Analysis of Regulations on Nagoya Protocol in International Conventions and Countermeasures: Focused on the Korea-China FTA

강문경 원광대학교 한중관계연구원 2020 韓中關係硏究 Vol.6 No.1

In the Conference of Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity held in October, 2010 in Nagoya, Japan, an agreement was concluded regarding fair and equitable sharing of benefits generated from the use of genetic resources. Until the conclusion of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1993, each country recognized genetic resources as a common heritage of mankind and did not pay attention to sharing benefits from the use of them. However, as the state sovereignty for genetic resources gradually improved, and the necessity of specific guidelines increased in the sharing of the benefits generated from genetic resources between a user nation and a country providing them, accordingly, Nagoya Protocol came into the world after long negotiations. However, since the Nagoya Protocol provides the basic principles of the use of genetic resources and benefit-sharing, disputes and detailed items concerning this are considered something to be negotiated between both countries, individually. Thus, FTAs between individual countries recently concluded include regulations on the ABS. South Korea imports a large quantity of genetic resources from China, especially, in the pharmaceutical industry, and in particular, benefit-sharing on the Nagoya Protocol includes the traditional knowledge using genetic resources, so it is judged that the parts related to the traditional knowledge, too, would be disputed between South Korea and China because of their geographical and cultural proximity. Accordingly, the Korea-China FTA, effective December 2015, includes the contents related to genetic resources in Chapter 15 “Intellectual Property Rights.” Therefore, this study would propose South Korea’s countermeasure for the use and protection of its genetic resources in the future through an analysis of genetic resources-related regulations on the Korea-China FTA.

국내산 마 품종별 이화학적 특성 비교

강문경,이종은,김진숙,김기창,김경미 한국식품영양과학회 2014 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2014 No.10

한・중 FTA상 양국의 나고야의정서 관련 국내 법제 비교 연구

강문경 한중법학회 2018 中國法硏究 Vol.36 No.-

「생물다양성협약」의 세 번째 목적인 생물유전자원의 이용으로부터 발생되는 이익의 공정하고 공평한 공유를 실현하기 위한 「나고야의정서」는 각국의 서명을 거쳐 2014년 10월 12일 정식으로 시행되었다. 한국은 2017년 5월 19일, 중국은 2016년 6월 18일 동 의정서에 각각 비준하여 당사국이 되었으며, 2018년 8월 현재 「나고야의정서」의 당사국은 총 105개국이다. 「나고야의정서」이 규정에 의해 당사국은 동 의정서 이행에 필요한 입법적, 행정적 또는 정책적 조치를 적절하게 취해야 할 것이 요구된다. 이에 한국과 중국은 동 의정서 관련 전문 법제를 제정하였다. 우리나라의 경우 2017년 「유전자원의 접근・이용 및 이익 공유에 관한 법률」을 제정하였고, 뒤이어 「유전자원의 접근・이용 및 이익 공유에 관한 법률 시행령”, “유전자원의 접근・이용 및 이익 공유에 관한 법률 시행규칙」을 제정하여 2018년 8월 18일 전면 시행되었다. 그리고 중국의 경우 2017년 3월 환경부에서는 「생물유전자원에의 접근 및 이익 공유 관리 조례(초안)」을 발표하고 현재 의견 수렴 중에 있으며, 빠른 시일 내에 동 조례의 시행이 예상되고 있다. 한편 한국과 중국은 「나고야의정서」 관련 전문 법제를 2017년 발표하였지만 지난 2015년 발효된 한 〮 중FTA 제17장 지식재산권 챕터에서도 유전자원 관련 내용을 규정하고 있다. 이는 한국이 현재 중국으로부터 많은 양의 유전자원을 수입하고 있는 상황에서 유전자원의 중첩 및 유전자원 관련 전통지식이 공유되는 범위가 넓은 원인으로 향후 이와 관련된 무역 분쟁의 소지가 높아 이에 대한 양국의 협력 방안을 규정한 것으로 여겨진다. 이에 본 논문에서는 한〮중 FTA상 유전자원 관련 규정을 고찰하고, 최근 제정된 한국과 중국의 「나고야의정서」관련 법제를 비교 〮 분석하여 이를 바탕으로 향후 양국의 분쟁을 대비하고자 한다. “Nagoya Protocol” for the realization of the just and fair sharing of profits occurring from the use of biogenetic resources, the third purpose of the “Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)” was officially implemented through each country’s signing on October 12, 2014. South Korea ratified the protocol on May 19, 2017, and China ratified it on June 18, 2016. They became the countries directly involved, and there are 105 countries directly involved in “Nagoya Protocol” in total as of August 2018. It is required for the countries directly concerned to take legislative, administrative and policy measures necessary for the implementation of the protocol, appropriately in accordance with this provision of “Nagoya Protocol.” Thus, South Korea and China enacted a professional legal system related to the protocol. South Korea enacted “Act on access to genetic resources and equitable benefit sharing” in 2017 and enacted “Enforcement decree of act on access to genetic resources and equitable benefit sharing” and “Enforcement rule of act on access to genetic resources and equitable benefit sharing,” which were already fully implemented on August 18, 2018. Also, in China, the Ministry of Environment announced “Ordinance for access to biogenetic resources and the management of benefit sharing (Draft)” in March 2017 and is collecting opinions. It is expected that the ordinance will soon be implemented. Meanwhile, South Korea and China announced a professional legal system related to “Nagoya Protocol” in 2017, but Chapter 17 Intellectual Property Rights of South Korea-China FTA, effective 2015 provides contents related to genetic resources. This is because genetic resources are overlapped, and the range of the genetic resources-related traditional knowledge shared is wide in the situation where South Korea imports large quantities of genetic resources from China. It is judged that, since it would be very likely to lead to trade disputes in the future, it seems that the cooperation system between the two countries was provided. Thus, this study would investigate genetic resources-related regulations in South Korea-China FTA, compare and analyze legislation related to “Nagoya Protocol” enacted recently and get prepared for the future dispute between the two countries.

계층적 구조의 WSN 환경에서 에너지 효율적인 라우팅 알고리즘의 시뮬레이션 연구

강문경,진교홍,Kang, Moon-Kyoung,Jin, Kyo-Hong 한국정보통신학회 2009 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.13 No.8

무선센서 네트워크 환경에서 활용될 수 있는 계층구조 라우팅 프로토콜은 망상의 노드들이 물리적으로 가까운 위치에 존재하더라도 경로는 계층적으로 제공되어 데이터 전달에 많은 홉 수가 소요된다. 또한, Node Failure와 Association Error가 발생했을 때도 관리용 메시지의 발생으로 추가적인 에너지를 소모한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 경로 배정 시 발생되는 비효율성을 개선하고 싱크(Sink) 주위 노드의 에너지 소모율을 줄일 수 있는 경로 배정 알고리즘인 SHP(Shortest Hop Routing)의 성능을 분석한다. SHP는 Redirect_ACK의 메시지 형식을 추가하고 계층적 라우팅의 NL(Neighbor List)을 효율적으로 사용한 라우팅 알고리즘이다. 본 논문에서 네트워크 크기별과 형태별, Sink Position의 위치별, POS(Personal Operating Space)의 크기 별로 나눠 시뮬레이션 하였다. 그 결과, 대표적 계층적 라우팅의 Zigbee Hierarchical Routing과 HiLow보다 나은 성능을 보였다. The hierarchical routing could cause a lot of energy consumption for transferring data by assigning hierarchical routes although actual nodes could be located in physically near spots. Also, when Node Failure or Association Error occurs, the Hierarchical routing could waste more energy to deliver the control messages. This paper evaluate performance of SHP(Shortest Hop Routing) algorithm that suggests short-cut routing algorithm using NL(Neighbor List) and Redirect_ACK message to improve problem of hierarchical routing algorithm. We do a computer simulation by the size of network, deployment of sensor nodes, sink position and POS. As a result of simulation, SHP has better performance than Zigbee Hierarchical routing and HiLow.

포르말린과 청색 LED 병용처리에 의한 항스쿠티카 효과

강문경,이주엽,이윤항,김도형,Kang, Mun-Gyeong,Lee, Ju-Yeop,Lee, Yoonhang,Kim, Do-Hyung 한국어병학회 2022 한국어병학회지 Vol.35 No.1

Scuticociliatosis caused by Miamiensis avidus is a very important parasitic disease in olive flounder farming industry. The aim of this study was to determine effect of combined treatment with blue LED (light-emitting diode) illumination and formalin on olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) infected with M. avidus. Different intensity of 405 nm LED (20, 40, and 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) was illuminated on 2.2×10⁴ cells/well of M. avidus in a 24 well microplate for 24 h. Also, 2.4×10⁴ cells/well of M. avidus were exposed to varying combinations of 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 of 405 nm LED and serial 10-fold dilutions of formalin (from 10 to 100 ppm) for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. Surviving M. avidus were counted using a hemocytometer. For in vivo test, flounder acclimatized at 11-12 practical salinity unit (psu) were challenged with 2×10⁶ cells/ml of M. avidus by immersion method for 1 h. Then, fish were moved and divided into four groups; "F" group, treated with formalin at 50 ppm; "L" group, treated with 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 of 405 nm LED; "C" group, treated with combination of the two methods; and the control group. After treatment for 30 min, fish were transferred to new tanks (salinity = 11-12 psu) and observed for 3 weeks. As a result, illumination of 405 nm LED at 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 killed 100% of M. avidus after 12 h, while 67% and 90% of the scuticociliate died at 20 and 40 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, respectively, after 24 h exposure. One hundred percent of M. avidus was killed at 90, 80, 80 and 70 ppm after exposure to formalin for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min, respectively. However, combined method (e.g., 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 of 405 nm-LED plus 50 ppm formalin) killed the parasite within 30 min. From in vivo test, similarly, survival rates of fish challenged with M. avidus were 100%, 43%, 29% and 0% in the C, F, L, and control groups, respectively. Results obtained in this study demonstrates that the combined treatment method has clear synergistic effect on scuticociliatosis in fish.

대만 독성화학물질관리법(毒性化学物质管理法) - 조문내용과 해제 -

강문경 한중법학회 2016 中國法硏究 Vol.27 No.-

중국 신규화학물질 관리법제 현황 및 우리의 화학물질관리서비스(Chemical Management Services, CMS) 도입 방안

강문경,배정생 서울시립대학교 서울시립대학교 법학연구소 2014 서울법학 Vol.22 No.1

There are approximately 12 million kinds of chemicals on Earth today, and about 100,000 of them are classified to pose danger for commercial distribution. Chemicals are used to make all sorts of living objects from products for children such as baby bottles, toys, and school supplies to common daily products such as fabric deodorants, air fresheners, and cosmetics, being used with convenience across all aspects of society and, at the same time, threatening human health with their harmfulness yet to be proven. Countries around the world have sped up their efforts to establish acts on the chemical management system by enacting and revising the laws and regulations of all sorts in relation to contamination by chemicals since the REACH regulations came into effect in EU in June, 2007. Many countries are already implementing a concerned system today. In 2010, China’s Department of Environment Protection announced its adoption of the Act on Management of New Chemical Substances on October 15, 2003. This Act designates those chemical substances, which has not been already registered under the list of chemical substances that has either been imported or manufactured within China, as new chemical substances. It also requires both manufacturers and importers to register new chemical substances while in the process of manufacture or before importing. In response to the trend among the countries around the globe, advanced corporations of the world have recently introduced “chemical management service(CMS)” to deal with the chemicals regulations that are being reinforced and build and run a management system for the entire process of chemicals from purchase to manufacturing and disposal to minimize the usage of chemicals. Currently the advanced nations in the field of environment such as EU and the USA are leading the projects and researches related to CMS. Given the trend of increasing importance of China in the global chemicals market today, it is necessary to take into active consideration the introduction of CMS, an advanced chemicals management service system, in the Chinese market. 현재 지구상에는 약 1,200만종의 화학물질이 존재하고 있으며 그중 상업 유통위험물은 약 10만 여종에 이르고 있다. 화학물질은 아이들 젖병, 장난감, 학용품 같은 어린이 용품부터 우리가 흔히 사용하는 섬유탈취제, 방향제, 화장품 등 각종 생활용품을 구성하며 우리 사회 전범위에 걸쳐 편리하게 사용되고 있는 반면에 입증되지 않는 유해성에 의해 우리의 건강이 위협받고 있다. 2007년 6월 EU가 REACH규정을 발효한 이래로 각국은 화학물질과 관련된 법규정을 제․개정하며 화학물질관리제도 관리법안 마련에 박차를 가하고 있으며, 이미 많은 국가들이 관련제도를 시행중에 있다. 특히 2010년 10월 15일 중국은 EU REACH 제도 시행에 대응하여 2003년 제정되었던 ‘신화학물질환경관리방법(新化学物质环境管理办法)’을 개정하여, 중화인민공화국내에서 제조되거나 수입된 화학물질명단에 이미 등록되어있지 않은 화학물질을 신규화학물질로 규정하고 관리를 진행함과 동시에 생산자 또는 수입자에게 신규화학물질의 제조 또는 수입 전에 신고하도록 요구하고 있다. 이와 같은 각국의 화학물질관리 규정 강화 추세에 따라 최근 해외 선진기업들은 화학물질의 구매단계에서부터 제품 제조, 폐기 시까지 기업 내 화학물질 전 과정에 대한 관리체계를 구축하기 위하여 ‘화학물질 관리서비스(Chemical Management Services, CMS)’를 도입하고 있다. 그러나 현재까지 이러한 CMS와 관련된 사업과 연구는 주로 EU, 미국과 같은 환경 선진국에서 주도되어지고 있는 바, 본 논문은 중국의 화학물질 관리법제의 입법현황 및 운영현황 분석을 통한 개선방안 고찰과 함께 향후 중국을 포함한 각국 화학물질 관리규정 강화에 따른 대응방안 중 하나로서 CMS 도입방안에 대해 모색해 보고자 한다.

강원도 원덕지역 사면침식에 관한 지형학적 고찰

강문경,김진관,양동윤,김주용 대한지질학회 2002 대한지질학회 학술대회 Vol.2002 No.

Preliminary Results of Polarimetric Characteristics for C-band Quad-Polarization GB-SAR Images Using H/A/a Polarimetric Decomposition Theorem

강문경,김광은,이훈열,조성준,이재희 대한원격탐사학회 2009 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.25 No.6

The main objective of this study is to analyse the polarimetric characteristics of the various terrain targets by ground-based polarimetric SAR system and to confirm the compatible and effective polarimetric analysis method to reveal the polarization properties of different terrain targets by the GB-SAR. The fully polarimetric GB-SAR data with HH, HV, VH, and VV components were focused using the Deramp-FFT (DF) algorithm. The focused GB-SAR images were processed by the H/A/a polarimetric decomposition and the combined H/a or H/A/a and Wisahrt classification method. The segmented image and distribution graphs in H/a plane using Cloude and Pottier? method showed a reliable result that this quad-polarization GB-SAR data could be useful to classified corresponding scattering mechanism. The H/a-Wishart and H/A/a-Wishart classification results showed that a natural media and an artificial target were discriminated by the combined classification, in particular, after applying multi-looking and the Lee refined speckle filter.

Filtering Effect in Supervised Classification of Polarimetric Ground Based SAR Images

강문경,김광은,조성준,이훈열,이재희 대한원격탐사학회 2010 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.26 No.6

We investigated the speckle filtering effect in supervised classification of the C-band polarimetric Ground Based SAR image data. Wishart classification method was used for the supervised classification of the polarimetric GB-SAR image data and total of 6 kinds of speckle filters were applied before supervised classification, which are boxcar, Gaussian, Lopez, IDAN, the refined Lee, and the refined Lee sigma filters. For each filters, we changed the filtering kernel size from 3×3 to 9×9 to investigate the filtering size effect also. The refined Lee filter with the kernel size of bigger than 5×5 showed the best result for the Wishart supervised classification of polarimetric GB-SAR image data. The result also showed that the type of trees could be discriminated by Wishart supervised classification of polarimetric GB-SAR image data.