연 X-선 현미경을 이용한 금 나노입자 세포영상

권영만,김한경,김경우,김선희,윤홍화,천권수,강성훈,박성훈,정선관,윤권하 韓國電子顯微鏡學會 2008 Applied microscopy Vol.38 No.3

연 x-선 현미경은 ‘물의 창’ 영역(2.3~4.4 nm)의 파장을 이용하여, 수십 nm의 분해능으로 세포를 파괴하지 않고 살아있는 상태에서 세포의 내부구조를 관찰할 수 있어 가시광선현미경과 전자현미경을 단점을 보완하는 특징을 갖는 세포 생물학 연구에 적합한 현미경이다. 그러나 기존 연 x-선 현미경은 광원으로 방사선 가속기를 이용하기 때문에 사용이 제한적이었다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 2.88 nm의 연 x-선을 광원으로 사용하는 소형 연 x-선 현미경을 이용하여, 내포작용에 의해 금 나노입자를 포획한 HT1080과 MDA-MB 231 세포의 영상을 약 60 nm 분해능으로 획득하였다. 금 나노입자의 세포에 대한 독성을 제거하기 위하여 폴리에틸렌 글리콜을 캡핑하였고, 2.88 nm 파장의 연 x-선에 대하여 충분한 조영효과로 인하여 세포영상에서 뚜렷한 대조도를 나타내었다. 내포작용에 의해 액포에 포함되어 있는 다양한 크기의 금 나노입자 군집을 확인하였으며, 세포내부의 액포의 분포상태도 관찰할 수 있었다. 따라서 고분해능을 가진 소형 연 x-선 현미경을 이용하여 금 나노입자를 세포내의 미세기관이나 특정 단백질에 표지하면 연 x-선에 대한 조영효과의 증가에 의하여 더욱 유용한 정보를 획득할 수 있을 것으로 생각한다. A compact soft x-ray microscope operated in the ‘water window’ wavelength region (2.3~4.4 nm) was used for observing cells with nano-scale spatial resolution. To obtain cellular imaging captured with colloidal gold nanoparticles using a compact soft x-ray microscope. The colloidal gold nanoparticles showed higher contrast and lower transmission more than 7 times than that of cellular protein on the soft x-ray wavelength region. The structure and thickness of the cell membrane of the Coscinodiscus oculoides (diatome) and red blood cells were seen clearly. The gold nanoparticles within the HT1080 and MDA-MB 231 cells were seen clearly on the soft x-ray microscopy. The gold nanoparticles were aggregated within vesicles by endocytosis.

핸드스프링 몸펴 앞공중1회 비틀기 동작의 소요시간 및 각운동량 분석

권오석,윤양진,서국웅 한국운동역학회 2002 한국운동역학회지 Vol.12 No.2

남자 기계체조 국가대표 선수 3명과 대학선수 3명을 대상으로 핸드스프링 몸펴 앞공중1회 비틀기 동작을 구간 및 국면별로 분석하고 동작의 숙련도에 따라 역학적 변인이 집단 간 어떠한 차이를 보이는지를 구명하기 위하여 Kwon3D 프로그램을 활용하여 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 시간요인에서 보폭을 크게 딛는 것이 손을 빠르게 지지 할 수 있고, 핸드스프링 체공시간은 짧게 하여야 발구르기의 압력을 높여 비틀기동작에서 체공 소요 시간이 길어지므로 비틀기 수행의 완성도를 높일 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 각운동량 요인에서 기술수행 시 전체적으로 좌우(X)축에 대한 각운동량이 전후(Y)축과 수직(Z)축에 대한 각운동량에 비해 더 큰 값을 보였다. 좌우 축 각운동량은 지면에서 이지되어 동작을 수행하는 핸드스프링회전과 앞공중1회 비틀기에서 숙련자가 상대적으로 더 큰 각운동량 보이는 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study were a two-fold: ⑴ to analyze event and phase of handspring salto forward stretched with turn; ⑵ to know the differences in the kinematic variables between two groups. A Kwon3D program served for the estimation of this study. The group was divided into three National representative and three well-trained calisthenics in this study. The results of this study revealed that ⑴ the forward somersault performance was increased when duration time in the air was long during the salto forward stretched that the duration time of Handspring is short, the pressure at takeoff is high, the stride is large, and hands are supporting on the ground quickly; ⑵ comparing the angular movement of anterior and posterior y axis and vertical z axis, the angular movement of right and left x axis was higher during the performance. As a result, the national representative players showed better performance in Handspring salto forward stretched with turn.

미들박스 링크 비용을 고려한 라우팅 비용 변화에 대한 연구

권수경(Su-Kyung Kwon),김태준(Tae-June Kim),김정구(Jeong-Goo Kim),최윤호(Yoon-Ho Choi) 한국통신학회 2015 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.06

현행 중등학교 과학 실험 , 실습 교육 실태 조사 및 그 운영 진단 (Ⅱ) : 고등학교 과학 실험 , 실습 교육을 중심으로

김영호,이윤종,정원우,강용희,양승영,윤성효,안병호,윤일희,권용주,임성규,오철한,기우항,전명남,김중욱 한국과학교육학회 1998 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.18 No.3

본 연구는 96년도에 실시한 우리 나라 중학교 과학 실험·실습 교육의 실태 조사 연구에 따른 계속 연구의 일환으로 고등학교 과학 실험·실습 교육의 실태를 조사하기 위한 것이다. 연구내용은 고등학교 과학 교과서의 분석, 실험·실습 실시 현황 분석, 현행 실험·실습 교육의 문제점 분석, 현행 학교 구성원들의 실험·실습 교육 운영 실태 조사 및 현행 실험·실습 교육의 개선을 위한 연구과제 도출을 주요 연구내용으로 다루었다. 연구방법은 전국의 고등학교 80개교를 대상으로 이들 학교의 학생 1,977명, 교사 165명, 학교장 80명에게 적용하였다. 본 연구에서 밝혀진 결과를 중심으로 우리 나라 고등학교 과학 실험 실습 교육의 정상화를 위한 실험 내적인 연구과제를 제시하면 다음과 같다. (1)교재 개발에 대한 연구, (2)실험 킷트 개발에 대한 연구, (3)교사교육 및 재교육 프로그램 개발에 대한 연구, (4)교실 밖 실험·실습 활동 프로그램 개발에 대한 연구, (5)과학 실험·실습 소재의 개발에 대한 연구. This study was accomplished to analysis and survey on the experimental and practical science education of high school in korea for the consecutive study of the an analysis and survey on the experimental and practical science education of middle school in korea(Lee, Yoon-Jong et al., 1997). The status of facilities, management for the experiment, practices, teaching methods in high schools have been investigated. The present status and reasonable management of the high school science education have been grasped from the questionaires. To do this 165 high school science teachers, 1977 students and 80 principals of high schools in Korea are administered questionaires of Science Education Research Institute of Kyungpook National University(1997). The results of this study are as follows : The reasonable management for experiments and practices of science education were scanty in the high school around the urban and rural school owing to the shortage of facilities and equipments, crowded class, excessive class works for teacher, excessive contents of present textbooks and insufficiency of the administrative supports etc. The current teaching method of high school science has emphasized knowledge. This fact does not satisfy the objective of learning due to lack of the teaching method. Desirable directions for the improvement of present status of high school science education were proposed in this paper.

한국인에서의 CYP2E1 유전자형

권준택,김형기,손동렬,염윤기 순천향의학연구소 2004 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.10 No.1

Cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) is inducible by ethyl alcohol and activates procarcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), benzene, urethane and other lower molecular weight compound. CYP2E1 is also involved in metabolism of certain drugs, for example, alcohol, acetaminophen, tamoxifen, theophylline, fluorinated anesthetics, and chlorozoxazone. CYP2E1 activity was shown to be polymorphically distributed in humans and has been suggested to play a role in hepatocellular carcinoma and alcoholic related disorders. Although genetic predisposition to alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease has been reported, genetic susceptibility to alcoholic pancreatitis is still a matter of debate. The aims of this study were to investigate the allelic frequency of CYP2E1 Rsa I polymorphism in Koreans. We investigated the frequency distribution of CYP2E1 Rsa I polymorphism in 212 unrelated healthy Koreans and 42 hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Detection of the CYP2E1 alleles was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length analysis. The genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood with conventional phenol: chloroform extraction method. The allelic frequencies of c1 and c2 in healthy volunteers were 0.85 and 0.15, respectively. The rare type (c2/c2) of CYP2E1 Rsa I polymorphism was 0.005 in healthy volunteers.

유용성 도료와 수용성 도료의 유해성 비교에 관한 연구 : 자동차 보수용 도료를 중심으로

권은혜,김광식,오정룡,최정근,정윤석,이유진,김은아,송세욱,정호근 한국산업위생학회 2001 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.11 No.1

The purpose of this study is to substitute water-based painting materials for the current solvent-based ones used in motor-repairing process to minimize the exposure of organic solvents to the painters. This study assessed the exposure of organic solvents to the painters using water-based and solvent-based painting materials and compared compositions, painting processes and the health hazards of the application of these alternative painting materials. The results of this study are as follows. 1. solvent-based painting materials used in motor-repairing process consist of various organic solvents, which consist primarily of toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene, ethyl methyl bezene, trimethyl bezene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, 2-ethoxy ethanol, 2-ethoxy ethyl acetate and toluene-2.4-diisocianate and the others. These organic solvents are know as health-hazardous substances. But water-based painting materials are high-solid, low-solvent ones and consist of such two organic solvents as 2-butoxy ethanol and 2-heptanone and the others. 2. The painters using solvent-based painting materials in motor-repairing process are exposed to various organic acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, trimethyl benzene, 2-ethoxy ethanol, and 2-ethoxy ethyl acetate. But the painters using solvent-based ones are only exposed to 2-butoxy ethanol and 2-heptanone. 3. By using water-based painting materials in stead of solvent-based painting materials containing health-hazardous organic solvents, the exposure of such organic solvents in the painter's breathing zone can be largely prevented. 4. This study recommends water-based painting materials as substitutes for the current solvent-based ones used in motor-repairing process to minimize the exposure of organic solvents to the painters.

‘특허강제실시’제도의 역사적 기원과 그 함의

윤권순 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2015 法學論集 Vol.19 No.3

특허강제실시 제도는 21세기 들어와서 특허남용과 공중보건에 대한 관심의 증가에 따라 그 중요성이 높아지고 있으며, 이에 대한 기술선진국과 개발도상국의 입장이 첨예하게 대립하여왔다. 특허강제실시 제도의 역사적 기원은 동 제도의 존재 이유를 제시한다는 점에서 현재 벌어지고 있는 논쟁의 타당성을 진단하는데 도움을 준다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 지금까지 특허강제실시 제도의 기원에 대해 적지 않은 논문들이 오류를 범해왔다. 본 논문은 오류의 원인을 진단하고 특허강제실시제도의 기원을 명확히 하였다. 특허강제실시 제도의 입법사례는 1784년 미국의 사우스캐롤라이나의 주법이 세계 최초인 것으로 알려져 있으며, 부결되기는 했으나 1790년 미국상원에서 특허법 개정안의 하나로 제안되는 등 18세기 미국이 제도의 도입에 주도적인 역할을 하였다. 본격적인 국가차원에서의 입법은, 1873년 비엔나 특허회의에서의 독일대표의 적극적 제안에 의한 특허강제실시 제도 도입 결정이 큰 영향을 주었다. 1864년 아르헨티나와 1880년 룩셈부르크가 각각 개량발명과 비실시에 대한 특허강제실시를 법률에 도입한 사례가 있으며, 비실시, 수요충족, 개량발명, 정부실시를 포괄한 국가차원의 특허강제실시 제도의 역사적 기원은 1883년 영국의 특허법이라고 볼 수 있다. 역사적 사실은 미국, 영국, 독일 등 오늘날의 기술선진국들이 자국 산업의 발전을 위해서 특허강제실시 제도를 적극적으로 도입을 검토하였거나, 도입하였다는 사실을 말해주고 있다. 또한 강제실시제도가 특허제도의 폐지라는 주장에 대해 이를 존속시키기 위한 대안으로서 제안되었다는 점에서 동 제도는 특허제도의 존속자체에 긍정적 영향을 주었다는 점을 알 수 있다. 이는 그 동안 특허강제실시 제도의 국제적 논의에서 부각 되지 않았던 점으로서, 향후 동 제도의 타당성을 논의하는데 있어서 주목할 만한 새로운 쟁점이 될 것으로 보인다. In the 21st century, Patent compulsory licensing system has become important with the increase of interest in the patent abuse and public health. The position of the developed and developing countries surrounding the patent compulsory licensing issues has been in conflict sharply. Historical origins of the patent compulsory licensing helps us to diagnose the validity of the argument that is currently going on. 1784 patent and copyright laws of South Carolina is known as the world's first the legislative practices of patent compulsory licensing system. US Senate proposed introduction of patent compulsory licensing scheme in 1790. The United States has played a leading role in the introduction of this system in the 18th century. In 1873, the Vienna patent congress decided introduction of patent compulsory licensing, actively supported by the German delegation. This decision had a significant impact on the national legislation in the world. Argentina introduced the patent compulsory licensing for improvement invention in 1864 and Luxembourg did in 1880 for non-working. The historical origins of the patent compulsory licensing system for non-working, improvement invention and government use, at the national level can be seen as a 1883 United Kingdom patent Act. Historical fact tells us that today's developed countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany had a leading role in the birth of the patent compulsory licensing system for the economic development of their countries. Also, compulsory licensing gave a positive effect on survival of patent system as an alternative for assertion of abolition of patent. Technology advanced countries, especially the United States has opposed patent compulsory licensing system in the international negotiations. They argue that the system lowers the incentive for R&D and eventually has the negative impact on the development of industry. It's time for developed countries to remember the logic supporting the patent compulsory licensing system in the past and pay attention to the claims of the developing world.

한국인에서의 CYP2C19 유전자형의 다형성

권준택,김형기,손동렬,염윤기 순천향의학연구소 2004 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.10 No.1

The S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase (CYP2C19) metabolizes a number of clinically used drugs and shows a marked interethnic difference in the incidence of the poor metabolizer (PM). In the present study, we genotyped 215 healthy unrelated Koreans (64 females, aged 20-41 yr, residing in Chungcheong province) for functionally defective alleles, CYP2C19_(m1) and CYP2C19_(m2). Detection of the normal (CYP2C19_(wt)) and defective alleles was performed by polymerase chain reaction/restriction enzyme analysis. The genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood. The allelic frequencies of the wild-type (CYP2C19_(wt)) and CYP2C19_(m1) were 72.6% and 27.4%, and the wild-type (CYP2C19_(wt)) and CYP2C19_(m2) were 85.1% and 14.9%, respectively. For each CYP2C19_(m1) and CYP2C19_(m2), the observed numbers of three genotypes were similar to those calculated in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equation. The frequencies of homozygotes for CYP2C19_(m1), CYP2C19_(m2) and compound heterozygotes were 9.7%, 2.8% and 4.2%, respectively. The mutants of CYP2C19 were identified in 36 subjects (16.7%). These results suggest that frequency of mutants of CYP2C19 in Koreans resembled the Orientals rather than Caucasians.

제지 폐수의 질소·인산 동시 제거를 위한 생물학적 처리기술 개발

권기석,노윤숙 안동대학교 환경연구소 2001 환경연구 Vol.1 No.-

주변에서 원유로 오염된 토양과 난분해성 화합물을 포함하고 있는 폐수 등에서 균주를 분리하여 40여종의 분해균주 중 가장 분해력이 우수한 분해균주 4종을 LB(Luria Bertani)배지로 최종분리하였다. 자연계의 균원 시료로부터 분리된 균주 중 점성을 갖는 균주를 선별하여 그 중 표준 점토광물인 kaolin clay에 대한 응집활성이 뛰어난 34종류이 균주를 선택하였으며, 폐수 내에서 응집활성이 높은 응집균주 4종을 최종 분리하였다. 균주 #46(Bacillus circulans), O24(Pseudomonas sp.)2종을 제외한 나머지 균주들의 동정결과는 #24T3, #24P3, #24B3는 Bacillus sp.로 동정되었고 #81, #152, 29은 미동정 되었다. 분해균주의 경우 TOC가 84%, T-N이 98%, T-P가 68%의 처리효율을 보였다. 응집균주의 경우 TOC가 80%, T-N 98%, T-P가 71%의 처리효율을 보였다. 분해+응집균주가 microcosom을 형성한 경우 TOC가 85%, T-N의 경우 98%이상, T-P의 경우 70%을 동시에 처리할 수 있다. From the enrichment culture, 40 strains were isolated, Among them, four strains were screend as having significant biodegradation activity of crude oil and toxic compounds containing wastewater. Also, for the screening of the microorganims, 34 bacterial strains were selected. Among them, four strains were screened as producing the most excellent flocculating material. The strains were identified that 46 was Bacillus circulates, 024 was Pseudomonas sp., 24T3, 24B3, 24P3 were identified Bacillus sp., respectively, And 81, 151, 29 were non-identification. The optimum cultural conditions were as follows; Bioflocculant producing strains : Glucose 20.0g, NH_(4)NO_(3) 2.0g, K_(2)HPO_(4) 0.8g, KH_(2)PO_(4) 0.6g, MgSO_(4)·7H_(2)O 0.05g, MnSO_(4)·4H_(2)O 0.05g, Soytone 0.lg, Tryptone 0.lg Yeast extract 0.lg, CaCO_(3) 0.3g in 1 liter of distilled water, 30℃ for temperature and pH 7.0. Biodegrade strains : LB(Luria Bertani) medium, 30℃ for temperature and pH 6.8∼7.5. The removal rates of total nitrogen and total phosphate by bioflocculant producing strains against pulp wastewater were T-N 98% and T-P 71%, respectively. In the case of biodegrade strains shown that the removal rates were T-N 98% and T-P 68%, respectively. In the case of mixed biodegrade strains and bioflocculant producing strains shown that the removal rates were T-N 99% and T-P 76%, respectively. The strains will be apply simultaneously T-N 98% and T-P 70% from pulp waserwater.

탈석회화골분진과 폴리에틸렌을 이용한 대용골에 관한 실험적연구

권성택,이윤호,김진환 大韓成形外科學會 1993 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.20 No.6

Advances in craniofacial surgery have stimulated the interest in physiology of osseous transplantation. Numerous works have been made to understand physiology of bone graft. In the bone graft, many researches have been focused to solve the following problems; First, the shortage of donor site. Second, variable degree of resorption. Third, limitation of shaping of bone graft. This study was undertaken to evaluate the morphogenic properties of bone substitute and its fate after 6 months of implantation to the back of experimental animal. Bone substitutes were prepared by filling of demineralized bone power to the inner space of porous polyethylene block. Size of the porous polyethylene block was 10 ×10 ×7mm and that of inner space was 7 × 7 × 4mm. Experimental group consisted of implantation of bone substitute into the musculatoure of back of adult New Zealand White rabbits. Control groups were divided into 2 groups : namely group 2 which has inner space of porous polyethylene block without demineralized bone powder and group 3 which has neither innerspace nor demineralized bone powder but only porous polyethylene block. Rib bone between each implant was considered as an another group (group 4) for a reference of isotope uptake. ????Tc-MDP uptake and histomarphometric evaluation with light microscope showed induced osteogenesis of demineralized bone powder within the inside of porous polyethylene. At 1 month after implantation, composites didn't make significant difference from control groups. From 2 months to 6 months, radioisotope uptake increased with sharp curve(1.69 at 2 months, 3.35 at 4 monts and 4.53 at 6 months) and number of osteocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes and chondroblast also increased with steep line(3.3 at Zmonths, 27.6 at 4months, 95.4 at 6 months), while control groups could not show any evidences of induced osteogenesis and better incorporartion. The results of this study suggested that creation of osteogenic composites of porous materials and osteoinductive bone powder can be one of the rational approach to solve the problems of bone graft.