A Study on Improvement and Degradation of Si/SiO₂ Interface Property for Gate Oxide with TiN Metal Gate

Lee, Byung-Hyun,Kim, Yong-Il,Kim, Bong-Soo,Woo, Dong-Soo,Park, Yong-Jik,Park, Dong-Gun,Lee, Si-Hyung,Rho, Yong-Han The Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic 2008 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.9 No.1

In this study, we investigated effects of hydrogen annealing (HA) and plasma nitridation (PN) applied in order to improve $Si/SiO_2$ interface characteristics of TiN metal gate. In result, HA and PN showed a positive effect decreasing number of interface state $(N_{it})$ respectively. After FN stress for verifying reliability, however, we identified rapid increase of $N_{it}$ for TiN gate with HA, which is attributed to hydrogen related to a change of $Si/SiO_2$ interface characteristic. In contrast to HA, PN showed an improved Nit and gate oxide leakage characteristic due to several possible effects, such as blocking of Chlorine (Cl) diffusion and prevention of thermal reaction between TiN and $SiO_2$.

A Study on Improvement and Degradation of Si/SiO2 Interface Property for Gate Oxide with TiN Metal Gate

이병현,Yong-Il Kim,Bong-Soo Kim,Dong-Soo Woo,Yong-Jik Park,Dong-Gun Park,Si-Hyung Lee,Yonghan Rho 한국전기전자재료학회 2008 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.9 No.1

In this study, we investigated effects of hydrogen annealing (HA) and plasma nitridation (PN) applied in order to improve Si/SiO₂ interface characteristics of TiN metal gate. In result, HA and PN showed a positive effect decreasing number of interface state (Nit) respectively. After FN stress for verifying reliability, however, we identified rapid increase of Nit for TiN gate with HA, which is attributed to hydrogen related to a change of Si/SiO₂ interface characteristic. In contrast to HA, PN showed an improved Nit and gate oxide leakage characteristic due to several possible effects, such as blocking of Chlorine (Cl) diffusion and prevention of thermal reaction between TiN and SiO₂.

관상동맥 질환에서 SDF-1α의 농도

김보영,박용규,박형서,노상필,정승현,이유선,이정우,이재환,최시완,정진옥,성인환 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.1

Atherosclerosis is now viewed as an inflammatory disease of the vascular system. Expression of several chemokines, including monocyte chemoattractant protein(MCP)-1, MCP-4, RANTES(regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted), and interleukin-8(IL-8) are increased in human atherosclerotic plaques compared with normal vessels. They are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and plaque rupture by activating and directing leukocytes into the atherosclerotic lesions. However, some are involved in homeostatic functions such as normal leukocyte traffic and growth regulation. SDF-la is a multi-functional cytokine that is involved in myelogenesis, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and injured gastric mucosal regeneration in the gastric ulcer patient. SDF-la is recently shown to be highly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and a potent platelet agonist. At least in high concentrations, SDF-la may mediate antiinflammatory and matrix stabilizing effects in unstable angina. Many studies are going on to know the function of SDF-la in coronary artery diseases. I investigated the difference of the plasma level of SDF-la between control group and coronary artery disease group. Total 75 subjects were enrolled. The diagnosis of coronary artery disease was confirmed in all patients by coronary angiography. Control subjects in this study were confirmed normal by coronary angiography. Clinical profile and risk factors were also reviewed. Control subjects in this study were 27 (M=10, F=17). Plasma for the study was collected before the angiography and centrifuged. SDF-la analysis was performed by ELISA. Plasma level of SDF-la is significantly increased in patients with stable angina(n=20) and unstable angina group(n=28) compared with healthy control group(n=27). the risk factors do not influence the plasma level of SDF-la in coronary artery diseases. In this study, plasma level of SDF-la is increased in patients with stable angina and unstable angina groups compared with healthy control group(P<0.05). the risk factors do not influence the plasma level of SDF-la in coronary artery diseases.

이행성 협심증 환자에서 운동부하 심전도 검사

이정우,박형서,박용규,노상필,이유선,정승현,김보영,이재환,최시완,정진옥,성인환 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.1

목적 : 관상동맥의 경련에 의한 이형성 협심증환자에 있어서 운동부하 심전도 검사의 결과는 매우 다양하다. 이에 저자들은 충남대학교병원 순환기내과에서 관상동맥조영술상 이형성 협심증으로 확진된 환자를 대상으로 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행하여 이에 대한 결과를 연구하였다. 방법 : 1995년 1월부터 2002년 3월까지 흉통을 주소로 충남대학교병원 순환기 내과에 입원하여 관상동맥조영술을 시행하여 관상동맥의 내경이 50% 미만의 협착이 있고, 에르고노빈(ergonovine) 유발검사도 이형성 협심증으로 진단을 받은 233명중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행 받은 183명의 환자를 연구 대상으로 하였다. 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과의 판독시 발생할 수 있는 오류를 줄이기 위해서 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행하기전 심전도상 ST분절의 상승(5예)이나 하강(8예)이 있는 경우 EH한 T파의 역위(19예)가 있는 32명의 환자를 제외한 총 151명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 운동부하는 Marquette사의 case 15 답차를 이용하였고, Bruce protocol에 따라 증상이 나타날 때까지 최대로 실시하였으며 각 stage 및 운동후의 혈압을 측정하고 12 유도 심전도를 기록하였다. 결과 : 1) 임상적 특성 - 내원시 임상 상은 안정형 협심증이 39예(25.8%), 불안정형 협심증이 103예(68.2%), 심근경색증이 9예(6.0%)이었다. 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과 양성 군과 음성군간에 있어서 당뇨병, 고혈압, 비만도, 총 혈청콜레스테롤치, 현재의 흡연 여부, 병력상 운동시 흉통의 유무, 내원시 임상적 진단, 협착의 정도, 연축의 수 등을 조사하였는 바 어떠한 인자들도 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 2) 운동부하 심전도 검사 - 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행 받은 151명의 환자중 음성인 경우는 134예(88.8%)이었고, 양성인 경우는 17예(11.2%)이었다. 양성 소견을 보인 환자들중 ST 분절의 상승이 4예(2.6%), ST 분절의 하강이 13예(8.6%)이었다. 3) 관상동맥조영술 - 관상동맥조영술상에서 혈관 경력 위치는 우관상동맥이 70예(46.1%), 좌전하동맥이 44예(28.9%), 좌회선동맥이 17예(11.2%)의 순으로 나타났다. 운동부하 심전도 검사상 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 예중 Ⅱ, Ⅲ, aVF에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 1예는 관상 동맥조영술상 우관상동맥에서 경련이 발생하였고, V2-V4에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 2예중 관상동맥조영술상에도 좌전하행동맥에서 경련이 나타난 예는 1예이었으며 다른 1예는 좌회선동맥에서 경련이 나타났고, V5-V6에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 1예는 관상동맥조영술상에도 좌회선동맥에서 경련이 나타났다. 운동부하 심전도 검사상 V5 또는 V6에서 ST 분절의 하강이 있엇던 13예중 6예(46.1%)는 관상동맥조영술상 우관상동맥에서 경련이 발생하였고, 3예(23.1%)는 좌전하행동맥에서, 1예(7.7%)는 좌회선동맥에서, 나머지 3예(23.1%)는 2개의 혈관이나 기타 분지에서 경련이 발생하였다. 결론 : 1) 이형성 협심증 환자는 운동부하 심전도 검사에서 11.2%의 양성소견을 보였다. 이중 ST 분절의 상승은 2.6%이었고, ST 분절의 하강은 8.6%이었다. 2) 이형성 환자중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 실시하여 음성을 보이는 경우 다혈관 관상동맥질환이기 보다는 이형성 협심증일 가능성이 더 높다고 예측할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 3) 이형성 협심증 환자중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 실시하여 ST 분절의 상승을 보이는 경우 다혈관 관상동맥질환이기 보다는 이형성 협심증일 가능성이 더 높다고 예측할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 4) 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과에 대한 당뇨병, 고혈압, 비만도, 총 혈청콜레스테롤치, 현재의 흡연여부, 병력상 운동시 흉통의 유무, 내원시 임상적 진단, 협착의 정도 등 어떠한 인자들도 3그룹(ST 분절의 상승, ST 분절의 하강, 음성)간에 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 5) ST 분절의 상승 부위와 관상동맥조영술상 관상동맥의 연축이 일어나는 혈관과의 상관관계는 매우 높았다. No reports in the literature describe the results of exercise testings in a large number of patients with pure variant angina(coronary stenosis <50%) in Korea. In this report, We present the results of treadmil exercise testing in 151 patients with variant angina. 151 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery spasm underwent a treadmil exercise test. The clinical characteristics of variant angina patients classified according to ST-segment response to exercise were analyzed. Of 151 patients underwent a treadmil exercise test, negative result was seen in 134 patients(88.8%) and positive result was in 17 patients(11.2%). Of 17 patients saw positive result, exercise-induced ST segment elevation was present in 4 patients(2.6%) and ST segment depression was seen in 13 patients(8.6%). There was not a significant relationship between the ST segment response to exercise and the clinical variables(diabetes, hypertension, obesity, total cholesterol, current smoking, effort angina, clinical diagnosis, and degree of stenosis) assessed. Of 4 patients with ST segment elevation in treadmil exercise test, 1 patient with ST segment elevation in Ⅰ,Ⅲ,aVF had spasm in right coronary artery(100%) on coronary angiography, of 2 patients in V2-V4 had spasm in left anterior descending coronary artery in 1 patient(50%) and 1 patient in V5-V6 had spasm in left circumflex artery(100%). Positive treadmil exercise test was present in 11.2% of variant angina patient. If we have negative treadmil exercise result in patients with clinical manifestation of unstable angina at admission, we may have a suspicion of variant angina rather than multi-vessel disease. If we have exercise-induced ST segment elevation in patients with clinical manifestation of unstable angina at admission, we have a suspicion of variant angina rather than multi-vessel disease. Our result suggests that the correlation between the site of the ST segment elevation and the artery involved is quite good.

불면증의 임상적 연구 (1) : -종합병원 입원환자의 수면장애에 대하여-

李時炯,申泓湜,朴泉漢 大韓神經精神醫學會 1973 신경정신의학 Vol.12 No.3

Forty five of admitted patients, who have complained of poor sleep since their admission at Kyung Puk Univ. Hospital, were studied as follows: 1) Comparison between before and after admission of their sleep pattern 2) Comparison between Medical and Surgical part 3) Comparison between "Good sleeper" (also admitted patients) abd "Poor sleeper" of their depression and anxiety by using of Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale and Zung's Self Rating Depression Scale Results; 1) Comparing to prior to their admission, the amount of sleep has significantly reduced since their admission, and the quality of sleep also has become significantly irregular and poor. 2) Comparing to prior to their admission, "Bed time" tends to be later, "Sleep onset" tends to be delayed, and "Feeling on awake" become worse since their admission. 3) No significant differences are noted between two groups; Surgical and Medical. 4) Comparing to Good sleeper, Poor sleeper tends to show higher score in depression scale, however. anxiety score is so significantly higher that it might be used as a sensitive indicator for measuring poor sleep. 5) Contrary to our expectation, the hospital environment is not highly regarded as the interrupting factor for sleep, according to patient's own evaluation of the cause of their poor sleep.

사회공포증과 관련된 양육태도검사의 개발 연구

이시형,오강섭,허묘연 대한소아ㆍ청소년정신의학회 1998 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.9 No.2

사회공포증 환자의 성격요인과 방어기제에 대한 연구

이시형,백상빈,노경선,오강섭,신영철 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.6

연구목적: 사회공포 환자의 성격요인과 방어기제의 특징을 알아보고, 비가해형 및 가해형에 따라 유의미한 차이가 있는지 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법: 강북삼성병원 외래치료 환자중 DSM-Ⅳ에 근거하여 사회공포로 진단된 환자 28명을 대상으로 성격요인검사(Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire 한국판) 및 이화방어기제검사를 시행하였고 통계처리는 각 검사에 대한 빈도분석과 비가해형과 가해형에 대한 Independent-Sample t-test를 시행하였다. 결 과: 사회공포 환자에서 성격요인(평균점수) 중 shyness/boldness 요인이 정상보다 낮은 소견을 보였으며 방어기제에서는 유우머 항목이 정상보다 낮은 소견을 보였다. 성격요인과 방어기제 모두에서 비가해형과 가해형간에 유의미한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 결 론: 성격요인의 결과상 사회공포 환자들은 감정 표현을 억제하며 비사교적이다. 또한 자기주장을 못하여 타인에게 순종적, 동조적이며 정서적 불안정감이 심하다. 이러한 성격요인들은 모두 자율신경계의 약화, 불안의 증가, 공포증의 유발가능성의 증가등으로 사회공포와 관련되어 있다. 또한 방어기제의 결과상 사회공포 환자들은 유우머가 부족하고 지나치게 긴장, 경직되어 있어 사회공포 증세를 유발하기 쉬운 것으로 판단되었다. 사회공포의 두 유형인 비가해형과 가해형간에는 성격요인, 방어기제 모두에서 유의미한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of personality factor and defense mechanism and to compare the difference between non-offensive and offensive types of social phobia patients. Methods: Study subjects consisted of 28 social phobia patients diagnosed with the criteria of DSM-Ⅳ. Data were collected through Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and Ehwa Diagnostic Test of Defense Mechanism. We employed was the independent sample t-test for the analysis. Result: Among the personality factor, the shyness/boldness factor scored lower than normal in social phobia patients. Humor defense scored lower than normal among defense mechanisms. There was no significant correlation between non-offensive and offensive types of social phobia in personality factors and defense mechanisms. Conclusions: Social phobia patients were shier and less frequently use humor defense than the ordinary people. There was no significant correlation between non-offensive and offensive types of social phobia patients in personality factors and defense mechanisms.

생석회의 재탄산화에 의한 내수화성 향상에 관한 연구

李始衡,李晩承 대한금속재료학회 2002 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.40 No.6

Recarbonization experiments of lime produced from rotary kiln had been performed to improve the hydration resistance of lime in the air. From recarbonization and hydration experiments, it was found that the amount of hydrated lime was greatly reduced by coating the surface of lime with CaCO_3 of about 6 wt%. The effect of reaction temperature and partial pressure of carbon dioxide on the recarbonization rate of lime was investigated by a thermogravimetric analysis method. Rate equation for the recarbonization of lime was derived from the thermogravimetric data at various temperatures.

한국 학생층의 사회불안에 관한 연구

이시형,이추리,이성희,정광설,김갑중 高麗病院 1987 高醫 Vol.10 No.-

데모主動學生의 社會精神醫學的 分析 : 데모性向 性格의 分析

李時炯 大韓神經精神醫學會 1972 신경정신의학 Vol.11 No.4

Twelve of male college students from Taegu area, who are considered as the most active participant and as the leader in the student protest movement in the Korean Campus during the 60's are analysed. Seven students out of 12, are defined as so called "Protest Prone Personality", ① and longitudinal psychohistorical analysis of their personality development is done, with much emphasis on Father-Son relationship in particular. 1) Student's father have a relatively higher education and been employed as Government official since Japanese occupation. Their ambivalent compromise between "New and Old" cultural climate is unavoidable, due to their deep seated agricultural influence, however, which is constantly challenged by their Western influence, on the other. 2) Students have felt a "Sense of Specialness" in themselves, and being expected to be "great" from their early childhood on. Indentification with a strong father image was challenged, as they dout of father's omnipotence, however, this conflict from ambivalent father image became resolved. as they understood the ambivalent compromise on father's part, and thus the conflict, of father then his, was projected on to the society. 3) Protest is, then, seen as a result of father's unconscious provoke on their son. 4) Ambivalent acceptance of "Modernization" ② due to fear for the loss of subjectivity, is acute among these students. It is therefore that Government, who puts the pressure for modernization, is seen as a threat, which then is indirectly expressed by the student as protest. In this sense, protest is for the protection of "Subjectivity". 5) Core value of traditional Korean agricutural culure is well inherited to those students. However, formal value. is, social, political, religeous, and philosophical ets, is completely different from grandfather's. yet they are same as father's "latent" value system, which is different from his father's, yet not expressed, and now inherited to his son.