KI-180과 KI-188 칼슘조성물이 어린쥐의 성장발육에 미치는 영향

박승만(Seung-Man Park),성기승(Ki-Seung Seong),이종석(Jong-Seok Lee),이옥환(Ok-Hwan Lee),한찬규(Chan-Kyu Han) 한국식품과학회 2014 한국식품과학회지 Vol.46 No.3

본 연구에서는 KI-188 칼슘과 KI-180 조성물이 성장발육에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 시험기간중 KI-188 칼슘과 KI-180 식이군이 대조군 보다 성장률과 평균 식이섭취량은 증가하였다. 체장은 KI-188 칼슘과 KI-180 식이군이 대조군에 비해 평균 3.55 mm 더 길었고, 등뼈길이는 KI-180 식이군이 대조군 보다 통계적인 차이는 없었지만 0.5 mm 더 길었다. 대퇴골 무게는 KI-188 칼슘과 KI-180 식이군이 대조군에 비해 통계적으로 무거웠으며, 대퇴골길이는 대조군에 비해 각각 평균 0.89, 1.09 mm 더 길었다. 혈당, 총콜레스테롤 및 중성지방 농도는 차이가 없었고, 칼슘농도는 KI-188 칼슘과 KI-180 식이군 보다 대조군이 유의하게 높았다. 백혈구와 혈소판수는 차이가 없었고, 적혈구, 혈색소 및 헤마토크릿치는 대조군이 KI-188 칼슘과 KI-180 식이군 보다 통계적으로 높았다. ALP활성은 KI-180 식이군이 대조군 보다 통계적으로 높았고, osteocalcin농도는 KI-188 칼슘과 KI-180 식이군이 대조군에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다. 혈청 testosterone 농도는 KI-188 칼슘과 KI-180 식이군과 대조군 간에 차이가 없었다. IGF-1과 IGFBP-3 농도는 KI-180 조성물이 대조군 보다 각각 20%, 11% 정도 유의하게 더 높았다. 이상의 결과를 검토할 때 KI-188 칼슘과 KI-180 조성물은 어린쥐의 성장과 골격의 발달을 촉진시키고, 성장호르몬의 분비능을 양적으로 유도하여 전반적인 성장발육에 유효한 작용이 있는 것으로 사료된다. Herbs have active components that promote the growth rate of both animals and human. The KI-180 and KI-188 calcium food formulae contain Acanthopanacis cortex, Bombysis corpus and hoelen, seaweed calcium, chlorella extract, spirulina, colostrum powder, and other natural and functional components. We evaluated the growth-promoting effects of these formulae by analyzing the weight, femur and backbone, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, testosterone, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) of growing rats. Growing rats administered with KI-180 and KI-188 calcium showed the increase of body weight, body length, and femur weight and length of growing rats. In addition, administration of KI-180 and KI-188 calcium increased the alkaline phosphatase activity, the levels of osteocalcin and the growth hormones IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 of growing rats. The impact of KI-180 and KI-188 calcium on the physical development of growing rats suggests that the incorporation of these food formulae in the diets of growing children may promote the physical development.

Ki-67 labeling index as a prognostic marker in advanced stomach cancer

Sang Hyuk Seo,Kwang Hee Kim,Sang Hoon Oh,Yunseon Choi,Ki Jung Ahn,Ji Young Lee,Sang Min Lee,박지선,Woo Gyeong Kim 대한외과학회 2019 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research(ASRT) Vol.96 No.1

Purpose: Proliferation marker Ki-67 is widely used in cancer prognosis prediction. We tried to investigate the role of Ki-67 as a prognostic factor in stomach cancer after surgery in this study. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 251 patients who underwent curative resection for gastric cancer from 2010 to 2015. In pathologic examination, Ki-67 labeling index was defined as the percentage of Ki-67 antigen positive cells. Prognostic significance of Ki-67 for gastric cancer was evaluated. Disease-free survival (DFS) was assessed as a primary end-point. Results: The median follow-up period was 28.0 months. Thirty-one patients (12.4%) showed Ki-67 labeling index (LI) lower than 25%. Sixty-eight patients (26.6%) showed recurrence during follow-up period. Recurrence was associated with Ki- 67 LI level (≤25%, P = 0.016), and lymph node metastasis status (P = 0.002). High Ki-67 LI level (>25%) was also related to p53 positivity (P < 0.001) and poorly cohesive type (P = 0.002). The 3-year DFS was 69.4%. Low Ki-67 LI level (≤25%) was related with low DFS (47.6% vs. 72.6%, P = 0.016). T stage (P < 0.001), N stage (P = 0.006), lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.010), and neuronal invasion (P = 0.001) also affected the DFS. In addition, T stage (P = 0.03) and Ki-67 LI (P = 0.035) were independent prognostic factors for DFS. In patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 239, 93.4%), low Ki-67 (≤25%) was a poor prognostic factor for DFS (P = 0.013). Conclusion: Low Ki-67 LI predicts high rate of progression and low DFS of stomach cancer. Ki-67 LI can be a predictive marker in resected stomach cancer treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy.

전립선암에서 TGFβl, TGFβ2 발현과 Ki-67 표지지수의 예후적 가치

장혁준,김기권,이경섭 大韓泌尿器科學會 1999 Korean Journal of Urology Vol.40 No.5

간내 담석과 동반된 간내 담도암에서의 p53과 Ki-ras의 발현

김명환,이성구,서동완,이승규,남승우,박능화,민영일,김연석,심기남,공경엽 대한소화기학회 1997 대한소화기학회지 Vol.30 No.5

Background/Aims: Hepatolithiasis or primary intrahepatic stones may be accompanied later by intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. This cancerous lesion is frequently associated with atypical hyperplastic epithelium that was suspected of being precancerous. To investigate the Ki-ras or p53 mutation may play a role in carcinogenesis, and to determine whether atypical hyperplastic epithelium may be precancerous, this study was performed in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas associated with hepatolithiasis. Methods: We examined 12 patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas associated with hepatolithiasis. Ki-ras point mutations were assessed by direct DNA sequencing. Expressions of p53 protein were immunohistochemically assessed. The overexpression of p53 and point mutation of Ki-ras were examined in normal, hyperplastic, atypical hyperplastic, and can- cerous tissues separately. Results: The expressions of p53 protein were detected in 4 (33%) of 12 cholangiocarcinomas and Ki-ras point mutations at codon 12 were found in 2 (17%) of 12 cholangiocarcinomas. In those two carcinoma cases which contained the mutant sequence of Ki-ras, the same point mutation from wild type GGT (glycine) to GAT (aspartic acid) was. found in the associated atypical hyperplastic epithelium. However, none of the normal and hyperplastic epithelium harbored Ki-ras or p53 mutations. Conclusions: The overexpression of p53 may play a part in the carcinogenesis of some intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas associated with hepatolithiasis, whereas the role of Ki-ras mutations in those cases is dubious. However, Ki-ras point mutation at codon 12 may be responsible for either cancer or atypical hyperplastic epithelium associated with hepatolithiasis in certain cases, suggesting atypical hyperplastic epithelium may give rise to carcinoma.

김기림·조향의 시론에 나타난 몽타주 기법

이기주 ( Lee Ki-ju ) 한국현대문예비평학회 2017 한국문예비평연구 Vol.- No.53

본 연구는 영화의 기법인 몽타주(montage) 이론의 국내 수용 과정과 몽타주 이론이 1930년대 이후 김기림, 조향과 같은 시인들에게 어떻게 작용하였는지를 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 1930년대는 본격적으로 영화 이론이 국내로 수용된 시기였으며, 이는 사회주의 이데올로기의 영향, 새로운 이론에 대한 호기심 등이 복합적으로 작용한 결과였다. 1930년대 서광제, 오덕순과 같은 인물들은 베르토프, 푸도프킨, 티모셴코, 에이젠슈테인 등과 같은 소비에트 영화이론가들의 저작들을 번역, 소개하였고 이는 김기림을 비롯한 1930년대 모더니즘 시인들에게 영향을 끼쳤다. 김기림은 계급문학운동을 부정하면서 모더니티의 시적 추구작업에 몰입했고 I.A 리차즈의 영향을 받아 과학주의적 방법론을 시론에 도입 하였다. 김기림은 `구성`이라는 개념으로 `새로운 시`의 창작기법을 나타낸다. 구성은 인공성이 강조된 기법으로 글을 건축학적으로 조립하는 것이다. 이와 같은 특성은 몽타주와 동일하다. 김기림의 시론에서 몽타주 이론은 고도의 지성적인 구성을 갖춘 혁명적인 방법론이었으며, 이러한 건축학적 설계는 에이젠슈테인의 `시각적인 대위법`과 유사성을 지니는 음악적 방법론이다. 조향은 김기림의 `영화시` 개념을 시에 적용시킨다. 김기림이 과학적 접근을 통해 모더니즘을 받아들였듯이, 조향도 과학적인 면에 천착한다. 그는 큐비즘의 방법론을 끌어와 자신의 시를 설명한다. 큐비즘의 `이동`과 `연결`의 자유는 데페이즈망에서 이질적인 사물들이 배치되어 있는 형태이며, 큐비즘의 동시성을 통해 자신의 시에서 몽타주 기법을 구현하려고 하였다. The present research aims to investigate how the montage theory was introduced to Korea, and to shed light on how it influenced poets such as Kim Ki-rim and Cho Hyang. 1930s was the era when film theories were actively introduced to Korea. This was the result of both socialist ideologies and the curiosity of new theories interacting together. In the 1930s, figures such as Seo Gwang-je and Oh Deok-soon translated and introduced the works of Soviet film theorists such as Vertov, Pudovkin, Timoshenko, and Eisenstein, influencing modernist poets of the era such as Kim Ki-rim. Kim Ki-rim was immersed in the poetic pursuit of modernity while denying the proletarian literary movement and employed scientific methodology to poetry, influenced by I. A. Richards. Kim Ki-rim expressed the creative technique of "new poetry" with the concept of "composition". The "composition" is to assemble the text architecturally with an emphasis on artificiality. This characteristic is also shared by montage. In Kim Ki-rim`s theory, montage was a revolutionary methodology with a highly intellectual composition. This architectural design is a musical methodology which is similar to Eisenstein`s "visual counterpoint". Cho Hyang applied Kim Ki-rim`s concept of "cinema poetry" to poems. Similar to Kim Ki-rim who accepted modernism through a scientific app roach, Cho Hyang sticks to scientific aspects. He explains his poetry by drawing the methodology from Cubism. Cubism`s freedom of "movement" and "connection" takes the form of objects arranged in depaysement. Through the synchronicity of Cubism, Cho Hyang attempted to realize the montage technique in his poetry.

Comparison of controlled ovarian stimulation outcomes for fertility preservation in women with breast cancer according to KI-67, histologic grade, pathologic type, and cancer stage

( Eun Ji Oh ),( Yeon Hee Hong ),( Seul Ki Kim ),( Jung Ryeol Lee ),( Byung Chul Jee ),( Chang Suk Suh ),( Seok Hyun Kim ) 대한산부인과학회 2020 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.106 No.-

Objective: This study aims to analyze that specific prognostic factors such as Ki-67 value, histologic grade, pathology type, and cancer stage can affect controlled ovarian stimulation outcomes(COS) for fertility preservation in women with breast cancer. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 92 patients with breast cancer aged 21-44 who underwent COS from August 2012 to April 2020, excluding patients with previous gonadotoxic therapy history. All COS cycles were conducted letrozole-combined random start GnRH antagonist protocol. COS outcomes were compared according to prognostic factors;Ki-67 (< 30% vs. ≥ 30%), histologic grade (low vs. high), and pathologic type (intraductal carcinoma(IDC) vs. triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)), and cancer stage (early (I, II) vs. advanced (III, IV)). Multivariate analysis was also conducted to find any parameter that can impact over 10 mature oocytes acquisition. Results: Among the 92 patients, 42 were Ki-67≥30% compared to 49 of Ki-67<30%. The number of oocytes, and initial mature oocytes were comparable between Ki-67<30% and ≥30 group. The maturation rate was significantly higher in Ki-67≥30% group than Ki-67<30% group (57.4±36.8% vs. 44.8±28.3%, p=0.041). The same results were drawn when divided according to IDC or TNBC. The maturation rate was significantly higher in TNBC than the IDC group (73.0±17.6% vs. 47.0±28.1% p=0.001). However, the histologic grade or stage did not show any difference in COS outcomes between high and low grade or early and advanced stages. With multivariate analysis, age and AMH are parameters associated with the acquisition of over 10 mature oocytes (OR 0.863, 95% CI [0.755-0.987], OR 1.408, 95% CI [1.145-1.732], respectively). Conclusion: Either Ki-67 or pathologic type can be a potential reliable marker for predicting COS outcome, especially maturation rate. Further study with larger sample size with specific conditions is necessary to clarify the correlation between breast cancer prognostic factors and COS outcomes.

Comparison of Proliferative Activity in Each Histological Subtypes of Benign and Atypical Intracranial Meningiomas by PCNA and Ki-67 Immunolabeling

최승진,장은덕,권성오,계대곤,박춘근,이상원,강준기,Choi, Seung Jin,Chang, Eun Deok,Kwon, Seung Oh,Kye, Dae Kon,Park, Choon Keun,Lee, Sang Won,Kang, Joon Ki The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2000 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.29 No.9

목 적 : 양성 뇌수막종에 비하여 이형성 및 악성 뇌수막종이 나쁜 임상적인 예후 및 양상을 보이는 것은 잘 알려져 있으나, 양성 뇌수막종에 있어서 각각의 병리조직학적 아형에 따른 생물학적 양상의 차이에 대해서는 잘 알려지지 않거나 일부 논란이 되고있다. 본 연구에서는 이형성 뇌수막종 및 양성 뇌수막종의 각각의 병리조직학적 아형에 따른 증식능의 차이여부를 알아보고자 PCNA와 Ki-67표지지수를 분석하였다. 방 법 : 본원에서 뇌수막종으로 수술을 시행하여 얻은, 재발을 보여 재수술을 시행한 2례를 포함하여, 파라핀에 포매시킨 27개의 조직을 대상으로 병리학적인 증식능을 분석하기 위해, PCNA에 대한 단일항체 및 MIB-1 단일항체를 이용한 면역조직화학적 염색을 시행하였다. 조직학적 분류상 meningothelial type이 8례, transitional type이 9례, fibroblastic type이 5례였으며, 이형성 수막종이 5례였다. 결 과 : PCNA표지지수의 평균값은 양성 수막종에서 meningothelial type이 $4.82{\pm}5.10%$, transitional type이 $9.01{\pm}4.25%$, fibroblastic type이 $5.66{\pm}5.32%$를 보였으나 이형성 수막종에서는 $27.62{\pm}19.67%$의 높은 지수를 나타냈고, Ki-67 표지지수의 평균값은 양성 수막종의 아형에서 각각 $0.43{\pm}0.85%$, $0.44{\pm}1.08%$, $0.24{\pm}0.18%$를 보이고, 역시 이형성 수막종에서는 $0.84{\pm}0.59%$의 높은 지수를 보였다. 즉, 양성 수막종에서 각각의 아형에 따른 PCNA 및 Ki-67 표지지수는 통계학적으로 의미있는 차이는 없었으나(p>0.05), 이형성 수막종에서는 의미있는 높은 표지지수를 보여(p<0.05) 양성 수막종에서 보다 높은 증식능을 보임을 알 수 있었다. 결 론 : PCNA 및 Ki-67 표지지수를 이용한 증식능의 비교결과, 양성 뇌수막종에서는 각각의 아형에 따른 생물학적 양상이나 예후는 차이가 없을것으로 생각되나, 이형성 수막종에서는 높은 증식능을 보여 이에 대한 예후를 예상할 수 있을것으로 생각되며, 또한 이러한 표지지수가 병리조직학적으로 양성과 이형성의 감별에 많은 도움이 될것으로 사료된다. Objective : The clinical prognosis and biological behavior of atypical and especially malignant meningiomas are well known to be worse than benign meningioma, but the degree of biological aggressiveness in each classical subtypes of benign meningioma is controversy. This study was performed to see whether there is a difference in the proliferative activity between each different histological subtypes of benign meningioma as well as atypical meningioma. Methods : Paraffin-embedded surgical specimens of 27 meningiomas, including two recurrent tumors, were studied to evaluate proliferative activity by immunohistochemical method with monoclonal antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and MIB-1. The specimens consisted of 8 cases of meningothelial, 9 cases of transitional, 5 cases of fibroblastic subtypes and 5 cases of atypical meningiomas. Results : Mean PCNA labeling indices of meningothelial, transitional and fibroblastic meningiomas were $4.82{\pm}5.10%$, $9.01{\pm}4.25%$ and $5.66{\pm}5.32%$, but that of atypical meningiomas was $27.62{\pm}19.67%$, noting a higher value compared to all three subtypes of benign meningiomas. Mean Ki-67 labeling indices of the above 3 subtypes were $0.43{\pm}0.85%$, $0.44{\pm}1.08%$ and $0.24{\pm}0.18%$, and that of atypical meningiomas was also revealed to be of higher value ($0.84{\pm}0.59%$). PCNA and Ki-67 labeling indices were not statistically different between histological subtypes of benign meningioma(p>0.05), but the differences of both immunolabeling between benign and atypical meningiomas were statistically significant(p<0.05). Conclusion : Immunolabeling of PCNA and Ki-67 in intracranial meningiomas reveals no prognostic difference between meningothelial, transitional and fibroblastic subtypes in classical benign meningiomas by measuring expression of PCNA and Ki-67, but it seems to be helpful in differentiating benign and atypical meningioma, later showing more proliferative activity and biological aggressiveness.

Functional Constraints Focused on Recoverability in Phonology

Lee, Bo Rim,Lee, Ki Jeong 대한언어학회 2000 언어학 Vol.8 No.3

Lee, Borim and Ki-jeong Lee. 2000. Journal of the Linguistic Association of Korea, 8(3), 47-63. In this paper we deal with some functional considerations behind phonological processes which appear to destroy the underlying contrasts. A series of truncation phenomena, in their nature, result in loss of underlying information, which in turn damages intelligibility in communication. From a functional point of view, there may exist certain processes which seem to compensate for the destruction caused by extensive truncation. We discuss a neutralization process, an influence of deleted segments over the remaining segments, a homonymy-avoiding process, and a case of restructuring in a suffix of a secret language of Lardil. We conclude, then, that all these phenomena deserve new interpretations in the context of recoverability of underlying contrasts, which is based on functional constraints in languages. (Wonkwang University and Hanyang University)

이성복 시에 나타난 영화적 기법의 양상

이기주(LEE, Ki-ju) 숭실대학교 한국문학과예술연구소 2021 한국문학과 예술 Vol.37 No.-

본 연구는 베르토프의 ‘키노-아이’를 이론적 토대로 하여 이성복 시에 나타난 영화적 기법과의 연관성과 그로 인한 양상을 그의 시와 시론, 산문을 바탕으로 살펴보았다. 이성복은 미학적 실험과 더불어 개인적 삶의 기억을 세계로 확장시키는 방법을 통해 시세계를 드러내고자 했다. 베르토프는 이전의 영화가 인간의 주관적 시선을 모방하는 데에 그치고 있다고 지적하고, 인간의 시선과는 다른, 세계 전체를 인식하는 도구로서 ‘키노-아이’를 주장하였다. 이성복 시의 몽타주는 삶의 세부를 기억함으로써 ‘나’와 세계의 본모습을 보이고자 한다. 이를 통해세계의 총체성을 인식하는 역할을 한다. 이때 키노-아이의 몽타주는 평범한 현실의 시간과 공간, 운동을 파편화하고 재조립하여 은폐된 것을 수면 위로 드러나게 한다. 이성복의 시가 포함하는 미학적 형식들은 내용과 긴밀히 연관되어 있는데, 몽타주로 나타나는 이질적인 이미지들의 충돌-조합은 모순적 세계를 그대로 드러낸다. 베르토프의 ‘간격’은 이미지와 이미지의 관계 혹은 상호작용을 가능하게 하는 장치이다. 간격은 ‘붙인 틈’으로, 관객이 새로운 의미나 지각을 할 수 있도록 유도하는 것이다. 이성복 시에 나타난 ‘간격’은 서로간의 상호작용을 통해 관객에게 현실의 진실이 무엇인지 알려주는 역할을 한다. 파편화된 현실은 몽타주를 통해 여러 공간으로 재조합되며, 이때의 간격은 단순히 모순만을 드러내는 것이 아니다. 이는 세계의 부조리가 과거-현재-미래를 모두 포함한다는 인식에 기반한다. 또한 이성복 시에서 주체의 시선은 이질적 공간에서 타자를 바라보고 이미지를 조합한다. This study examined the relations and aspects of the cinematic techniques in Lee Seong-bok"s poems based on his poetry, poetry, and prose based on Bertov"s "Kino-eye" theoretically. Lee Seong-bok tried to reveal the world of poetry through an aesthetic experiment and a method of expanding the memory of his personal life into the world. Bertov pointed out that previous films were only imitating the subjective gaze of humans, and insisted on Kino-eye as a tool for recognizing the whole world, different from the human gaze. The montage of Lee Seong-bok"s poem tries to show the true form of the subject and the world by remembering the details of life. Through this, it plays a role in recognizing the totality of the world. At this time, the montage of Kino-eye fragments the time, space, and movement of ordinary reality and reassembles it to reveal the hidden things. The aesthetic forms included in Lee Seong-bok"s poems are closely related to the content, and the collision-combination of heterogeneous images as a montage reveals the contradictory world as it is. Bertov"s "Interval" is a device that enables the relationship or interaction between an image and an image. The gap is a ‘pasted gap,’ which induces the audience to have a new meaning or perception. The Interval in Lee Seong-bok"s poems serves to inform the audience about the truth of reality through mutual interaction. Fragmented reality is recombined into multiple spaces through montage, and the gaps at this time do not simply reveal contradictions. It is based on the perception that the absurdity of the world encompasses the past, present, and future. Also, in Sung-bok Lee"s poem, the subject"s gaze looks at the other in a heterogeneous space and combines images.

The impact of pathologic differentiation (well/ poorly) and the degree of Ki-67 index in patients with metastatic WHO grade 3 GEP-NECs.

Kim, Seung Tae,Lee, Su Jin,Lee, Jeeyun,Park, Joon Oh,Park, Young Suk,Lim, Ho Yeong,Kang, Won Ki Grune & Stratton 2017 Journal of clinical oncology Vol.35 No._suppl15

<P> e15686 </P><P> Background: Herein, we investigated the impact of pathologic differentiation (well or poorly differentiated) in metastatic grade 3 GEP-NEC patients receiving etoposide and platinum-based therapy. Simultaneously, we evaluated a more exact Ki67 index cut-off point to select patients with grade 3 GEP-NEC who might benefit from etoposide plus platinum (EP)-based therapy. Methods: Among patients pathologically diagnosed with metastatic grade 3 GEP-NECs at Samsung Medical Center between June 2013 and March 2016, 31 GEP-NEC patients receiving etoposide and platinum-based therapy were included in this study. Results: Primary sites included 13 foregut-derived GEP-NECs [stomach (n = 4), duodenum (n = 4), and pancreas (n = 5)] and 2 hindgut-derived GEP-NECs of the rectum. Sixteen unclassified GEP-NECs originated from 7 gall-bladder (GB), 6 liver and 3 unknown primary sites. According to pathologic differentiation, 14 patients had well differentiated and 17 had poorly differentiated grade 3 GEP-NECs. Between well differentiated and poorly differentiated grade 3 GEP-NECs, there was a significant difference in the distribution of Ki67 index. There was no significant difference of treatment efficacy between well and poorly differentiated grade 3 GEP-NECs (RR; 35.7% vs. 41.2%, p = 0.525). Tumor response to EP occurred in 5 of 7 patients with Ki67 > 60% and 7 of 24 with Ki67≤60%, which was significantly different (RR; 71.4% vs. 29.2%, P = 0.043). There was no significant difference in PFS according to pathologic differentiation (well differentiated vs. poorly differentiated) and Ki67 index ( > 60% vs ≤60%). Conclusions: Grade 3 GEP-NECs could be morphologically classified into well and poorly differentiated NETs. Additionally, among grade 3 GEP-NECs, there was a significant difference in ranges of Ki67 index between well and poorly differentiated NECs. Higher levels ( > 60%) of Ki67 index might be a predictive marker for efficacy of EP as a standard regimen in grade 3 GEP-NECs. </P>