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Current Issues Vaccine Allergy
Arvind Madaan and Daniel E Maddox 대한천식알레르기학회 2004 천식 및 알레르기 Vol.24 No.2
Vaccines provide a safe and effective approach to prevent infectious and allergic diseases. Allergic reactions to vaccines and drug products have become an important feature of modern day clinical practice. Most of these reactions are mild, but healthcare providers should be aware of the potential serious adverse reactions. The diagnosis of vaccine allergy is usually based on a detailed history and physical examination. Prevention, avoidance, the use of alternative agents, desensitization, and premedication remain the cornerstones of therapy even as more refined diagnostic and management tools are being developed. Additional studies that are aimed at identifying other causes of immediate hypersensitivity after immunization with live virus vaccines are warranted.
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A Feature-Salience Analogue of the Inverse Base-rate Effect
Corey J. Bohil,Arthur B. Markman,W. odd Maddox 대한사고개발학회 2005 The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Vol.15 No.1
Classification learning requires integrating many properties of the items being learned including the base-rate probability that a category will occur as well as the salience of features. Previous research has demonstrated an inverse base-rate effect, in which people classify an item that has features predictive of both a high base-rate and low base-rate category into the rarer category. We suggest that this finding reflects that feature salience plays a greater role in classification than does base-rates. We tested this hypothesis by demonstrating that manipulations of feature salience determine the classification of ambiguous stimuli regardless of the underlying base-rates of the categories.
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Liu, Y.,Song, M.,Che, T. M.,Lee, J. J.,Bravo, D.,Maddox, C. W.,Pettigrew, J. E. American Society of Animal Science 2014 Journal of Animal Science Vol.92 No.5
<P>This study was conducted to characterize the effects of infection with a pathogenic F-18 <I>Escherichia coli</I> and 3 different plant extracts on gene expression of ileal mucosa in weaned pigs. Weaned pigs (total = 64, 6.3 ± 0.2 kg BW, and 21-d old) were housed in individual pens for 15 d, 4 d before and 11 d after the first inoculation (d 0). Treatments were in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement: with or without an F-18 <I>E. coli</I> challenge and 4 diets (a nursery basal, control diet [CON], 10 ppm of capsicum oleoresin [CAP], garlic botanical [GAR], or turmeric oleoresin [TUR]). Results reported elsewhere showed that the plant extracts reduced diarrhea in challenged pigs. Total RNA (4 pigs/treatment) was extracted from ileal mucosa of pigs at d 5 post inoculation. Double-stranded cDNA was amplified, labeled, and further hybridized to the microarray, and data were analyzed in R. Differential gene expression was tested by fitting a mixed linear model in a 2 × 4 factorial ANOVA. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted by DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.7 (<B>DAVID;</B> National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases <B>[</B>NIAID, NIH<B>],</B> http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov). The <I>E. coli</I> infection altered (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of 240 genes in pigs fed the CON (148 up- and 92 down-regulated). Compared with the infected CON, feeding CAP, GAR, or TUR altered (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of 52 genes (18 up, 34 down), 117 genes (34 up- and 83 down-regulated), or 84 genes (16 up- and 68 down-regulated), respectively, often counteracting the effects of <I>E. coli</I>. The <I>E. coli</I> infection up-regulated (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of genes related to the activation of immune response and complement and coagulation cascades, but down-regulated (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of genes involved in protein synthesis and accumulation. Compared with the CON, feeding CAP and GAR increased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of genes related to integrity of membranes in infected pigs, indicating enhanced gut mucosa health. Moreover, feeding all 3 plant extracts reduced (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of genes associated with antigen presentation or other biological processes of immune responses, indicating they attenuated overstimulation of immune responses caused by <I>E. coli</I>. These findings may explain why diarrhea was reduced and clinical immune responses were ameliorated in infected pigs fed plant extracts. In conclusion, plant extracts altered the expression of genes in ileal mucosa of <I>E. coli</I>-infected pigs, perhaps leading to the reduction in diarrhea reported previously.</P>
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Choking and Excelling at the Free Throw Line
Darrell A. Worthy,Arthur B. Markman,W. Todd Maddox 대한사고개발학회 2009 The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Vol.19 No.1
Psychological research suggests that trying to avoid a negative outcome and trying to attain a positive outcome have different effects on performance (Higgins, 1997). We explored this prospect by examining free throw performance among NBA basketball players at the ends of games when the player’s team was ahead or behind in a clutch situation. Players tended to shoot worse than their career average when their team was behind or when their team was ahead by one point. In contrast, players tended to shoot better than their career average when the game was tied. Thus, the point margin affected a player’s likelihood of choking or excelling under pressure. This research provides a novel real-world analysis of the phenomenon of choking under pressure that could guide and motivate future research.
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백기현,정윤석,고정민,김인주,김경민,민용기,박기덕,Rajani Dinavahi,Judy Maddox,Wenjing Yang,김수아,이상진,조형진,임승길 대한내분비학회 2021 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.36 No.1
Background: This phase 3 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of 6-month treatment with romosozumab in Korean postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Methods: Sixty-seven postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (bone mineral density [BMD] T-scores ≤–2.5 at the lumbar spine, total hip, or femoral neck) were randomized (1:1) to receive monthly subcutaneous injections of romosozumab (210 mg; n=34) or placebo (n=33) for 6 months. Results: At month 6, the difference in the least square (LS) mean percent change from baseline in lumbar spine BMD (primary efficacy endpoint) between the romosozumab (9.5%) and placebo (–0.1%) groups was significant (9.6%; 95% confidence interval, 7.6 to 11.5; P<0.001). The difference in the LS mean percent change from baseline was also significant for total hip and femoral neck BMD (secondary efficacy endpoints). After treatment with romosozumab, the percent change from baseline in procollagen type 1 Nterminal propeptide transiently increased at months 1 and 3, while that in C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen showed a sustained decrease. No events of cancer, hypocalcemia, injection site reaction, positively adjudicated atypical femoral fracture or osteonecrosis of the jaw, or positively adjudicated serious cardiovascular adverse events were observed. At month 9, 17.6% and 2.9% ofpatients in the romosozumab group developed binding and neutralizing antibodies, respectively. Conclusion: Treatment with romosozumab for 6 months was well tolerated and significantly increased lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck BMD compared with placebo in Korean postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02791516).
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Liu, Y.,Song, M.,Che, T. M.,Bravo, D.,Maddox, C. W.,Pettigrew, J. E. American Society of Animal Science 2014 Journal of Animal Science Vol.92 No.8
<P>This study was conducted to characterize the effects of feeding 3 plant extracts on gene expression in ileal mucosa of weaned pigs. Weaned pigs (<I>n</I> = 32, 6.3 ± 0.2 kg BW, and 21 d old) were housed in individual pens for 9 d and fed 4 different diets: a nursery basal diet as control diet, basal diet supplemented with 10 mg/kg of capsicum oleoresin, garlic botanical, or turmeric oleoresin. Results reported elsewhere showed that the plant extracts reduced diarrhea and increased growth rate of weaning pigs. Total RNA (4 pigs/treatment) was extracted from ileal mucosa of pigs at d 9. Double-stranded cDNA was amplified, labeled, and further hybridized to the microarray. Microarray data were analyzed in R using packages from the Bioconductor project. Differential gene expression was tested by fitting a mixed linear model equivalent to ANOVA using the limma package. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted by DAVID Bioinformatics Resources. Three pairwise comparisons were used to compare each plant extract diet with the control diet. Quantitative real time PCR was applied to verify the mRNA expression detected by microarray. Compared with the control diet, feeding capsicum oleoresin altered (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of 490 genes (280 up, 210 down), and feeding garlic botanical altered (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of 64 genes (33 up, 31 down), while feeding turmeric oleoresin altered (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of 327 genes (232 up, 95 down). Compared with the control diet, feeding capsicum oleoresin and turmeric oleoresin increased [Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer (<I>EASE</I>) < 0.05] the expression of genes related to integrity of membranes and tight junctions, indicating enhanced gut mucosa health, but decreased (<I>EASE</I> < 0.05) the cell cycle pathway. Feeding each of the 3 plant extracts enhanced (<I>EASE</I> < 0.05) the expression of genes associated with immune responses, indicating that feeding these plant extracts may stimulate the immune responses of pigs in the normal conditions. In conclusion, plant extracts regulated the expression of genes in ileal mucosa of pigs, perhaps providing benefits by enhancing the gut mucosa health and stimulating the immune system.</P>
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SteelFisher, Gillian K,Blendon, Robert J,Kang, Minah,Ward, Johanna R M,Kahn, Emily B,Maddox, Kathryn EW,Lubell, Keri M,Tucker, Myra,Ben-Porath, Eran N BlackWell Publishing Ltd 2015 Influenza and other respiratory viruses Vol.9 No.3
<P><B>Background</B></P><P>As public health leaders prepare for possible future influenza pandemics, the rapid spread of 2009 H1N1 influenza highlights the need to focus on measures the public can adopt to help slow disease transmission. Such measures may relate to hygiene (e.g., hand washing), social distancing (e.g., avoiding places where many people gather), and pharmaceutical interventions (e.g., vaccination). Given the disproportionate impact of public health emergencies on minority communities in the United States, it is important to understand whether there are differences in acceptance across racial/ethnic groups that could lead to targeted and more effective policies and communications.</P><P><B>Objectives</B></P><P>This study explores racial/ethnic differences in the adoption of preventive behaviors during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.</P><P><B>Patients/Methods</B></P><P>Data are from a national telephone poll conducted March 17 to April 11, 2010, among a representative sample of 1123 white, 330 African American, 317 Hispanic, 268 Asian, and 262 American Indian/Alaska Native adults in the USA.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>People in at least one racial/ethnic minority group were more likely than whites to adopt several behaviors related to hygiene, social distancing, and healthcare access, including increased hand washing and talking with a healthcare provider (<I>P</I>-values <0·05). Exceptions included avoiding others with influenza-like illnesses and receiving 2009 H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccinations. After we controlled the data for socioeconomic status, demographic factors, healthcare access, and illness- and vaccine-related attitudes, nearly all racial/ethnic differences in behaviors persisted.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Minority groups appear to be receptive to several preventive behaviors, but barriers to vaccination are more pervasive.</P>
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Ferná,ndez, Ximena,Gim, Hansung B.,Gorkom, J. H. van,Yun, Min S.,Momjian, Emmanuel,Popping, Attila,Chomiuk, Laura,Hess, Kelley M.,Hunt, Lucas,Kreckel, Kathryn,Lucero, Danielle,Maddox, Natasha,Oo American Astronomical Society 2016 ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS - Vol.824 No.1
<P>Our current understanding of galaxy evolution still has many uncertainties associated with the details of the accretion, processing, and removal of gas across cosmic time. The next generation of radio telescopes will image the neutral hydrogen (H I) in galaxies over large volumes at high redshifts, which will provide key insights into these processes. We are conducting the COSMOS H I Large Extragalactic Survey (CHILES) with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, which is the first survey to simultaneously observe H I from z = 0 to z similar to 0.5. Here, we report the highest redshift H I 21 cm detection in emission to date of the luminous infrared galaxy COSMOS J100054.83+023126.2 at z = 0.376 with the first 178 hr of CHILES data. The total H I mass is (2.9 +/- 1.0) x 10(10) M-circle dot and the spatial distribution is asymmetric and extends beyond the galaxy. While optically the galaxy looks undisturbed, the H I distribution suggests an interaction with a candidate companion. In addition, we present follow-up Large Millimeter Telescope CO observations that show it is rich in molecular hydrogen, with a range of possible masses of (1.8-9.9) x 10(10) M-circle dot. This is the first study of the H I and CO in emission for a single galaxy beyond z similar to 0.2.</P>
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