전망이론 측면에서 본 푸에블로호사건과 북한의 정책선택

김창규(Kim, Chang-kyu) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2018 군사 Vol.- No.106

This study is the analysis based on Prospect Theory for the North Korea’s mechanism of policy choices on the USS Pueblo Incident happened in 1968. The Kim’s reference points at the time of the USS Pueblo incident are externally to protect North Korea’s sovereignty, to strengthen the alliance with the U.S.S.R. and China in addition to maintaining the autonomy for national security, internally to consolidate the Kim’s autocratic power and to reinforce the revolutional power against the South Korea The USS Pueblo incident can be divided into two stages. The first stage is to seize of the USS Pueblo and the first response stage of the U.S.A. and North Korea. (from Jan. 16 to Feb. 1) At this stage, Kim estimated that the U.S.A. would not drive the situations to war because of her domestic and international political difficulties. In early January 1968, North Korea faced the difficult political situations due to her contradictory relationships with U.S.S.R. and China, the increase of consciousness to be encircled because of the establishment of the diplomatic relationship between South Korea and Japan, and the failure of the raid on Blue House by the North Korea’s guerrillas. In these situations, the information collection of the USS Pueblo on North Korea was a threat against North Korea’s security and a violation of North Korea’s sovereignty, and it was also a challenge against Kim. So Kim perceived the situations were in loss-domain on the basis of his 4 reference points and chose the risk-taking collision policy to seize of the USS Pueblo and to deny negotiation. The second stage is the negotiations between the U.S.A. and North Korea. (from Feb. 2 to Dec. 23). As all efforts were failed, the leadership of the U.S.A. could not help stopping the armed demonstration and sitting down on the table for the individual negotiations with North Korea. As the negotiations had been going on, the U.S.A. had somewhat conceded ‘3A’(Admit, Apologize, Assure) and North Korea could get the result to be admitted the North Korea’s sovereignty by the U.S.A. Kim had got the result to strengthen the alliance with the U.S.S.R. and to acquire her additional economical and military support, to improve the relationship with China, to enhance his internal & external prestige, to support the North Vietnam indirectly and to succeed in resulting in conflict between Korea and the U.S.A. These situations almost satisfied Kim’s 4 reference points. So Kim perceived the situations as gain-domain and decided to choose the risk-avoiding selection to conclude the negotiations. This study shows the effectiveness of Prospect Theory. It will be the short cut to grasp the reference points of North Korea’s leadership and the mechanism of policy choice and to cut or change its links in order to prevent and oppose the continuing North Korea’s provocation effectively. This study expects to contribute to this.

연속적 공침 선농축-수소화물 발생법을 이용한 ICP-AES에서의 비소의 감도 개선

김창규,박용남,Kim, Chang-Gyu,Pak, Yong-Nam 대한화학회 2004 대한화학회지 Vol.48 No.6

본 연구에서는 연속흐름 주입법에 의한 공침농축과 수소화물발생을 결합하여 유도결합 플라즈마 원자방출분광법에서 비소 이온을 고감도로 분석할 수 있는 방법을 개발하고 산화수에 따라 $As^{3+}와\;As^{5+}$를 분리하여 분석하였다. 미량의 비소시료는 In 공침제와 함께 공침되고 필터에 걸러진 후, 강산을 침전용해제로 사용하여 용리시켰다. 용리된 비소는 수소화물 발생장치에 들어가고 환원제와 혼합된 후 수소화물이 되어 ICP로 주입된다. 현재의 연속적 공침 농축-수소화물 발생법은 ICP를 단독으로 사용했을 때 보다 약 70배 정도의 감도를 높일 수 있었고, 이것은 공침농축이나 수소화물 발생법을 단독으로 사용한 것보다 각기 7배 및 10배 정도 높았다. 이것은 부피 0.3 mL의 1.0 ppm 용액에 대한 결과이며 만일 시료부피를 증가시킨다면 감도는 더욱 개선될 것이다. 시료의 측정횟수는 10 회/hr 이며 검출한계는 0.020 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}(3{\sigma})$이고 정밀도는 7-10%이다. 또한, 시트르산을 이용하여 비소의 화학종간의 수소화물 발생의 차이를 만들어 시료내의 $As^{3+}\;와\;As^{5+}$ 이온을 분리정량해 낼 수 있었다. In a stream of aqueous sample, trace arsenic ions were quantitatively coprecipitated and detected in ICP-AES through hydride generation. In was used as a coprecipitating reagent. The precipitate was collected on a filter and dissolved by HCl. The eluted As was sent into the reaction coil to generate hydrides and analyzed by ICP. With optimal conditions, and with a sample of 0.3 mL, an enrichment of 70 was obtained with the sampling speed of 10/hr. When compared with coprecipitation and hydride generation technique, the sensitivity was increased by 7 and 10 times, respectively. The limit of detection limit$(3{\sigma})$ was 0.020 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and the precision was 7-10%. Separation of $As^{3+}\;and\;As^{5+}$ were possible using citric acid in hydride generation.

Fe₃O₄ 나노분말을 이용한 전기화학적 비효소 면역센서 응답특성

김창규,이경자,엄영랑,이민구,이창규,Kim, Chang-Kyu,Lee, Gyoung-Ja,Uhm, Young-Rang,Lee, Min-Ku,Rhee, Chang-Kyu 한국분말야금학회 2009 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.16 No.3

In this paper, the electrochemical non-enzyme immunosensor has been developed for the determination of salmonella antigen, using inverse voltammetry. For the estimation of salmonella antigen concentration, the $Fe_3O_4$ nanoparticles synthesized by microemulsion method were conjugated with salmonella antigen. Then, the immunocomplex between antibody immobilized on the transducer surface and antigen containing a magnetic nanoparticles was formed. From the linear relationship between the reduction peak current of Fe(III) and salmonella antigen concentration, it is suggested that the electrochemical non-enzyme biosensor is applicable to detect salmonella antigen in the concentration range of $10^1-10^5$ CFU/ml.

에듀테인먼트 전략을 활용한 모바일 학습 환경에서의 동기 모형의 설계 및 구현

김창규,전우천,Kim, Chang-Gyu,Jun, Woo-Chun 한국정보교육학회 2008 정보교육학회논문지 Vol.12 No.1

Over online education based on wired Internet technologies, due to recent development of various mobile technologies, education based on mobile environment becomes popular. In the meanwhile, the young students are more interested in game-based education that provides more interaction and instant feedback than one-way cramming education. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a new motivation model for mobile environment and apply the model to the elementary school students. The proposed model, based on Keller's motivation model, is designed to increase study effects through motivating students with various game strategies. The proposed motivation model has the following characteristics. First of all, the best game genre can be provided for each study theme in early planning stage. Second, the model can allow students to have more interests in their study activity by providing various edutainment elements. Third, a stage of producing game synopsis and concrete scenario is included in motivation model. The stage enables more complete combination of game and mobile motivation strategies. Finally, the proposed model allows contents developed to be appled in teaching plan without any refinement. That is, the model allows a teaching plan to be extracted from study contents instantly.

오스템퍼링처리한 C/V 흑연주철의 마멸특성에 미치는 오스템퍼링 온도의 영향에 관한 연구

김창규,김중배,장영석 ( Chang Gyu Kim,Jung Bae Kim,Young Suk Jang ) 한국주조공학회 1996 한국주조공학회지 Vol.16 No.3

N/A C/V graphite cast iron containing a small amount of Cu and Mo for better hardenability and microstructure, was poured into the CO₂mold and then austenitized at 900℃ for 2hours. After austenitizing, the specimens of castings were austempered at 250℃, 300℃ and 350℃, respectively. The interrelationship among matrix structures, mechanical properties, wear characteristics, and austempering temperatures were investigated in this study. Wear amount increased with the increase of ferrite and retained austenite. The amount of sliding wear loss increased as sliding speed and final load increased, and wear loss of austempered C/V graphite cast iron under dry sliding condition was characterized by three models; initial wear, stationary wear and abnormal wear. The wear amount decreased with the decrease of austempering temperature, with the increase of tensile strength and hardness.

오스템퍼링처리한 C/V 흑연주철의 파괴특성에 미치는 기지조직의 영향에 관한 연구

김창규,김홍범,최창옥 ( Chang Gyu Kim,Hong Beum Kim,Chang Ock Choi ) 한국주조공학회 1996 한국주조공학회지 Vol.16 No.2

N/A Effect of various austempered structures on fracture characteristics of C/V graphite cast iron has studied. The tensile strength and hardness reached the maximum value of 971.4㎫ and HB302 at the austempering temperature of 250℃, respectively. As the austempering temperature increased, the amount of retained austenite increased from 18% to 22, 29%, while K_(IC) values ranged from the value of 65㎫·m^(12) to 70MPa·m^(½), 66MPa·m^(½). This fact that K_(IC) value was not sensitive to the increase of the amount of the retained austenite was that K_(IC) was dependent on the matrix structure in lower bainitic matrix, while dependent on the notch effect from C/V graphite shape in upper bainitic matrix. Fractured surfaces showed a ductile fracture pattern at 300℃. Very large coalescence by C/V graphite and relatively small voids by spheroidal graphite were observed.

Erythropoietin 의 in vitro 분석방법에 관한 연구

김창규,정구헌,이광무,곽효성,양호석,서정선 ( Chang Kyu Kim,Koo Hun Chung,Kwang Moo Lee,Hyo Sung Kwak,Ho Suk Yang,Jung Sun Seo ) 생화학분자생물학회 1991 BMB Reports Vol.24 No.1

We described the method that provides simple, specific, sensitive and precise erythropoietin(EPO) assay. Experiment dealing with the various parameters involved in the procedure was described. The microassay that utilizes spleen cells from phenylhydrazine treated mice as the responder population and ³H-thymidine incorporation as the endpoints was established. Under the our condition used, EPO levels from 20 mU/well down to as little as 0.3 mU/well can be accurately measured with a corresponding variation in counts of 50 fold. This assay takes 28h and requires only very small(10 ㎕) samples for evaluation. The results obtained from the assay of urine samples were in good agreement with the values derived by R·I·A (r=0.86).

오스템퍼링 처리한 회주철의 파괴특성에 미치는 오스템퍼링 온도의 영향에 관한 연구

김창규,이성열,최창옥 ( Chang Gyu Kim,Sung Yul Lee,Chang Ock Choi ) 한국주조공학회 1992 한국주조공학회지 Vol.12 No.6

N/A Grey cast iron containing a small amount of Cu and Mo to improve the effect of heat treatment and microstructure were cast and them austenitized. After austenitizing the specimens of castings were austempered at 250℃, 300℃ and 350℃. The effects of matrix structures on mechanical properties and fracture characteristics at the different austempering temperature were investigated. Tensile strength, hardness and impact toughness of austempered grey cast iron showed maximum valve 359㎫, 321 HB, 3.9 CVN respectively at the lowest austempering temperature, 250℃. K_(IC) of gref cast iron at a austempering temperature, 250℃, showed maximum 44㎫.m^(½) even though the amount of retained austenite in it is only 16%. This mainly comes from the refinement of the retained austenite. Quasi-cleavage pattern with a little fit of fibrous pattern was shown on the fractured surface of austempered grey cast iron at all of the temperatures tested.

오스템퍼드 구상흑연주철의 파괴특성에 미치는 기지조직의 영향

김창규,최창옥 ( Chang Gyu Kim,Chang Ock Choi ) 한국주조공학회 1991 한국주조공학회지 Vol.11 No.3

N/A The Effects of the matrix structures and the amount of the retained austenite in austempered ductile iron(ADI) which contains Ni, Cu and Mo on fracture characteristics were inverstigated. The structures were changed from lower bainite to mixture of Lower and upper bainite, and then to upper bainite as austempering temperature increased. A higher austempering temperature yielded lower tensile strength and hardness, but higher impact valve and K_(IC) . In addition, the amount of the retained austenite increased with the austempering temperatures. Fracture surface showed a fibrous pattern and a dimple pattern with increasing the retained austenite amount.

DBPAS를 이용한 CaWO₄ 결정의 결함특성

김창규,안창모,송기영,이종용,Kim, Chang-Gyu,An, Chang-Mo,Song, Gi-Yeong,Lee, Jong-Yong 한국재료학회 2002 한국재료학회지 Vol.12 No.5

DBPAS has been used to characterize atomic level defect structures in materials. In this investigation the numerical analysis of the Doppler spectra was restricted to the determination of the shape parameter, S, defined as the ratio between the total amount of counts in a central portion of the spectrum and the total amount of counts. As samples were exposed by X-ray increasing from 3, 6, and 9 Gy with 6 MV, and 10 MV each and also by E-beam increasing the energies with 6 MeV, 9 MeV, 12 MeV, and 20 MeV. The S-parameter values were increased as increasing the exposed time and the energies. The S-parameters of the large and small size grains in $CaWO_4$ were measured. The S-parameter of the small size grains in $CaWO_4$ was resulted in larger values.