Synthesis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Using Mixed Enzyme in a Packed Bed Reactor

Ryu, Jiin,Choi, Nakyung,Kim, Heejin,Kim, Byung Hee,Kim, Hak-Ryul,Kim, In-Hwan JAPAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY 2018 Journal of oleo science Vol.67 No.3

<P>Fatty acid methyl esters were synthesized from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and methanol in a packed bed reactor via lipase-catalyzed esterification. The PFAD consisted of 91 wt% of free fatty acids, 2 wt% monoacylglycerides, 3 wt% diacylglycerides, and 4 wt% triacylglycerides. t-Butanol was employed as a reaction medium and a mixed enzyme consisting of Lipozyme TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus and Novozym 435 from Candida antarctica was employed as the biocatalyst. The effect of mixed enzyme was investigated and the optimum blending ratio (w/w) of Novozym 435 to Lipozyme TL IM was 5:95. Using the mixed enzyme, the optimum molar ratio (PFAD to methanol) and temperature were determined to be 1:6 and 30 degrees C, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum yield of ca. 96% was achieved.</P>

한국 성인의 안정시 심박수와 우울과의 관계: 한국 국민건강영양조사(2015∼2018년)를 바탕으로

류지인(Jiin Ryu),박동혁(Dong-Hyuk Park),민지희(Ji-Hee Min),정안숙(Ansuk Jeong),송인한(In Han Song),전용관(Justin Y. Jeon) 대한스트레스학회 2021 스트레스硏究 Vol.29 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 한국 성인들을 대상으로 안정시 심박수와 우울과의 관계를 규명하는 것이다. 본 연구는 2015년부터 2018년까지 시행된 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 만19세 이상 성인 총 14,021명을 대상으로 하였다. 안정시 심박수는 10 bpm (beat per minute) 단위로 다섯 그룹으로 나누었으며 우울과의 관계를 분석하기 위해 공변량과 혼란변수를 통제하고 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 안정시 심박수가 60 bpm 미만인 그룹과 비교하였을 때 80~89 bpm 또는 90 bpm 이상 그룹에서 우울 위험률이 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다(p<.05). 따라서, 본 연구를 통해 안정시 심박수는 우울과 유의한 관련성이 있음을 확인하였다. Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between resting heart rate (RHR) and symptoms of depression among Korean adults. Methods: This study used data of Korean adults obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES, 2015∼2018). After excluding participants with missing data, a total of 14,021 participants were included for analysis. Participants were classified as depressed if they had experienced depression within the past two weeks, or were currently depressed, or were diagnosed as depressed. For the main analysis, participants were classified into five groups by resting heart rate (RHR), i.e., <60 bpm (beats per minute), 60∼69 bpm, 70∼79 bpm, 80∼89 bpm, and ≥90 bpm. The correlation between RHR and symptoms of depression was examined using logistic regression analysis after controlling for the confounders. Results: Compared to the participants with RHR of <60 bpm, the participants with RHR of 80∼89 bpm or ≥90 bpm showed higher level of symptoms of depression. [Men: 80∼89 bpm by 1.77 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07∼2.93) and ≥90 bpm by 3.20 (95% CI, 1.68∼6.08), Women: ≥90 bpm by 1.71 (95% CI, 1.04∼2.81)]. Further stratified analyses were performed and yielded similar results regardless of the potential confounders such as age, BMI, income, marital status, and levels of physical activity. Conclusions: RHR was significantly associated with symptoms of depression. This study suggests the importance of RHR as a predictor of the risk of depression.

Isolated Microgrid의 안정적인 운영을 위한 디젤 발전기와 ESS의 계획 수립 방안

정지인(Jiin Jeong),김태광(Taekwang Kim),류광렬(Kwang Ryel Ryu) 한국정보과학회 2015 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2015 No.6

제주도 화산암류에 대한 지구화학적 연구

김지인(Jiin Kim),최성희(Sunghi Choi),고기원,박준범(Junbeom Park ),류종식(Jongsik Ryu) 대한지질학회 2018 대한지질학회 학술대회 Vol.2018 No.10

Coexisting COPD Increases Mortality in Patients With Corticosteroid-Dependent Asthma: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

이현,Jiin Ryu,정성준,박동원,손장원,윤호주,김상헌 대한천식알레르기학회 2020 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.12 No.5

Purpose: Chronic corticosteroid (CS) use is a risk factor for long-term mortality in asthmatic patients, and the presence of coexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a severe presentation and poor prognosis. However, the impact of coexisting COPD on long-term mortality in patients with CS-dependent asthma has not been well elucidated. This study aimed to determine the impact of coexisting COPD on long-term mortality in patients with CS-dependent asthma. Methods: A retrospective cohort of patients with CS-dependent asthma aged 40 years or older was established using records from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database for 2005 to 2015. We classified the subjects into 2 groups according to the presence of COPD and evaluated the hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality in patients with COPD relative to those without COPD. Results: Of 8,021 patients with CS-dependent asthma, 3,121 (38.9%) had COPD. All-cause mortality was significantly greater in patients with CS-dependent asthma and COPD than in those without COPD (9,955/100,000 person-years vs. 5,585/100,100 person-years, P < 0.001). The adjusted HRs were 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-1.38), and the associations were especially significant for chronic lower respiratory diseases (subdistribution HR, 2.30; 95% CI, 2.06-2.57) and lung cancer (subdistribution HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.02–1.78). Conclusions: In this population-based retrospective cohort study, the presence of physician-recognized COPD was associated with greater all-cause mortality and greater risk of mortality due to chronic lower respiratory diseases and lung cancer in patients with CS-dependent asthma. Early recognition and appropriate management of COPD can improve treatment outcomes in patients with CS-dependent asthma.

Alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and associations with coronary artery calcification: evidence from the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study

Chang, Yoosoo,Ryu, Seungho,Sung, Ki-Chul,Cho, Yong Kyun,Sung, Eunju,Kim, Han-Na,Jung, Hyun-Suk,Yun, Kyung Eun,Ahn, Jiin,Shin, Hocheol,Wild, Sarah Helen,Byrne, Christopher D BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 2019 Gut: journal of the British Society of Gastroenter Vol.68 No.9

<P><B>Objective</B></P><P>Recent evidence suggests that alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may differentially affect risk of cardiovascular mortality. To investigate whether early liver disease due to AFLD or NAFLD have similar or dissimilar effects on risk of early coronary artery atherosclerosis, we have investigated the associations between AFLD and NAFLD and coronary artery calcium (CAC).</P><P><B>Design</B></P><P>A cross-sectional study was performed in 105 328 Korean adults who attended a health check-up programme. CAC score was assessed using CT, daily alcohol intake was recorded as grams/day and liver fat by ultrasound. Logistic regression model was used to calculate ORs with 95% CIs for prevalent CAC.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Both NAFLD and AFLD were positively associated with CAC score. After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CIs) for CAC >0 comparing NAFLD and AFLD to the reference (absence of both excessive alcohol use and fatty liver disease) were 1.10 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.16) and 1.20 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.30), respectively. In post hoc analysis, OR (95% CI) for detectable CAC comparing AFLD to NAFLD was 1.09 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.17). Associations of NAFLD and AFLD with CAC scores were similar in both non-obese and obese individuals without significant interaction by obesity (p for interaction=0.088). After adjusting for homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and high-sensitivity C reactive protein, the associations between fatty liver disease and CAC scores remained statistically significant.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>In this large sample of young and middle-aged individuals, early liver disease due to NAFLD and AFLD were both significantly associated with the presence of coronary artery calcification.</P>

Cause of mortality in patients with corticosteroid-dependent asthma

( Hyun Lee ),( Jiin Ryu ),( Eunwoo Nam ),( Min Ju Jo ),( Sung Jun Chung ),( Yoomi Yeo ),( Dong Won Park ),( Tai Sun Park ),( Ji-yong Moon ),( Tae-hyung Kim ),( Jang Won Sohn ),( Sang-heon Kim ),( Ho J 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2019 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.127 No.-

Background: Patients with corticosteroid (CS)-dependent asthma have higher mortality than those with CS-independent asthma. However, the common causes of mortality and cause-specific mortality risk in this population have not been well elucidated. Methods: We performed a population-based 1:1 matched cohort of patients with CS-dependent asthma (CSuse> 6 months during baseline period) (n=8,334) and CS-independent asthma (CS-use<6 months during baseline period) (n=8,223) using the Korean National Health Insurance Services (NHIS) data.We determined hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each cause of mortality. We also performed a cause-specific and subdistribution proportional hazards regression model to account for competing risks caused by mortality from other causes. Results: The overall mortality was 5,191/100,000 person-years during a median of 9.5 years (interquartile range, 5.5-9.9 years) of follow-up. All-cause mortality was higher in the CS-dependent cohort than in the CS-independent cohort (6,760/100,000 versus 3,833/100,000 person-years, p<0.001). The common causes of mortality in patients with CS-dependent asthma were respiratory diseases (46.3%), cardiovascular diseases (17.7%), malignant neoplasms (14.2%), injury, poisoning, and external causes (4.8%), and endocrine diseases (3.5%). Compared with patients in the CS-dependent cohort, those in the CS-dependent cohort were more likely to die due to the following causes; respiratory diseases (HR=3.12, 95% CI = 2.85-3.42), cardiovascular diseases (HR=1.28, 95% CI=1.15-1.43), malignant neoplasms (HR=1.14, 95% CI=1.01-1.28), injury, poisoning, and external causes (HR=1.40, 95% CI=1.13-1.74), and endocrine diseases (HR=1.71, 95% CI=1.30-2.23). When considering competing risks caused by mortality due to other diseases, mortality risks were especially significant for chronic respiratory diseases (subdistribution HR=2.96, 95% CI=2.70-3.24) and endocrine diseases (subdistribution HR=1.49, 95% CI=1.14-1.95). Conclusions: The common causes of mortality in CS-dependent asthma were respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, malignancy, injury, poisoning, and external causes, and endocrine diseases. Compared with CS-independent asthma patients, CS-dependent asthma patients had higher disease-specific mortality risk for respiratory diseases and endocrine diseases.

Short-Acting Beta2-Agonist Use in Asthma in Korea: A 10-Year Population-Based Study

Lee Hyun,Ryu Jiin,정성준,Yeo Yoomi,Park Tai Sun,박동원,Moon Ji-Yong,Kim Tae-Hyung,손장원,윤호주,김상헌 대한천식알레르기학회 2021 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.13 No.6

Short-acting β2-agonist (SABA) use is known to be lower in Korean patients with asthma than in those from other countries, while the rate of asthma exacerbations in Korea is higher than in other countries. Thus, an epidemiologic study on SABA use and the relationship between SABA overuse and treatment outcomes in asthma is needed in Korea. We performed a cross-sectional study using the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort 2002–2012 database. We evaluated the trend of annual SABA use and overuse (prescription of 3 or more SABA canisters/year) and the impact of SABA overuse on mortality. During the study period, the proportion of asthmatic patients who used SABA was approximately 8%–11%, with no significant change in trend. The mean annual SABA use in asthmatic patients was 0.15–0.22 canisters/patient/year and 1.93–2.05 canisters/patient/year in those who used SABA in 12 months. SABA overuse was observed in about 2%–4% of asthmatic patients during the study period. SABA overuse generally tended to increase as the age of patients increased, with triple peaks in the late 20s (3.3%), late 40s (3.1%), and late 70s (3.6%). SABA overuse was associated with mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 1.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.61–1.84). The rate of SABA use was very low in Korean asthmatic patients between 2002–2012. SABA overuse was found in 2%–4% of patients in Korea. SABA overuse was associated with an increased risk of mortality.

Comorbid bronchiectasis increases the mortality of corticosteroid-dependent asthma

( Hyun Lee ),( Jiin Ryu ),( Eunwoo Nam ),( Min Ju Jo ),( Sung Jun Chung ),( Yoomi Yeo ),( Dong Won Park ),( Tai Sun Park ),( Ji-yong Moon ),( Tae-hyung Kim ),( Jang Won Sohn ),( Sang-heon Kim ),( Ho J 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2019 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.127 No.-

Background: Bronchiectasis is a common comorbid condition in patients with severe asthma, of whom up to two-thirds are corticosteroid (CS)-dependent. However, there are uncertainty whether comorbid bronchiectasis is associated with long-term mortality in patients with CS-dependent asthma. Methods: Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Services (NHIS), a population-based 1:1 matched cohort of patients with CS-dependent asthma (CS use > 6 months during baseline period) (n = 8,334) and CS-independent asthma (CS use < 6 months during baseline period) (n = 8,223) was performed. Each group was further subclassified according to the presence or absence of bronchiectasis. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality among CS-dependent asthma patients with bronchiectasis, CS-dependent asthma patients without bronchiectasis, and CS-independent asthma patients with bronchiectasis relative to CS-independent asthma patients without bronchiectasis were evaluated. Results: In both CS-dependent and CS-independent cohort, those with bronchiectasis were more likely to be older (p = 0.020), receive medical aid as a type of insurance (p < 0.001), and have higher Charlson comorbidities index (p < 0.001). Compared with patients without bronchiectasis, those with bronchiectasis were more likely to have metabolic diseases (p < 0.001), pulmonary infectious diseases (p < 0.001), and cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.041). There was no significant increased HR for mortality in CS-dependent asthma patients with bronchiectasis relative to CS-dependent asthma patients without bronchiectasis (HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.92-1.50). However, CS-dependent asthma patients with bronchiectasis and those without bronchiectasis were 2.18 (95% CI = 2.041-2.33) and 2.32 (95% CI = 1.92-2.81) times higher mortality compared with CS-independent asthma patients without bronchiectasis, respectively. Conclusion: Comorbid bronchiectasis is associated with increased mortality risk in patients with CS-dependent asthma.

Clinical Benefit of Treatment of Stage-1, Low-Risk Hypertension : Korean National Health Insurance Database Analysis

Lee, Chan Joo,Ryu, Jiin,Kim, Hyeon-Chang,Ryu, Dong-Ryeol,Ihm, Sang-Hyun,Kim, Yong-Jin,Shin, Jin-Ho,Pyun, Wook Bum,Kang, Hyoung-Soo,Park, Jong-Heon,Hwang, Jinseub,Park, Sungha Ovid Technologies Wolters Kluwer -American Heart A 2018 Hypertension Vol.72 No.6