전이성 골암에 의한 해면골의 미세구조와 골화 분포 변화

박선욱,전옥희,고창용,김지현,김한성,전경진,임도형,Park, Sun-Wook,Jeon, Ok-Hee,Ko, Chang-Yong,Kim, Chi-Hyun,Kim, Han-Sung,Chun, Keyoung-Jin,Lim, Do-Hyung 대한의용생체공학회 2009 의공학회지 Vol.30 No.5

Purpose: The aim of present study is to detect longitudinal alterations of mechanical characteristic determined by bone quality (microarchitecture and degree of mineralization) on femur trabecular bone due to metastatic bone tumor Materials and Methods: Each 6 female SD rats (12 weeks old, approximate 250g) were allocated in SHAM and TUMOR Group. W256 (Walker carcinosarcoma 256 malignant breast cancer cell) was injected into the right femur (intraosseous injection) in TUMOR Group, whereas 0.9% NaCl (saline solution) was injected in SHAM Group. The right hind limbs of all rats were scanned by in-vivo micro-CT to acquire structural parameters, bone mineral density, X-ray attenuation and bone mineralization distribution at 0 week and 4 weeks after surgery. Results: BMD, BV/TV and Tb.N of trabecular bone in TUMOR group were markedly decreased (26%, 11% and 23%) while those in SHAM group were significantly increased (34%, 48% and 11%) (p<0.05). BS/BV, Tb.Sp and SMI in TUMOR group were significantly increased (-16%, 38% and 2%) compared with those in SHAM group (-33%, 12% and -16%) (p<0.05). Additionally, bone mineralization in TUMOR group significantly decreased while those in SHAM group was significantly increased (p<0.05). Conclusion: It is identified that how much bone microarchitecture and mineralization are diminished due to the metastatic bone tumor. The results may be helpful to prediction of fracture risk by metastatic bone tumor.

II. 2000년대(年代)를 위한 신비종(新肥種)의 개발(開發)

박선욱,Park, Seon-Uk 한국토양비료학회 1991 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.24 No.-

비료(肥料)를 공업적(工業的)으로 제조(製造)하여 농업(農業)에 사용(使用)하기 시작(始作)한 이래(以來) 신비종(新肥種)의 개발(開發)에 대한 관심(關心)은 부단(不斷)히 계속(繼續)되어 왔으며 현재(現在)에도 어느 국가(國家)나 생산업계(生産業界)에서 개발(開發)을 위한 노력(努力)을 많이 기우리고 있음이 현실(現實)일 것이다. 어느 국가(國家)와 어느 시대(時代)에 있어서나 현존(現存) 비종(肥種)을 생산(生産)함에는 소비(消費)와 생산면(生産面)에서 상응(相應)하는 사정(事情)이 있었을 것이며 또한 미래(未來)에도 신비종(新肥種)을 개량(改良)하거나 창제(創製)함에는 여러 가지 관련문제(關聯問題)를 검토(檢討)하여 새로운 요구(要求)에 합리적(合理的)으로 부합(符合)되도록 설계(設計)해야 할 것이다. 비료(肥料)는 현대(現代) 농업(農業)에서 불가피(不可避)하게 사용(使用)되는 기본자재(基本資材)이며 세계적(世界的)으로 그 소비(消費)가 증가(增加)되나 국가별(國家別) 농업(農業)의 특수성(特殊性)에 맞추어서 비료(肥料)의 형태(形態)와 생산량(生産量)에 차이(差異)가 있게 되며 또 변화(變化), 개량(改良)될 것이다. 우리나라의 농업(農業)이 최근(最近) 급속(急速)히 변화(變化)되면서 생산수단(生産手段)과 경영(經營)에도 큰 변혁(變革)이 불가피(不可避)하게 따라야 할 것으로 판단(判斷)된다. 생산수단(生産手段)의 개량(改良)은 농산물(農産物) 생산가(生産價)를 낮추고 노력(勞力)의 투입(投入)을 줄이며 우수품질(優秀品質)의 농산물(農産物)을 안정적(安定的)으로 생산(生産)하기 위한 대응책(對應策)이 될 것이다. 비료(肥料)의 사용(使用)은 이러한 시대적(時代的) 요구(要求)에 맞추어 신비종(新肥種)이 개발(開發)되고 시용기술면(施用技術面)에서 발전(發展)이 있어야 될 것이다. 미래(未來)의 우리 나라 농업(農業)을 위하여 개발(開發)되어야 할 비종(肥種)의 형태(形態)와 그에 관련(關聯)되는 요건(要件)은 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 시비효율(施肥效率)을 높히기 위하여서나 성력재배(省力裁培)를 위하여 완효성(緩效性) 비료(肥料) 특히 질소비료(窒素肥料)의 신비종(新肥種) 개발(開發)이 절실(切實)히 필요(必要)하다고 판단(判斷)됨. 신비종(新肥種)은 대상작물(對象作物)의 종류(種類), 재배방식(裁培方式) 및 기계화(機械化) 상태(狀態)에 적합(適合)한 형태별(形態別)로 제조(製造)됨이 바람직함. 완효성(緩效性) 질소비료(窒素肥料)의 제조(製造)에는 화학합성(化學合成), 성형화(成形化), 흡착화(吸着化) 및 피복화(被覆化) 방식중(方式中) 성형화(成形化)에 의한 것이 최다(最多)이나 피복화(被覆化)도 재료(材料)와 기술(技術)의 발전(發展)에 따라 증가(增加)의 경향(傾向)임. 2. 현존(現存) 복합비료(複合肥料)의 토양(土壤) 및 작물(作物)에 대한 적합성(適合性)을 재검토(再檢討)하여 효율(效率)을 높히도록 개량(改良)함. 3. 소시비방식(少施肥方式)의 영농(營農)으로서 환경(環境)을 오염(汚染)으로부터 방호(防護)할 것이며 4. 작물종류(作物種類)(품종포함(品種包含)) 유전자형별(遺傳子型別) 비료감응성(肥料感應性)을 검정(檢定)하여 소시비(少施肥), 고효율(高效率)을 기(期)하도록함. 5 작물(作物)의 영양생리학(營養生理學) 분야(分野)에서도 비료외적(肥料外的)인 성장관련요인(成長關聯要因)의 작용(作用)을 연구(硏究)하여 응용(應用)의 가능성(可能性)을 추구(追究)함이 미래(未來)의

ISIS 난민발생사태에 대한 인도적 개입의 적법성

박선욱(PARK, Seonuk) 전북대학교 법학연구소 2016 法學硏究 Vol.48 No.-

이라크 및 시리아에서의 난민발생사태는 수 십 년간 지속되어온 이 지역에서의 분쟁으로 말미암아 나타났고 최근 이슬람국가들에 의한 폭력으로 인도적 재앙 양상을 보이게 되었다. 무수한 난민들은 폭력에 시달리고 뿔뿔이 흩어지다가 열악한 환경에 처해지게 되었고 이러한 대규모의 인구 이동은 그 지역 전체를 불안하게 하면서 인접국들의 안전도 위협하고 있다. 이 글에서는 최근 난민발생 등의 인도적 사태에서 국가들이 국제법에 따른 인도적 개입권한을 가지는지를 논하고자 한다. 국제법에 따른 인도적 개입이 가능하다면 이라크 및 시리아에서 발생하는 인도적 난민발생사태에도 인도적 개입은 가능한 것이다. 국제법에 따른 인도적 개입에 대해 논하고 난민발생사태에 대한 인도적 개입을 위한 법적 체계를 제시하고자 한다. 이 글에서는 국내 난민발생사태를 적절히 해결할 수 없다면 국제법에 따른 인도적 개입은 가능하며 국가는 집단학살, 전쟁범죄, 인도에 반한 범죄, 인종청소 등과 같은 범죄로부터 자국민을 보호할 책임이 있으며 국가가 명백히 이러한 범죄로부터 자국민을 보호하지 않을 경우 타국에 의한 조치를 감수해야 함을 논하고자 한다. The refugee crises in Iraq and Syria, which has been evolving over the past decade as a result of both ongoing conflict in these countries and the recent surge of Islamic State-led violence has turned into a true humanitarian crisis. Tens of thousands of refugees have been subjected to violence and forced to live under dire conditions, and such massive population flows have threatened the stability of neighboring countries. The United States and several other countries have been engaged in a military air strike campaign against the Islamic State, but the international community has otherwise not authorized a multilateral military action against the Islamic State in order to alleviate refugee and other humanitarian suffering. This Article will argue that in light of such a tremendous humanitarian crisis, international law authorizes states to intervene through the theory of humanitarian intervention. This Article will focus on the use of force under international law, discuss the concept of humanitarian intervention, and propose a legal framework for the humanitarian intervention. It will conclude that international law should develop in order to embrace a framework for humanitarian intervention, which can apply to situations of severe refugee crises causing humanitarian suffering.

미국 해외부패방지법(Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; FCPA)에 따른 관할권의 역외적용

박선욱 ( Seon Uk Park ) 한국법정책학회 2013 법과 정책연구 Vol.13 No.3

국제거래에서의 부패행위, 특히 한 국가의 기업이 다른 국가의 공무원에게 뇌물을 제공하는 행위는 공정한 경쟁과 시장의 건전성을 저해한다. 국제거래에서 행해지는 이러한 부패행위가 공정하고 자유로운 국제무역에 방해가 된다는 인식이 확산되어 이러한 부패행위를 방지하기 위한 노력을 하게 되었다. 국제사회에서 적극적으로 이 문제를 제기한 국가는 미국이었다. 미국은 워터게이트사건 이후 미국은 미국인 및 미국기업의 해외에서의 뇌물행위 등 해외부패관행을 규제하기 위하여 해외부패방지법(Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; FCPA)을 제정하였다. 동 법에 따르면, (i)미국내 상장 또는 등록된 기업, 미국 기업, 미국 시민, 또는 미국내 체류중인 자가, (ii)외국의 공무원 등을 상대로, (iii)금전이나 금품의 제공이 외국의 공무원의 공적인 의사결정에 영향을 미치거나 또는 뇌물제공자의 사업을 유지하거나 획득할 수 있도록 공무원으로 하여금 영향력 행사를 유도할 목적으로 이용될 것이라는 것을 인식하거나 인식할 만한 이유가 있고, (iv)금전 또는 금품을 제공하거나, 제공할 것을 약속하거나, 제공을 허락한 경우, 동 법에 따른 처벌을 받게 된다. 최근 사례를 보면, FCPA는 미국 기업뿐만 아니라 미국에 상장되어 있는 기업, 해외 기업의 미국내 자회사 등에 대해서까지 확대 적용되고 있다. 미국은 자국 기업을 보호하기 위하여 동 법을 활발히 적용하고 있다. 한국은 미국과 한미자유무역협정을 체결하여 양국간 기업투자가 활발해질 것이고, 또한 이러한 기업이 미국 혹은 제3국에서 투자관련 국제거래를 하는 경우 한국 기업이 외국 공무원에게 뇌물을 제공한다면 미국의 FCPA 적용가능성을 항상 염두해야 한다. 1998년 개정으로 FCPA는 그 적용범위가 넓어졌고 관할권행사의 범위도 확대되었기에 동 법 및 동 법에 따른 역외적용 가능성에 대해 고찰할 필요가 있다. In 1977, the United States enacted the FCPA in response to the Watergate scandal, intending it to have a large impact on American business. Since the 1998 amendments to the FCPA, however, a foreign company is subject to the FCPA “if it causes, directly or through agents, an act in furtherance of the corrupt payment to take place within the territory of the United States.”The 1998 Amendments greatly enlarged the assertion of U.S. jurisdiction over U.S. nationals who commit prohibited acts abroad and over foreign nationals who commit an act in furtherance of violations of the FCPA in the territorial United States. The jurisdictional reach of the amended FCPA with regard to foreign nationals extends to virtually any contact with the United States. A telephone call to the United States, a letter mailed to the United States, the use of air or road travel, or the clearing of a check or wire transfer of funds through a financial institution in the United States apparently are sufficient predicates for jurisdiction, so long as the act in some way furthers a violation of the FCPA. The effects doctrine extends even farther the potential reach of U.S. jurisdiction over foreign nationals. Even though due process requires that an accused have “minimum contacts” with the forum, under an effects analysis, evidence that a foreign national caused a prohibited action to be taken in the United States by a third party could be the predicate for U.S. subject matter and in personam jurisdiction over a foreign national, even one who was never physically present in the United States. Fortunately, the proscriptive zeal of the FCPA is restrained by international law which imposes a requirement of reasonableness on the exercise of both proscriptive and enforcement jurisdiction. Under this standard, the interests of the foreign sovereign in which the foreign national resides must be weighed against the interest of the United States in enforcing its laws. As the FTA between Korea and the U.S. is in effect, it is necessary to review the FCPA`s jurisdictional component and its problematic extraterritorial reach, and illustrate a proposal to limit that reach in conformance with international law.

엉덩관절 수술 환자에서 스마트폰을 이용한 관절가동범위 측정의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구

박선욱 ( Sun Wook Park ),김명수 ( Myoung Soo Kim ),배효선 ( Hyo Sun Bae ),차용호 ( Yong Ho Cha ) 대한물리의학회 2015 대한물리의학회지 Vol.10 No.2

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to assess the intra-tester and inter-tester reliability and validity of hip range of motion using a smart phone in hip operative patients. METHODS: Twenty-five patients (eight total hip arthroplasty and seventeen femur neck fracture) participated in this study. The range of motions in active and passive hip flexion, abduction and external rotation were measured with a goniometer and smart phone over two times by two observers. The intra-tester and inter-tester reliability were evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1). The validity was measured by Pearson’s correlation coefficient RESULTS: The intra-observer reliability was good in all measured items (ICC>0.78). The inter-observer reliability was high with ICC (>0.90). All correlation coefficients of smart phone and goniometer was greater than 0.85 and showed a significant positive correlation (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The range of motion measurement with a smart phone showed acceptable reliability. Therefore, it could be convenient and have economical benefits to measure the range of motion of the hip joint using a smart phone.

전이성골암 연구를 위한 동물모델 개발 및 검증

박선욱 ( Sun Wook Park ),전옥희 ( Ok Hee Jeon ),김지현 ( Chi Hyun Kim ),김한성 ( Han Sung Kim ),전경진 ( Keyoung Jin Chun ),임도형 ( Do Hyung Lim ) 한국조직공학·재생의학회 2010 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.7 No.1

Bone is one of the most favored sites of tumor metastasis. However, the existent animal models developed to understand mechanism of occurrence and progress of metastatic bone tumor generally showed difficulties of reproducibility and performance of longitudinal study, and inaccuracy of validation. The aim of this study was, therefore, to newly develop and accurately validate an animal model for study of metastatic bone tumor with overcome of the limitations shown in the existent animal models. Eighteen female Sprague-Dawley rats (12 weeks old, 250+7 g) were randomly allocated in Sham and Tumor groups. W256 breast cancer cell was inoculated in the right femur of the rat for Tumor group, while 0.9% NaCl was injected for Sham group. Urine was collected by metabolic cages for DPD (deoxypyridinoline) test in order to evaluate bone resorption at 0, 4, 8, 12 weeks after surgery. At the same time, the right hind limbs of all rats were scanned by in-vivo micro-computered tomography (CT) to identify tumor-mediated bone destruction driven from metastatic bone tumor. Finally, positron emission tomography was examined to directly identify existence of tumor cells inoculated in the bone. DPD test showed that bone resorption markedly increased in the bone of Tumor group compared to that of Sham group (p<0.05). In-vivo micro-computed tomography showed that there were significant bone losses and X-ray attenuation values in the bone of Tumor group compared to that of Sham group after surgery. In addition, tumor cells were directly identified in the bone of Tumor group by positron emission tomography, not in the bone of Sham group. The results indicated that the developed animal model might be confidential and reasonable to performances of studies related to metastatic bone tumor, with easy reproducibility, accuracy of validation, and suitability to performance of longitudinal study. To our knowledge, this study may prove valuable as the first development of the animal model overcoming the limitations shown in the existent animal models. The animal model developed in the present study may be useful for further metastatic bone tumor studies as mentioned.

기후변화에 따른 한반도 난대성 상록활엽수 잠재서식지 분포 변화

박선욱(Seon Uk Park),구경아(Kyung Ah Koo),공우석(Woo-Seok Kong) 대한지리학회 2016 대한지리학회지 Vol.51 No.2

본 연구는 난대성 상록활엽수에 대한 기후변화의 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 분포 북방한계지가 중부해안인 난대성 상록활엽수 9종을 선정하고, 각 종의 분포 자료와 최한월최저기온, 겨울철강수량에 Generalized Additive Model(GAM) 알고리즘을 적용하여 종분포모형을 구축하였다. 종분포모형에 현재와 미래기후자료, 토지이용도를 적용하여 난대성 상록활엽수의 현재와 미래 잠재서식지를 예측하였다. 기후요소 분석 결과에서 최한월최저기온은 모든 종의 분포에 유의한 영향을 주지만, 겨울철강수량은 종에 따라 영향이 다르게 나타났다. 9종은 잠재서식지의 분포 패턴에 따라 3개의 유형(중부해안형, 남서해안형, 중부경상내륙형)으로 분류되며 기후변화와 토지이용의 영향이 다르게 나타났다. 토지이용을 고려했을 때 9종에서 60% 이상의 잠재서식지가 감소하며, 특히 중부경상내륙형에 속하는 종들은 다른 유형에 비해 높은 서식지 감소를 보였다. 9종 모두 기후변화에 따라 2050년과 2070년에 분포지가 북쪽으로 확대될 것으로 예측되었지만, 분포 유형에 따라 각기 다르게 나타났다. 이러한 분포 유형별 기후변화 영향이 다른 것은 겨울철강수량의 시공간적 변화와 종별로 미치는 영향의 정도가 다르기 때문으로 판단된다. We accessed the climate change effects on the distributions of warm-evergreen broad-leaved trees (shorten to warm-evergreens below) in the Korean Peninsula (KP). For this, we first selected nine warmevergreens with the northern distribution limits at mid-coastal areas of KP and climate variables, coldest month mean temperature and coldest quarter precipitation, known to be important for warm-evergreens growth and survival. Next, species distribution models (SDMs) were constructed with generalized additive model (GAM) algorithm for each warm-evergreen. SDMs projected the potential geographical distributions of warm evergreens under current and future climate conditions in associations with land uses. The nine species were categorized into three groups (mid-coastal, southwest-coastal, and southeast-inland) based on their current spatial patterns. The effects of climate change and land uses on the distributions depend on the current spatial patterns. As considering land uses, the potential current habitats of all warm-evergreens decrease over 60%, showing the highest reduction rate for the Kyungsang-inland group. SDMs forecasted the expansion of potential habitats for all warm-evergreens under climate changes projected for 2050 and 2070. However, the expansion patterns were different among three groups. The spatial patterns of projected coldest quarter precipitation in 2050 and 2070 could account for such differences.

주거지 형태와 척도의 적절성 분석지표에 관한 연구

박선욱(Park, Sun-Uk) 한국주거환경학회 2009 주거환경(한국주거환경학회논문집) Vol.7 No.2

Urban and architectural spaces can be observed immediately as like almost continuous activities. And we experience various images of the spaces in everyday life. These images contain observers' point of view and pertinence about the form and the scale of spaces at the same time. This study starts with some questions ; how can we define the pertinence of the form and the scale in urban residential area after the observers' point of view? why does the pertinence of the form and the scale come out differently after the observers' point of view in urban and architectural spaces? and finally, what is the standard of the decision about this pertinence? So, this study aims to see and comprehend the category about the factors of the form and the scale in urban and architectural spaces with the sample of residential area, how they are divided, and the different interpretation about the pertinence after the observers point of view, too. The results of this study would offer basic and theoric ground for the interpretation or comprehension for the pertinence of the form and the scale about our urban residential area where we have everyday life on.

미국의 외국인 불법행위법에 따른 책임

박선욱 ( Park Seonuk ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2016 법학논총 Vol.40 No.3

Individual human rights protection has become a central focus of the international legal community. How a state treats individuals, including its own citizens, is a matter of international concern and a proper subject for regulation by international law. Traditionally, the rights of individual citizens within a nation were generally beyond the scope of international law. However, after World War II, the existence of the United Nations has fostered an international network, in which states experience a heightened sense of opinio juris and with this, an increased sense of obligation to follow trends in international law. In addition, given the sharp growth of MNCs throughout the world, concerns have arisen with respect to corporate behavior and civil liability for overseas activity. These concerns have reached a critical mass and are manifested in the growing number of lawsuits filed pursuant to the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) against MNCs alleging the defendant`s conduct resulted in human rights abuses and are thus actionable in United States federal courts under the ATCA. The ATCA provides jurisdiction in United States district courts for an action by an alien, for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States. This Article will provide an overview and analysis of how the federal courts have interpreted ATCA cases. It is manifestly clear that the ATCA can be used against corporations in the appropriate case with potentially serious financial implications. That fact may encourage foreign nationals to bring their lawsuits in the U.S. courts and global businesses must assume that after Sosa they face a risk of liability in American courts for certain types of behavior abroad which may be equal to the risk such practices would create if occurring in the United States.

종합병원 물리치료사의 임파워먼트가 직무만족에 미치는 영향

박선욱 ( Sun-wook Park ) 대한물리의학회 2018 대한물리의학회지 Vol.13 No.2

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of empowerment on job satisfaction for physical therapists in general hospitals. METHODS: A total of 297 physical therapists working in general hospitals throughout the country participated in the study survey using self-administered questionnaires. The questionnaires comprised three major parts, i.e., questions about general characteristics, empowerment, and job satisfaction, which were rated using a 5-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis was performed to analyze the frequency and percentage of participants, and the independent t-test and analysis of variance were performed to determine the difference in job satisfaction according to the general characteristics. Stepwise multiple regression was used to evaluate the factors that affect job satisfaction. RESULTS: The average of total empowerment, including two subordinate concepts, was 3.29 points, that of psychological empowerment was 3.53 points, and that of structural empowerment was 3.05 points. The average job satisfaction of the participants was 3.43 points, and it showed a significant difference in age, overall work experience, current work experience, position, annual salary, and daily work hours. Moreover, job satisfaction increased as the subordinate factors for empowerment, i.e., support, resources, chance, and competence, increased. Other factors that affect job satisfaction were daily work hours, number of colleagues, type of work, annual salary, and therapeutic assistance. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that job satisfaction of physical therapists working in general hospitals was related to empowerment, thereby indicating that job satisfaction and work performance can be increased by improving their empowerment.