Korean Dictionaries and Some Model Dictionaries of the World : Critical Essays toward the Plan for a New Korean Dictionary

Lee, Sang Sup,Nam, Ki Shim,Ahn, Sam Huan,Choi, Young Ai,Hong, Chai Song 연세대학교 언어정보개발원 1988 사전편찬학 연구 Vol.1 No.1

After briefly reviewing the history of lexcoigraphy in modem Korea, Nam Kishim tackles many problems created by the general deficiency of current Korean monolingual dictionaries in phonological morphological and semantic points. For example, most Korean dictionaries do not treat such phonological changes as the shortening of the stem vowel ㅓ in 더운, the prenominal form of the adjective 덥다, whose stem vowel ㅓ is pronounced long. He also takes issue with the practice of Korean dictionaries of including all kinds of proper names on little reliable principles : a typical dictionary enters a 600m-high hill while excluding better-known mountains higher than that. Hong Chai-song concentrates on the often misguiding information on transitive / intransitive verbs in current dictionaries. For example, a representative dictionary designates the verb 뛰다 simply as intransitive. But it is quite often used as an transitive also. In the sentence, 철수는 운동장을 뛰었다, 운동장 is the object of the transitive verb 뛰다. How could the compilers miss such an obvious fact? Hong suggests that they may have not been interested in being grammatically informative. A historical survey of the Oxford English Dictionary(OED) is given by Lee Sang-sup, with special emphasis on the vast amount of quotations from real sources contributed by thousands of volunteer readers through several decades and on its unwavering historical principle. A comparison between the OED's definition of Kimchi and a Korean dictionary's 김치 is given, showing the difference of principle in treating the same lexical item. Ahn Sam-huan presents a detailed account of Grimm's Deutsches Wo¨rterbuch which took generations of German lexicographers 133 years from its inception to its completion in 1971. On the basis of his study, Ahn suggests that future dictionary makers should cooperate as a group on a long-range comprehensive project. A moltivolume dictionary is an all-important cultural event for the whole nation, not to be influenced by private commercial interests. Choi Young-ai's survey of Chinese lexicography highlights the now on-going publication of 漢語字典 and 漢語詞典, admirable results of the cooperative effort of hundreds of Chinese scholars, a modus operandi for the Yonsei University graze to adopt in planning a new dictionary of the Korean language.

Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> Sensitization Mechanism in Stretch-induced Myogenic Tone

Jung-Sup Kim,Sung-Kyung Ryu,Duck-Sun Ahn,Bok-Soon Kang,Young-Ho Lee 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 2002 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.6 No.1

<P> It has been suggested that Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> sensitization mechanisms might contribute to myogenic tone, however, specific mechanisms have not yet been fully identified. Therefore, we investigated the role of protein kinase C (PKC)- or RhoA-induced Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> sensitization in myogenic tone of the rabbit basilar vessel. Myogenic tone was developed by stretch of rabbit basilar artery. Fura-2 Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> signals, contractile responses, PKC immunoblots, translocation of PKC and RhoA, and phosphorylation of myosin light chains were measured. Stretch of the resting vessel evoked a myogenic contraction and an increase in the intracellular Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> concentration ([Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP>]<SUB>i</SUB>) only in the presence of extracellular Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP>. Stretch evoked greater contraction than high K<SUP>⁢</SUP> at a given [Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP>]<SUB>i</SUB>. The stretch-induced increase in [Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP>]<SUB>i</SUB> and contractile force were inhibited by treatment of the tissue with nifedipine, a blocker of voltage-dependent Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> channel, but not with gadolinium, a blocker of stretch-activated cation channels. The PKC inhibitors, H-7 and calphostin C, and a RhoA-activated protein kinase (ROK) inhibitor, Y-27632, inhibited the stretch-induced myogenic tone without changing [Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP>]<SUB>i</SUB>. Immunoblotting using isoform-specific antibodies showed the presence of PKCα and PKCε in the rabbit basilar artery. PKCα, but not PKCε, and RhoA were translocated from the cytosol to the cell membrane by stretch. Phosphorylation of the myosin light chains was increased by stretch and the increased phosphorylation was blocked by treatment of the tissue with H-7 and Y-27632, respectively. Our results are consistent with important roles for PKC and RhoA in the generation of myogenic tone. Furthermore, enhanced phosphorylation of the myosin light chains by activation of PKCα and/or RhoA may be key mechanisms for the Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> sensitization associated with myogenic tone in basilar vessels.

갑상선 결절에 대한 세침흡입 세포검사에서 반복적인 비진단적 검체의 원인에 대한 분석

최영근<SUP>1<.SUP>,윤찬석,고승상,허민희,강성수,이지현,전이경<SUP>2<.SUP>,박지영<SUP>2<.SUP>,이해경,Young Gun Choi,<SUP>1<.SUP>,Chan Seok Yoon,Seung Sang Ko,Min Hee Hur,Sung Soo Kang,Jee Hyun Lee,Yi Kyeong Chun,<SUP>2<.SUP>,Ji Y 대한갑상선-내분비외과학회 2006 The Koreran journal of Endocrine Surgery Vol.6 No.1

광양만 해역에서의 고효율 질소-인 제거 해양박테리아 탐색 및 분리

이건섭(Lee, Gun-Sup),모상현(Moh, Sang-Hyun),정영재(Chung, Young-Jae),김소정(Kim, So-Jung),김영준(Kim, Young-Jun),이상섭(Lee, Sang-Seob),이택견(Lee, Taek-Kyun) 한국산학기술학회 2012 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.13 No.7

371 균주의 해양박테리아를 광양만에서 분리하였다. 우점종은 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, P. fluorescens, P. paucimobilis, Chryseomonas luteola, P. vescularis 등이었다. 영양염과 유기물을 제거할 수 있는 해양박테 리아를 탐색하기 위하여 암모니아성 질소(100 mg/L), 질산성 질소(100 mg/L) 및 인(10 mg/L)이 각각 포함된 10 mL의 marine broth 2216 (DIFCO)에 해양박테리아를 접종(1.0%, v/v)하고 12시간 배양하였다. 스크리닝 테스트 결과 25% 이상 COD을 제거하는 해양박테리아는 16종, 15% 이상의 암모니아 질소를 제거하는 해양박테리아는 9종, 60% 이상의 질산 질소를 제거하는 해양박테리아는 11종 그리고 90% 이상의 인을 제거하는 해양박테리아는 13종이 분리되었다. Aeromonas hydrophila, Chryseomonas indologenes, Pseudomonas diminuta, Vibrio parahaemolyticus 균주가 유기물 및 영양염류 제거 실험을 위해 선정되었다. 회분식 시험을 위해 4종의 해양박테리아를 COD_Cr 250 mg/L, NH₃-N 40 mg/L, NO₃-N 40 mg/L, PO₄^3--P 10 mg/L이 각각 첨가되어 있는 변형 marine broth에 접종하고, 10시간 배양하면서 제거효율을 측정하였다. 371 strains of marine bacteria were isolated from Gwangyang bay in Korea. The dominant species were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, P. fluorescens, P. paucimobilis, Chryseomonas luteola and P. vescularis. To screen marine bacteria capable of removing nutrients and organics, marine bacteria was inoculated in 10 mL of marine broth 2216 (DIFCO) with NH₃^-N (100 mg/L), NO₃^-N (100 mg/L), and PO₄^-P (10 mg/L) with 1.0% (v/v), and incubated for 12 h. Results from the screening test, showed that the removal efficiencies for COD_Cr, ammonia niterogen, nitrate nitrogen, and phosphate were over 25% for 16 strains, 15% for 9 strains, 50% for 63 strains, and 15% for 80 strains, respectively. Aeromonas hydrophila, Chryseomonas indologenes, Pseudomonas diminuta, Vibrio parahaemolyticus were selected for nutrients removal experiments. For the batch test, 4 species of marine bacteria were inoculated in modified marine broth containing with nutrients(COD_Cr 250 mg/L, NH₃^-N 40 mg/L, NO₃^-N 40 mg/L, PO₄^-P 10 mg/L, respectively), incubated for 10 hr and the removal efficiencies were measured.

Development of ⁶⁴Cu-NOTA-Trastuzumab for HER2 Targeting: A Radiopharmaceutical with Improved Pharmacokinetics for Human Studies

Woo, Sang-Keun,Jang, Su Jin,Seo, Min-Jung,Park, Ju Hui,Kim, Byoung Soo,Kim, Eun Jung,Lee, Yong Jin,Lee, Tae Sup,An, Gwang Il,Song, In Ho,Seo, Youngho,Kim, Kwang Il,Kang, Joo Hyun Society of Nuclear Medicine 2019 The Journal of nuclear medicine Vol.60 No.1

<P>The purpose of this study was to develop <SUP>64</SUP>Cu-labeled trastuzumab with improved pharmacokinetics for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). <B>Methods:</B> Trastuzumab was conjugated with SCN-Bn-NOTA and radiolabeled with <SUP>64</SUP>Cu. Serum stability and immunoreactivity of <SUP>64</SUP>Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab were tested. Small-animal PET imaging and biodistribution studies were performed in a HER2-positive breast cancer xenograft model (BT-474). The internal dosimetry for experimental animals was determined using the image-based approach with the Monte Carlo N-particle code. <B>Results:</B> <SUP>64</SUP>Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab was prepared with high radiolabeling yield and radiochemical purity (>98%) and showed high stability in serum and good immunoreactivity. Uptake of <SUP>64</SUP>Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab was highest at 48 h after injection as determined by PET imaging and biodistribution results in BT-474 tumors. The blood radioactivity concentrations of <SUP>64</SUP>Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab decreased biexponentially with time in both mice with and mice without BT-474 tumor xenografts. The calculated absorbed dose of <SUP>64</SUP>Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab was 0.048 mGy/MBq for the heart, 0.079 mGy/MBq for the liver, and 0.047 mGy/MBq for the spleen. <B>Conclusion:</B> <SUP>64</SUP>Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab was effectively targeted to the HER2-expressing tumor in vitro and in vivo, and it exhibited a relatively low absorbed dose due to a short residence time. Therefore, <SUP>64</SUP>Cu-NOTA-trastuzumab could be applied to select the right patients and right timing for HER2 therapy, to monitor the treatment response after HER2-targeted therapy, and to detect distal or metastatic spread.</P>

갑상선 수술 후 음성 변화

홍종철,이형신<SUP>1<.SUP>,김성원<SUP>2<.SUP>,이강대<SUP>2<.SUP>,Jong-Chul Hong,Hyoung-Shin Lee,M.D.<SUP>1<.SUP>,Sung- Won Kim,M.D.<SUP>2<.SUP> and Kang-Dae Lee,M.D.<SUP>2<.SUP> 대한갑상선-내분비외과학회 2011 The Koreran journal of Endocrine Surgery Vol.11 No.3

Purpose: Vocal symptoms have been reported after thyroidectomy and even in the absence of injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve or the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the subjective and objective voice changes in patients without laryngeal nerve injury after thyroidectomy. Methods: The subjects had undergone total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma from November 2007 to December 2008. Twenty-eight subjects (males: 8, females: 20) were selected for this study. Voice analysis was prospectively evaluated in the subjects at the time of preoperation and postoperation (10.8 months for the males and 11.7 months for the females). A subjective analysis was done using the visual analogue scale (VAS, 0: no symptom, 10: severe symptoms) and objective analyses were determined by several parameters such as the fundamental frequency (Fo), jitter, shimmer and the noise to harmonic ratio (NHR) using the multi-dimensional voice program. Maximum phonation time (MPT)was performed as an aerodynamic test. Results: 3 patients (37.5%) among the males and 14 patients (70%) among the females had subjective postoperative voice change. The VAS showed a significant difference for the females (0 to 1.25±0.97, P<0.001), whereas no changes were shown for the males (0 to 0.88±1.25, P>0.05). The vocal parameters (Fo, jitter, shimmer, NHR) and MPT showed no significant changes for both the males and females (P>0.05). Conclusion: Subjective voice changes may occur after thyroidectomy without laryngeal nerve injury. Surgeons should take possible voice changes into consideration when informing patients before thyroidectomy. (Korean J Endocrine Surg 2011;11:175-178)

미세침흡인으로 얻은 갑상선 유두암 세포에서 p27 발현과 경부림프절 전이의 연관성

이관주,이정의<SUP>1<,SUP>,김정수,김태규<SUP>2<,SUP>,이상철,김정구,안창준,김세준,이동호,Kwan Ju Lee,M,D,Jung Hea Lee,M,D,<SUP>1<,SUP>,Jeong Soo Kim,M,D,Tai Gyu Kim,M,D,<SUP>2<,SUP>,Sang Chul Lee,M,D,Jeong Goo Kim,M,D,Chang-Joon 대한갑상선-내분비외과학회 2009 The Koreran journal of Endocrine Surgery Vol.9 No.3

Purpose: The p27 gene as a tumor suppressor gene is associated with colorectal cancer, gastric cancer and breast cancer. Some studies have shown a relationship between the underexpression of p27 and lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between a p27 expression of the papillary thyroid cancer cells obtained by fine needle aspiration (FNA) and cervical lymph node metastasis. Methods: This study included 60 patients with papillary thyroid cancer and who underwent total thyroidectomy or lobectomy. Central lymph node dissection was routinely done. Out of these patients, 30 patients underwent a FNA procedure during the operation. Immunohistochemical staining for p27 antibody was performed on the papillary thyroid cancer tissues and cells. Results: Cervical lymph node metastasis is correlated with the tumor size and lymphovascular invasion (P<0.001). The underexpression of p27 for the papillary thyroid cancer tissues and cells was associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.009). Conclusion: An evaluation of the p27 expression for the papillary thyroid cancer cells obtained by FNA may be useful as a predictor for lymph node metastasis before surgery. (Korean J Endocrine Surg 2009;9:155-160)

Unique Unfoldase/Aggregase Activity of a Molecular Chaperone Hsp33 in its Holding-Inactive State

Jo, Ku-Sung,Kim, Ji-Hun,Ryu, Kyoung-Seok,Kang, Joo-Seong,Wang, Chae-Yeon,Lee, Yoo-Sup,Seo, Min-Duk,Lee, Young-Ho,Won, Hyung-Sik Academic Press 2019 Journal of molecular biology Vol.431 No.7

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The various chaperone activities of heat shock proteins contribute to ensuring cellular proteostasis. Here, we demonstrate the non-canonical unfoldase activity as an inherent functionality of the prokaryotic molecular chaperone, Hsp33. Hsp33 was originally identified as a holding chaperone that is post-translationally activated by oxidation. However, in this study, we verified that the holding-inactive reduced form of Hsp33 (<SUP>R</SUP>Hsp33) strongly bound to the translational elongation factor, EF-Tu. This interaction was critically mediated by the redox-switch domain of <SUP>R</SUP>Hsp33 and the guanine nucleotide-binding domain of EF-Tu. The bound <SUP>R</SUP>Hsp33, without undergoing any conformational change, catalyzed the EF-Tu aggregation by evoking the aberrant folding of EF-Tu to expose hydrophobic surfaces. Consequently, the oligomers/aggregates of EF-Tu, but not its functional monomeric form, were highly susceptible to proteolytic degradation by Lon protease. These findings present a unique example of an ATP-independent molecular chaperone with distinctive dual functions—as an unfoldase/aggregase and as a holding chaperone—depending on the redox status. It is also suggested that the unusual unfoldase/aggregase activity of <SUP>R</SUP>Hsp33 can contribute to cellular proteostasis by dysregulating EF-Tu under heat-stressed conditions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Hsp33 was originally identified as an oxidation-dependent holding chaperone. </LI> <LI> Holding-inactive reduced form of Hsp33 (<SUP>R</SUP>Hsp33) specifically interacted with EF-Tu. </LI> <LI> <SUP>R</SUP>Hsp33-bound EF-Tu underwent an unfolding, leading to oligomerization/aggregation. </LI> <LI> EF-Tu oligomers/aggregates became susceptible to degradation by Lon protease. </LI> <LI> Aggregase activity of <SUP>R</SUP>Hsp33 can contribute to proteostasis by dysregulating EF-Tu. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical Abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

외과 의사에 의해 시행된 갑상선 결절의 악성 종양을 시사하는 초음파 소견의 분석

고건,고진철<SUP>1<,SUP>,최상용,박신희,이광찬<SUP>1<,SUP>,김진승<SUP>1<,SUP>,Gun Go,M,D,Jin Chul Koh,M,D,<SUP>1<,SUP>,Sang Yong Choi,M,D,Shin Hee Park,M,D,Kwang Chan Lee,M,D,<SUP>1<,SUP> and Chin Seung Kim,M,D,<SUP>1< 대한갑상선-내분비외과학회 2010 The Koreran journal of Endocrine Surgery Vol.10 No.4

Purpose: Ultrasound is most effective study for evaluating thyroid nodules. In this review, we discuss that sonographic findings to differentiate benign from malignant nodules and suggest recommendations for indications of fine needle aspiration biopsy and thyroid nodule management. Methods: Sonographic scans of 206 thyroid nodules in 164 patients were candidated for this study. We evaluated sonographic findings by shape, calcification, margin, and echogenicity, retrospectively. Sonographic findings that suggested malignancy included microcalcifications, a speculated margin, marked hypoechogenicity and a shape that was taller than wide. The final diagnosis of lesion as benign (n=180) or malignant (n=26) was confirmed by fine needle aspiration biopsy and follow-up (>6 months). We demonstrated the difference of the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy. Results: Of 206 thyroid nodules, 26 were malignant. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy based on our sonographic classification method were 84.6%, 73.9%, 31.9%, 97.0% and 75.2%. Conclusion: Sonography can be helpful for making the differentiation between and malignant nodules. So, when well trained surgeon find thyroid nodules on sonography, we can make correct diagnosis of malignant nodules. (Korean J Endocrine Surg 2010;10:224-228)

갑상선 수술의 해부학적 지표로서의 Zuckerkandl 결절의 중요성

윤지섭,정종주<SUP>1<,SUP>,이용상<SUP>1<,SUP>,남기현<SUP>1<,SUP>,정웅윤<SUP>1<,SUP>,장항석<SUP>1<,SUP>,박정수<SUP>1<,SUP>,Ji-Sup Yun,Jong Ju Jeong,<SUP>1<,SUP>,Yong Sang Lee,<SUP>1<,SUP>,Kee Hyun Nam,<SUP>1<,SUP>,Woong You 대한갑상선-내분비외과학회 2007 The Koreran journal of Endocrine Surgery Vol.7 No.4

Purpose: Zuckerkandl's tubercle (ZT) of the thyroid gland is a well-documented anatomical structure. This study evaluated the anatomical relationship of the ZT in terms of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and the superior parathyroid gland (SP). Methods: The study included 325 patients (ten patients with benign tumors and 315 patients with malignancies) who underwent thyroid surgery between February and June 2007. Tubercles were classified according to size: Grade 0 (unrecognizable), Grade I (≤ 5 mm), Grade II (6∼10 mm) and Grade III (>10 mm). The incidence and size of the ZT and its positional relationship to the RLN and SP were investigated during thyroid surgery. Results: ZTs were identified in most patients (right thyroid 89.3%, left thyroid 85.6%). The percentageof tubercles according to grade and location was as follows: Grade 0, right thyroid 10.7% and left thyroid 14.4%; Grade I, right thyroid 7.9% and left thyroid 11.1%; Grade II, right thyroid 43.5% and left thyroid 38.5%; Grade III, right thyroid 37.9% and left thyroid 35.9%. The most common RLN course was in a groove between the ZT and the main body of the thyroid. Most of the SPs are situated cranial to the ZTs and were located at the 1 or 2 o'clock position (96.1%) in the left thyroid and at the 10 or 11 o'clock position (95.2%) in the right thyroid. A greater distance between the ZT and the SP was seen with a decreasing size of the ZT. Conclusion: The ZT was identified during most thyroidectomies, and there was a constant relationship between the ZT and either the RLN or SP. Therefore, identification of the ZT and an understanding of the relationship between the ZT and either the RLN or SP are essential for the performance of safe thyroid surgery. (Korean J Endocrine Surg 2007;7:237-241)