《丁莊夢》에 나타난 '꿈'의 서사전략

김봉연 한국중국소설학회 2012 中國小說論叢 Vol.37 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to present reflections on the various meaning of “dream” in Yanlianke’s novel Dream of Ding Village. Dream of Ding Village portrays the tragic realities of poor rural China that underly glamorous capitalism and is depicted through the lens of dreams. Capitalism did not exist even in minimal fashion in rural China, and selling blood became a way to like a shampoo and fertilizer, the bare necessities of life. The “dream” then was not a simple metaphor for unreality but can be perceived as the author’s desire to precisely expose harsh realities of rural China where the expenditure of the body through selling blood ironically became the only way to retain and sustain life. Thus, while “dream” denotes hopes of wealth and prosperity gained through selling blood, it is no more than a vain pipe dream that can never be realized. In this light, the “dream” which represents a figment of reality and not mere fantasy allows a glimpse into the volatile life that existed below the glamorous capitalist surface. In this sense, the “dream” in the novel signifies wealth and hope for the future but also the augmentation of the realization of a new socialist society. If development and advancement is the outward outcome of capitalism, then the side effect in the rural regions includes the failure to contain AIDS patients in a quarantined school. In this harsh reality, the “dream” represents not only an impossible dream, but it points to the representation of a new hopeful future. In this novel, the dead grandson emerges as the narrator, and he speaks of selling blood in Ding’s Village. This third person’s voice as the speaker makes it difficult to discern reality from fantasy. Because the grandson is speaking on behalf of his grandfather’s dream, it is partially based in reality but also unreality. It presents a dichotomy that if this dream is indeed reality, then the reality can also become fantasy. In addition, the father’s generation which represents capitalism is missing from the novel, and that is the context of the creation of the Ding Village. Furthermore, this novel bridges two generations, one of the grandfather’s generation which signifies socialism and that of the grandson’s generation. While critics describe this novel as a solicitation of penance for material desire or an acute report on the realities of poor rural China, this writer postulates that it goes beyond the aforementioned descriptions as a propaganda of socialistic ideology; hence, it is part of an effort to recall the early socialist era as a way to tighten and narrow the rich-poor gap and the disparity in current China.

비페이위(畢飛宇)의 《평원(平原)》에 나타난 혁명의 일상화에 따른 상실과 병리적 징후들

김봉연 한국중국소설학회 2022 中國小說論叢 Vol.67 No.-

As a story about the daily life in which the Cultural Revolution was involved, BiFeiyu's The Plains shows the reality of the revolution that has continued and accumulated for 10 years by supporting the end of the revolution with 1976 as its focus. And look at and talk with the eyes of “literature” how the daily life, which has been integrated into everyday life and has been reorganized by the condensed revolution, reconstructing people's consciousness, and trying to complete a socialist ideal society. This article first examines the meaning of the reproduction of novels in the context of revolutionary daily life, following the restoration work of daily life developed by The Plain with the origin of 1976. On the other hand, the area of daily life, which does not need to be noted because it remains unchanged and is boring to repeat, is effective in observing the customs and psychological aspects of an individual or group due to its attributes. The fading slogans and meanings of the revolution have become a mechanism for discovering individual emotions and desires, but they do not reach “expression and divergence.” On the other hand, revolution is the object of patience and overcoming for some, but faith and love for others. For them, the revolution toward an end is an experience of losing the object(of love). The loss of the object results in mourning, but the characters in the work cannot distinguish between the lost object and the self. As the experience of loss is not overcome in reality and converted to internal conflict of self, the characters leading to self-criticism, self-delusion, and self-destruction are comparing the results of the revolution. They can be read as an indication of the situation that occurs when the revolution is over the maximum that can be understood and accepted. 문화대혁명이 관여한 일상에 관한 이야기로서 비페이위(畢飛宇)의 《평원(平原)》(2005)은 1976년을 착점으로 삼아 혁명의 끝자락을 부조함으로써 10년 동안 지속되고 누적되어온 그것의 실상을 보여준다. 그리고 일상에 녹아들어 한해 한해 응축된 혁명이 사람들의 일상과 의식을 어떻게 재구성했는지, 인간 질서를 재편하고 사회주의 이상사회를 완성하려 했던 그 결과는 무엇인지를 ‘문학’의 눈으로 바라보고 이야기한다. 본 글은 먼저 《평원》이 1976년을 착점으로 하여 전개한 일상의 복원작업을 따라가면서 혁명적 일상의 맥락 속에서 소설 재현의 의미를 살펴보고 있다. 변함없기에 주목할 필요가 없고 반복되기에 지루하기만 한 일상은 다른 한편으로 그 속성으로 인해 개인이나 집단의 관습과 심리적 양태를 관찰하기에 유효하다. 희미해지는 혁명의 구호와 의미들은 개인의 감정과 욕망을 발견하는 기제가 되었지만 ‘발현과 발산’에는 이르지 못한다. 다른 한편으로 어떤 이에게 혁명은 견딤과 극복의 대상이지만 다른 어떤 이에게 그것은 신념이자 사랑의 대상이 된다. 그들에게 종결을 향하는 혁명은 (사랑의) 대상을 상실하는 경험이다. 대상의 상실은 애도를 낳지만 작품 속 인물들은 상실된 대상과 자아를 구분하지 못한다. 이로 인해 상실의 경험이 현실에서 극복되지 못하고 자아의 내부적 갈등으로 전환되면서 자기 비난과 자기 망상 그리고 자기 파멸로 향한다. 이들은 혁명의 결과를 빗대고 있으며, 혁명을 이해하고 수용할 수 있는 최대치를 넘겼을 때 야기되는 상황에 대한 암시로도 읽을 수 있다.

쟈핑와(賈平凹)의 《즐거운 인생(高興)》을 통해 본 농민공의 도시체험과 장소상실

김봉연 한국중국소설학회 2019 中國小說論叢 Vol.58 No.-

The migrant worker novel, which deals with the realities and affections of the Chinese peasant masses in the Hukou system, which is based on the provincial and farming circle system, embodies the contradictions and conflicts that arise in the process of modernization they had to experience. The experiences and sentiments of the peasant public groups, both products and witnesses of China’s reform and opening up and modernization, are valid for observing the specific impact that rapid development has produced while controlling the turning point of China’s social development. In this sense, JiaPingwa’s“Happiness”(2007) establishes a closer junction between fiction and reality in that it uses the first person’s point of view to talk about the experiences of Gao Xing, migrant worker. While the work captures the despair and adaptability of urban life, it asks Gao Xing whether the space called Xian can be a place. When a place is said to be a fundamental attribute of human existence in the world and a source of stability and identity for an individual or group, the experience of a place that is continuous and meaningful to an individual is paramount. Gao Xing as a minority not only loses his familiar place, but also lies in the double whammy of not being able to build a new place. Events of repeated discrimination and exclusion show that cities and Gao Xing are unfamiliar to each other. Revealing the difference in temperature for each other, city Xian is regressed from place to space by Gao Xing. Despite his expectations, Gao Xing still decides to become Xi'an’s ghost even after living and dying in Xi'an. The stronger the will to live in the city, the more incapacitated Gao Xing’s sense of place is. 도농이원체제를 기반으로 하는 중국의 후커우제도 속 농민공의 현실과 애환을 다루는 농민공 소설은 그들이 체험해야 했던 현대화의 과정에서 발생하는 모순과 충돌을 구현하고 있다. 중국 개혁개방과 현대화의 산물이자 증인인 농민공 집단의 체험과 정서는 중국 사회발전의 전환점을 관조하면서 신속한 발전이 만들어낸 구체적 영향을 조망하는데 유효하다. 이런 의미에서 쟈핑와(賈平凹)의 《즐거운 인생(高興)》(2007)은 1인칭 주인공 시점을 사용하여 농민공 가오싱(高興)의 체험을 이야기한다는 점에서 소설과 현실의 보다 가까운 접합지점을 구축한다. 작품은 도시생활의 절망감과 적응 가능성을 포착하는 한편, 시안(西安)이라는 공간이 가오싱에게 장소가 될 수 있는지의 여부를 묻는다. 장소가 인간이 세계에 존재하는 데 근본적인 속성이고 또 개인이나 집단에게 있어 안정과 정체성의 원천이라고 할 때, 개인에게 지속적이고 의미 있는 장소의 경험은 무엇보다 중요하다. 소수자로서의 가오싱은 익숙했던 자신의 장소를 상실할 뿐만 아니라 새로운 장소를 구축하지도 못하는 이중고에 놓여있다. 반복되는 차별과 배제의 사건은 도시와 가오싱이 서로에게 낯선 존재임을 보여준다. 서로에 대한 온도차를 드러내며 도시 시안은 가오싱에게 장소에서 공간으로 퇴행된다. 기대와 바람이 어긋나고 파열음을 내지만 가오싱은 여전히 시안에서 살아가고 죽어서도 시안의 귀신이 되겠다는 마음을 다잡는다. 도시 삶의 의지가 강렬해질수록 그의 장소감은 더욱 무력화된다.

東西의 소설 《언어 없는 생활》 속 발화양상과 의미

김봉연 한국중문학회 2017 中國文學硏究 Vol.0 No.69

The purpose of this thesis is to determine the utterance aspects and meaning of the novel in Dongsi's 《The life of no language》. The three main characters in this works can not see, can not speak and can't hear, respectively. Due to these deficiencies, they are uncomfortable with communicating with others. Language functions as a kind of power in the village, and those who do not have a ‘standard’ language are pushed out of power. Because they do not have a language, they suffer destruction and violence from the villagers. And those with deficits regard their violence as their own deprivation and internalize and customize it. This vicious cycle sees those with a deficit as a ‘worthless and needy being’, justifying the destruction against them and forcing silence. Their utterance has no meaning or effect in the public language world. In that sense, their escape is read as a hoping for human life and resistance to the forced silence of the public language world. And this is proof of the fact that they are questioning their own situation and situation. Nonetheless, the violence of the public language world continued, but they oppose the‘trinity’way of filling each other’s deficits. Through them, their utterance for finding the status and power of their lives regains the full meaning of speaking and acting for the first time. But Shengri(勝利) is taken away from the language of the public language world. This means that their escape is ended in failure by adding a social environment that prevents them from talking about their functional deficits. This novels are a record of and a failure to resist how a living being outside a community survives.

맥류의 종속간 교잡에 관한 연구 1 : 교배방법 및 교배촉진물질의 처리가 교잡종자 생산에 미치는 영향

金鳳淵,洪丙憙,曺章煥,諸商律 韓國作物學會 1982 한국작물학회지 Vol.27 No.2

속간교잡을 실시함에 있어서 교배방법 및 교배촉진 물질로 알려진 EACA와 GA3 의 처리가 결실율 향상에 미치는 영향을 구명하고 교배시기에 있어서 뢰수분과 노화수분중 어떤 처리가 교잡종 생산에 유리한가를 검토하여 생장조절제인 EACA와 GA3 를 함께 처리한 구와 EACA만을 처리한 구를 두고 생장조절제의 효과도 아울러 구명코저 시험한 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 대맥 소맥 속간교잡을 실시할 때는 노화수분의 결실율(4.5%)이 뢰수분보다 훨씬 높았다. 그러나 배형성율은 오히려 뢰수분쪽이 높았다. 2. GA3 처리 효과는 크게 인정되었으나 EACA 단독 효과는 인정되지 않았다. 3. 대맥 소맥을 속간교잡하여 2개체의 형태적으로 소맥쪽을 더 닮은 식물체를 얻었으며 이는 생육이 진행될수록 더욱 소맥과 유사하였다. 이밖에도 시험관내에서 얼마간 자란 9개의 식물체도 얻을 수 있었다. The trials were carried out for improvement of early maturing wheat varieties, desease resistant and good quality through transfering good characters of barley to the wheat, during 1980-'81. For these purpose, Chinese Spring, a wheat variety was used as male and Manker 16 a barley variety, as female parents. EACA(~varepsilon -Amino Caprolic Acid) known as an inhibitor of blood coagulation was injected to all barley from 14 days until heading with 1m~ell per culm at the level of 500ppM. GA3 solution which accelerates pollen activity was also used with 75ppM concentration after pollination for two days including check to determine the single effect of EACA. Two different methods of the cross were used. One was bud-pollination, another was post-pollination. The result indicated that the post-pollination was better than bud-pollination in terms of pollination rate, even though formation rate of normal embryo was seemingly adversed. The new plant derived from barley-wheat cross was similar in phenotype to the wheat.

보리 반수체 (半數體) 배배양에서 (胚培養) 유도된 Callus 와 분화 식물체의 염색체 변이

김봉연 한국육종학회 1992 한국육종학회지 Vol.24 No.2

지방자치단체의 민간위탁과 관련된 몇 가지 실무상의 쟁점에 대한 법적 고찰

김봉연,이상민 명지대학교(서울캠퍼스) 법학연구소 2022 명지법학 Vol.21 No.1

지방자치단체의 민간위탁에 대한 법적 근거는 「지방자치법」의 한 조문에 불과하지만 명확한 기준 없이 운영됨에 따라 몇 가지 실무상 문제점이 노출되었다. 법령에 따른 민간위탁 사무라도 민간위탁 자치법규의 적용 대상이 된다는 점이나, 공공위탁도 필요에 따라 민간위탁 자치법규가 적용된다는 점, 그리고 대행사업에 대한 해석은 제한적일 수밖에 없다는 점을 고려하였을 때 실무상 쟁점으로 귀결되는 지방의회 동의의 필요성이 인정될 수밖에 없다. 비록 민간위탁이 공공 영역에 민간을 참여시킴으로써, 민간의 전문성을 활용하고 주민에 대한 공공의 개방성을 보장하는 측면이 있지만, 공공사무라는 성질은 변하지 않는다. 즉, 집행기관과 지방의회가 견제와 균형의 원리에 따라 공익을 추구한다는 배경에서 지방자치단체의 장의 일반적인 독주를 제어하고 그 효율성과 공정성을 담보하는 방안으로 민간위탁 사무에 대한 지방의회의 동의 규정의 존재 의미가 인정될 수밖에 없다. 본 연구는 지방의회의 동의 대상을 명확히 하고, 동의는 어떠한 방식으로 운영되어야 하는가에 대하여 살펴봄으로써, 지방자치단체의 민간위탁 운영과 지방의회 동의와 관련된 연구의 시발점이 될 수 있을 것이다.

여자프로배구선수의 특성분석을 위한 질적 사례연구

김봉연,이승환,김경자 한국체육교육학회 2009 한국체육교육학회 학술발표대회 Vol.2009 No.1

맥류의 종속간 교잡에 관한 연구 제1보 교배방법 및 교배촉진물질의 처리가 교잡종자 생산에 미치는 영향

김봉연,홍병희,조장환,제상율,Kim, B.Y.,Hong, B.H.,Cho, C.H.,Je, S.Y. 한국작물학회 1982 한국작물학회지 Vol.27 No.2

The trials were carried out for improvement of early maturing wheat varieties, desease resistant and good quality through transfering good characters of barley to the wheat, during 1980-'81. For these purpose, Chinese Spring, a wheat variety was used as male and Manker 16 a barley variety, as female parents. EACA($\varepsilon$-Amino Caprolic Acid) known as an inhibitor of blood coagulation was injected to all barley from 14 days until heading with 1$m\ell$ per culm at the level of 500ppM. $GA_3$ solution which accelerates pollen activity was also used with 75ppM concentration after pollination for two days including check to determine the single effect of EACA. Two different methods of the cross were used. One was bud-pollination, another was post-pollination. The result indicated that the post-pollination was better than bud-pollination in terms of pollination rate, even though formation rate of normal embryo was seemingly adversed. The new plant derived from barley-wheat cross was similar in phenotype to the wheat.

≪왕과 서정시(國王與抒情詩)≫를 통해 본 포스트휴먼 미래 속 서정시의 의미와 역할

김봉연 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2022 中國學論叢 Vol.- No.76

Traditionally, humans are considered subjects of historical activity with free will under the influence of reason. Human autonomy, dignity, and ethical morality are based on human will and autonomy to establish and comply with rules of conduct on their own. This understanding of humans faces a situation of readjustment due to the development of science and technology that realizes human improvement planning such as artificial intelligence and cyborg. The 'interpretation' of humans as the subject of rational judgment, the owner of free will, and the practitioner of moral ethics is questioned for its effectiveness. Relationships between artificial, life, and machine are established in the category of understanding of humans, and a new understanding and paradigm is sought. In SF's literary imagination and grammar, “The King and the Lyrics” reflects this reality and predicts the future society from the perspective of language extinction. It is noteworthy that although SF is wearing the cover of imagining the future based on science and technology, the novel deals with the problems of language, letters, and literature represented by lyric poetry. By monopolizing the social operating system, imperial enterprises became a 'state'. The 'King', the head of a company, tries to take 'eternal life' beyond the stage of owning the state. To realize this plan, he plans to extinguish emotions in the language that people use and leave only instructions. In the work, 'King' and Lyrics form a tense tension. Lyric poetry is an obstacle to the king's plan to extinguish emotions because it expresses human senses and emotions in implied language through metaphors and symbols. If this is reversed, it means that the emotional element of lyric poetry can be a weapon that can prevent the king's ambition. The language of various emotions and senses possessed by lyric poetry is represented by referring to and creating objects. The versatility of language is the basis for the existence of lyric poetry. By expressing emotions and emotions as individual experiences, and achieving sensations and resonations, individual and special senses become universal emotions. Experiences and emotions that individuals have differently are represented in tens of thousands of languages and interpreted differently, resulting in different meanings. The reason why the 'King' tries to eliminate lyricism is that he recognized the power of this division, derivation, and changing language.