ratio of low-to-high frequency spectral power. Conclusion: The results of the present study provide evidence that TBI is associated with reduced HRV, suggesting the critical involvement of central autonomic structures in the pathogenesis of TBI. The HRV measures may serve as an index for monitoring aspects of autonomic function in patients with TBI.

청소년의 음란물 몰입에 영향을 미치는 심리사회적 위험요인과 보호요인

안준형,김진영 학습자중심교과교육학회 2022 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.22 No.24

Objectives This study was conducted to explore ways to promote youth health through comprehensive verification of risk factors and protective factors as psychosocial factors affecting adolescents' immersion in pornography. Methods In order to conduct this study, data of 530 teenagers who have experienced pornography among the first graders of high school who participated in the fourth year surveyed by the Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) were used for the final analysis. The SPSS 21.0 program was used for analysis. Frequency analysis and descriptive statistical analysis were conducted to confirm the mean and standard deviation of the demographic characteristics and variables of the study subjects, and Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to diagnose multicollinearity. In addition, a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to examine the risk and protection factors affecting adolescents' commitment to pornography. Results The main results of this study are summarized as follows. First, it was confirmed that the risk factor had a positive influence on adolescents' commitment to pornography. Specifically, it was confirmed that depression, aggression, social atrophy, family risk factors, neglect and abuse experiences strengthen adolescents' immersion in pornography. Second, it was confirmed that the protective factor had a negative influence on adolescents' commitment to pornography. Specifically, it was confirmed that self-elasticity, life satisfaction, and rational explanation, which is a family protection factor, weaken adolescents' commitment to pornography. Conclusions Based on these research results, a social welfare intervention plan for adolescents' immersion in pornography was proposed. 목적 본 연구는 청소년의 음란물 몰입에 영향을 미치는 심리사회적 요인으로 위험요인과 보호요인에 대한 포괄적인 검증을 통해청소년의 건강성을 도모하기 위한 방안을 모색하기 위해 수행되었다. 방법 본 연구를 수행하기 위해 한국아동청소년패널조사(KCYPS)에서 중학교 1학년을 대상으로 조사한 4차 년도(2013)에 참여한고등학교 1학년 중 음란물을 접해본 경험이 있는 청소년 530명의 자료를 최종 분석에 활용하였다. 분석은 SPSS 21.0프로그램을활용하였다. 연구대상의 인구사회학적 특성과 변수들의 평균과 표준편차 확인을 위한 빈도분석과 기술통계분석을 실시하고, 다중공선성 진단을 위한 피어슨상관관계 분석을 실시하였으며, 청소년의 음란물 몰입에 영향을 미치는 위험요인과 보호요인을 살펴보기위해 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과 본 연구의 주요결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 위험요인은 청소년의 음란물 몰입에 정적 영향관계인 것으로 확인되었다. 구체적으로 개인적 위험요인인 우울과 공격성 그리고 사회적 위축과 가족적 위험요인인 방임과 학대경험이 청소년의 음란물 몰입을강화시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 보호요인은 청소년의 음란물 몰입에 부적 영향관계인 것으로 확인되었다. 구체적으로 개인적보호요인인 자아탄력성과 삶의 만족도와 가족적 보호요인인 합리적 설명이 청소년의 음란물 몰입을 약화시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 결론 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 청소년의 음란물 몰입에 대한 사회 복지적 개입 방안을 제시하였다.

한반도 이북지역에 대한 국제점령법의 적용가능성

안준형 대한국제법학회 2015 國際法學會論叢 Vol.60 No.3

어떠한 방식으로든 국군에 의하여 북한지역 점령이 이루어질 경우, 점령된 지역은 헌법 제3조의 영토조항에 따라 당연히 남한의 통치권이 확대되어 국내법이 적용되는 영역에 불과하다. 따라서 국내에서는 북한지역 관할권이 문제되는 일련의 상황이 발생할 경우, 원칙적으로 남한측이 단독으로 관할권을 행사하여야 마땅하고, 현실적인 여건상 그렇게 되지 못한다 하더라도 주도적인 역할을 하여야 한다는 전제 하에 남한측의 관할권 확보를 위한 논거(남북한 특수관계론, 인민자결권 등)들을 중심으로 논의되어 왔다. 그러나 남북한의 UN 동시 가입 이후 북한이 엄연히 ‘주권국가’로 인정되고 있는 현실 속에서 국제사회는 이와 같은 국내법적 논리를 인정하지 않을 가능성이 크다. 오히려 국제법적 관점에서는 북한지역에 남한측의 ‘실효적 지배’가 확립되는 순간 국내법이 아닌 ‘국제점령법’이 적용된다고 볼 것이다. 특히 북한지역에서 이루어질 수 있는 점령의 유형을 그 동안의 국가실행에 있어서 이루어진 다양한 점령 사례에 비추어 판단해 볼 때, 북한 정통정부의 명시적 동의에 근거한 경우와 같은 예외적인 상황이 아닌 한 국제점령법이 적용된다는 것이 주요 국제재판소와 학계의 일반적인 견해라 할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 주의할 것은 우리나라의 경우 포클랜드 점령을 포함한 기타 점령사례와 중요한 차이가 존재한다는 점에서 일반적인 국제점령법의 적용범위와 달리 취급되어야 한다는 점이다. 특히 그 동안 일련의 UN총회 결의에서 확인된 ‘하나의 한국’이라는 명제는 국제점령법의 적용 문제와 관련하여 특수한 의미를 지니며, 대한민국에 북한지역에 대한 이른바 ‘잠정적 주권’이 인정되어야 한다는 점에 주목할 필요가 있다. 이와 같은 입장은 국제사회에 적극적으로 타진되어야 하며, 이외에도 북한지역의 관할권 행사가 문제되는 상황이 발생하는 즉시 대한민국이 주도권확보를 주장할 수 있는 정책적 대응방안을 사전에 마련할 필요가 있다. If the armed forces of the Republic of Korea occupies North Korean territory in case of its contingency, then the occupied territory will be subject to the municipal law of the Republic of Korea because the sovereignty of the Republic of Korea will be expanded to the occupied territory pursuant to Article 3 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. Hereupon, many scholars in South Korea have discussed on this topic mainly with the arguments (sui generis relations between South and North Korea Self-Determination Right, etc.) to justify the Republic of Korea to get the jurisdiction over North Korean territory under the aforementioned premise. According to this view, the Republic of Korea ought to exercise its sole jurisdiction in case of North Korean contingency. And if it is not realistic that the Republic of Korea exercises its sole jurisdiction, it ought play at least a leading role. However, the reality is that North Korea is being recognized as a ‘sovereign state’ since the two Koreas became an official member of UN. On that account, the international community will unlikely accept the aforementioned argument of the Republic of Korea based on its municipal law. From the perspective of international law, the international community will likely conclude that the ‘International law of Occupation’ shall be applied rather than the municipal law of the Republic of Korea when it establishes ‘effective control’ over North Korean territory. In particular, judging the types of contingency and the occupation situations that might take place in North Korea based on various types of occupation according to the state practice in the past, the general view of both the major international courts and the academia is that the International Law of Occupation shall be applied unless it is an exceptional case that acquires an explicit consent of North Korea’s legitimate government. However, it is important to note that the case of the Two Koreas has an important difference from the previous occupation cases including the Occupation of Falkland Islands. That is to say, it is imperative to approach the case of the Two Koreas differently from the conventional applicability of International Law of Occupation. In particular, the premise of ‘One Korea’ confirmed on numerous occasions at UN General Assembly resolution has a special meaning in relation to the issue associated with the applicability of International Law of Occupation. Moreover, it is worth paying attention to the argument that the ‘provisional sovereignty’ of the Republic of Korea over North Korean territory should be recognized. Such position of the Republic of Korea should be actively promoted to the international community. Furthermore, it is necessary for the Republic of Korea to prepare a policy preventive measure to assert its leading role in case of a North Korean contingency.

협력적 위협감소(CTR) 프로그램의 국제법적 쟁점과 과제: 우크라이나 비핵화 사례를 중심으로

안준형 조선대학교 법학연구원 2023 法學論叢 Vol.30 No.1

There are many skepticisms about the prospect of North Korea's denuclearization due to North Korea's strong willingness to possess nuclear weapons and the polarization of the international community. However, the "mission of peaceful unification" stipulated in the preamble of the Republic of Korea's constitution is difficult to make progress without North Korea's denuclearization process. The issue of establishing a peace regime on the Korean Peninsula is inseparable from the issue of North Korea's denuclearization. Therefore, it is necessary to individually review various denuclearization paths that North Korea may take and seek different policy directions suitable for them. To this end, an in-depth review of the state practice that has succeeded in denuclearization is necessary. Among them, Ukraine, which succeeded to nuclear weapons following the dissolution of the former Soviet Union in 1991 and became the world's third-largest nuclear power, has significant implications for North Korea's denuclearization in that it went through denuclearization negotiations in pursuit of security from Russia. Since the cost of denuclearization is considerable, external technical and financial support is also a very important factor in inducing denuclearization to countries with poor economic conditions such as North Korea. In Ukraine, which was in a similar situation, U.S. financial support through the "Cooperative Threat Reduction"(CTR) program had a significant impact on the denuclearization decision. Of course, there are significant differences between North Korea and the former Soviet Union, but the CTR concept could be a powerful tool to support verifiable reductions and dismantlement of North Korea's nuclear weapons and other WMDs and their means of projection. Accordingly, this paper analyzes the international legal implications based on the institutional basis of the Ukrainian CTR program and derives S. Korea's countermeasures.

Assessment of Posterior Globe Flattening: Two-Dimensional versus Three-Dimensional T-Weighted Imaging

안준형,김응엽 대한자기공명의과학회 2015 Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Vol.19 No.3

Purpose: To compare the frequency of posterior globe flattening between twodimensionalT2-weighted imaging (2D T2WI) and three-dimensional (3D T2WI). Materials and Methods: Sixty-nine patients (31 female; mean age, 44.4 years) whohad undergone both 5-mm axial T2WI and sagittal 3D 1-mm isovoxel T2WI of thewhole brain for evaluation of various diseases (headache [n = 30], large hemorrhage [n= 19], large tumor or leptomeningeal tumor spread [n = 15], large infarct [n = 3], andbacterial meningitis [n = 2]) were used in this study. Two radiologists independentlyreviewed both sets of images at separate sessions. Axial T2WI and multi-planarimaging of 3D T2WI were visually assessed for the presence of globe flattening. Theoptic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) was measured at a location 4 mm posterior toeach globe on oblique coronal imaging reformatted from 3D T2WI. Results: There were significantly more globes showing posterior flattening on3D T2WI (105/138 [76.1%]) than on 2D T2WI (27/138 [19.6%], P = 0.001). Interobserveragreement was excellent for both 2D T2WI and 3D T2WI (Cohen’s kappa =0.928 and 0.962, respectively). Intra-class correlation coefficient for the ONSD wasalmost perfect (Cohen’s kappa = 0.839). The globes with posterior flattening hadsignificantly larger ONSD than those without on both 2D and 3D T2WI (P < 0.001;6.14 mm ± 0.44 vs. 5.74 mm ± 0.44 on 2D T2WI; 5.90 mm ± 0.47 vs. 5.56 mm ± 0.34on 3D T2WI). Optic nerve protrusion was significantly more frequent on reformatted1-mm 3D T2WI than on 5-mm 2D T2WI (8 out of 138 globes on 3D T2WI versus oneon 2D T2WI; P = 0.018). Conclusion: Posterior globe flattening is more frequently observed on 3D T2WI thanon 2D T2WI in patients suspected of having increased intracranial pressure. Theglobes with posterior flattening have significantly larger ONSD than those without.

인도주의적 행동 촉구의 국제법적 함의

안준형 조선대학교 법학연구원 2022 法學論叢 Vol.29 No.1

On April 2, 2019, foreign ministers of both France and Germany launched an informal consultative body, The Alliance for Multilateralism, to strengthen the rules-based multilateral order. This was not established as an official international organization but was a kind of "network" that helped participating countries sympathize with the basic principles and norms for cooperation flexibly unite according to issues. The Alliance for Multilateralism presented six initiatives at its first meeting in New York on September 26, 2019, and asked for support, including "Call for Action to strengthen respect for international humanitarian law and principled humanitarian action"(hereafter, Call for Humanitarian Action). On the surface, the Call for Humanitarian Action initiative seems to emphasize compliance with existing rules related to international humanitarian law rather than creating new obligations under international law. The endorsement in this is still limited to European countries, but the need to seek a direction for Korea's response is raised in that it forms the core of middle power diplomacy centered on strengthening rules-based order and multilateralism. To this end, it is necessary to examine in-depth whether a more strengthened obligation is imposed in its content and what international legal implications such obligations have for the Republic of Korea. Accordingly, this paper analyzes international legal implications based on the main contents of The Call for Humanitarian Action and derives Korea's response direction. 2019년 4월 2일 프랑스와 독일 양국의 외교부 장관은 규칙에 기반한 다자질서 강화를 위하여 비공식 협의체인 “다자주의 연대”(Alliances for Multilateralism)를 출범시켰다. 이는 공식적인 국제기구로 설립된 것이 아니라, 협력을 위한 기본 원칙과 규범에 공감하는 참여국들이 사안에 따라 유연하게 연합할 수 있도록 돕는 일종의 ‘네트워크’였다. 다자주의 연대는 2019년 9월 26일 뉴욕에서 열린 첫 번째 회의에서 여섯 가지의 이니셔티브를 제시하면서 그에 대한 지지를 요청했는데, 여기에는 “국제인도법 존중 및 원칙에 입각한 인도주의적 활동 강화를 위한 행동 촉구”가 포함되어 있었다. 표면적으로 인도주의적 행동 촉구 이니셔티브는 새로운 국제법상의 의무를 창출한다기보다 기존에 이미 존재하던 국제인도법 관련 규칙의 준수를 강조하는 것으로 보인다. 이에 대한 참여는 아직까지 유럽국가들에 국한되어 있지만, 규칙에 기반한 질서와 다자주의 강화를 중심으로 한 중견국 외교의 핵심을 이루고 있다는 점에서 이에 대한 한국의 대응방향을 모색할 필요성이 제기된다. 이를 위해서는 그 내용에 있어서 보다 강화된 의무가 부과되는 것은 아닌지, 그와 같은 의무가 한국에 어떠한 국제법적 함의를 갖는지를 심층적으로 검토할 필요가 있다. 이에 따라 본고에서는 인도주의적 행동 촉구의 주요 내용을 바탕으로 국제법적 함의를 분석하고 한국의 대응방향을 도출한다.

Treatment of dental implant displacement into the maxillary sinus

안준형,박상훈,한정준,정승곤,국민석,박홍주,오희균 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2017 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.39 No.-

AbstractBackground: Displacement of dental implants into the maxillary sinus is rare, but it primarily occurs in patientswith severe pneumatization of the maxillary sinus and/or deficiency of the alveolar process. Some complicationssuch as the infection of the paranasal sinuses and formation of the oroantral fistula can be followed by thedisplacement of a dental implant. Therefore, the displaced implant has to be removed immediately with surgicalintervention show and another plan for rehabilitation should be considered. Main body: The conventional procedure for the removal of a displaced implant from the maxillary sinus involvessinus bone grafting and new implant placement performed in two or more steps with a significant time gap inbetween. Simplification of these surgical procedures can decrease the treatment duration and patient discomfort. Conclusions: In this review, we discuss the anatomical characteristics of the maxillary sinus and the complicationsassociated with implant displacement into the sinus.