Ethanol Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Augments Cellular Anti-oxidant Defense through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1

Lee, Yoo-hwan,Kim, Jung-hee,Song, Choon-ho,Jang, Kyung-jeon,kim, Cheol-hong,Kang, Ji-Sook,Choi, Yung-hyun,Yoon, Hyun-Min KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2016 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.19 No.1

Objectives: The mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. Although several studies have focused on the anti-oxidative activity of this mushroom, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity have not yet been clearly established. The present study investigated the cytoprotective effect of ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum (EGL) against oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, $H_2O_2$) and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in a C2C12 myoblast cell line. Methods: Oxidative stress markers were determined by using the comet assay to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. Cell viability and Western blotting analyses were employed to evaluate the cellular response to EGL and $H_2O_2$ in C2C12 cells. Transfection with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-specific small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) was conducted to understand the relationship between Nrf2 expression and $H_2O_2$-induced growth inhibition. Results: The results showed that EGL effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced growth and the generation of ROS. EGL markedly suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced comet-like DNA formation and phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 ($p-{\gamma}H2AX$), a widely used marker of DNA damage, suggesting that EGL prevented $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, the EGL treatment effectively induced the expression of Nrf2, as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), with parallel phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the C2C12 myoblasts. However, zinc protoporphyrin IX, a HO-1 inhibitor, significantly abolished the protective effects of EGL against $H_2O_2$-induced accumulation of ROS and reduced cell growth. Notably, transient transfection with Nrf2-specific siRNA attenuated the cytoprotective effects and HO-1 induction by EGL, indicating that EGL induced the expression of HO-1 in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate that EGL augments the cellular anti-oxidant defense capacity through activation of Nrf2/HO-1, thereby protecting C2C12 myoblasts from $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative cytotoxicity.

심근 허혈-재관류 백서 모델에서 mitogen-activated protein kinase 활성화에 대한 α-lipoic acid의 효과

김연경,박은미,최준호,윤경호,유남진,이은미,김남호,정진원,김민선,박병림,오석규 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 2006 圓光醫科學 Vol.21 No.1

鷄龍山 森林群集型과 그의 構造에 關한 硏究

宋鎬京,辛昌男 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1985 環境硏究 Vol.3 No.1

The floristic composition and RA ordination, based on the data obtained from 150 nested quad-rats by releve method of Mueller- Dombois and Ellenberg, were applied to classify forest communti-ties in Mt. Gyeryong, and to investigate the relationships between species composition and sites. The investigation was done from June 1981 till May 1985. 1. The forest vegetation in Mt. Gyeryong was classified into Pinus Densiflora, Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica communities according to the floristic composition, and it was subdivided into Pinus densiflora, Styrax japonica, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, Quer-cus mongolica, and Carpinus cordata forests according to the physignomy. It is peculiary significant that Quercus mongolica community was mainly distributed at the ridge, the high elevation and the steep slope areas of the mountain. The disribution of the leading dominant species in the tree layer showed a close relation with soil moisture gradient. For example, Quercus aliena, Platycarya strobilacea, Styrax japonica, and Zelkova serrata in the mesic area; Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus sieboldiana, and Lindera obtusiloba in xeric area. When the investigations were made starting from the Pinus densiflora community up to the Quercus monogolica community, a significant increase of total nitro- gen, organic matter content, available phoshorus, and cation exchange capacity in soil was shown. 2. The relationship between the distribustion of dominant species of forest vegetation and soil condition in Mt. Gyeryong was investigated by analyzing soil nutrition and moisture gradient. Carpinus cordata forest was distributed in the subserix and good nutrition area, Styrax japonica forest in the mesic and medium nutrition area, Pinus densiflora forest in the subserix and poor nutrition area, Quercus mongolica forest in the serix and relative good nutrition area, and Carpinus laxiflora and Quercus variabilis forest in the subserix and relative good nutrition area. 3. Based on the above classification, the vegetation map of Mt. Gyeryong was prepared in consideration of climate conditions, and the topography and distribution of soil. 4. The relative densities of an oak seedling of the Pinus densiflora community, the Pinus densiflora- Quercus variabilis community, and the Quercus mongolica community were 90%, 86%, and 63% respectively. And the relative density of a hornbeam seedling of the Quercus mongolica community was 29%. 5. According to the RA ordination, except particular terrain like rocky one, the major successional pathway of tree layer was from a pine community through an oak community to a mongolian oak community in the hilly zones and to a hornbeam community in the low zones. 6. According to the interspecific correlations, the tree layer was subdivided into Pinus densiflora group, Quercus mongolica group, and Styrax japonica group, and the shrub layer into Lespedza bicolor-Indigofera kirilowi group and Callicarpa japonica- Euonymus oxyphyllus group, and the herblayer into Arundinella hirta group, Disporum smilacinum group, and Ainsliaea acerifolia group. 7. In the whole mountains, ten dominant species of tree layer were found in the order of Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Styrax japonica, Castanea crenata, Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata, Styrax obassia, Zelkova serrata, and Prunus serrulata var. spontanea. The dominant species of shrub layer were Lespedeza maximowiczii, Quercus serrata, Stephanandra incisa, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Lindera obtusiloba, Weigela subsessilis, Quercus mongolica, Smilax china, Lespedeza bicolor, and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa. The dominant species of herb layer were Spodiopogon cotulifer, Artemisia keiskeana, Disporum smilacinum, Carex okamotoi, Carex humilis, Festuca ovina, Smilax nipponica, Isodin inflexus, Oplismenus undulatifolius, and Viola albida.

鷄龍山 森林植生의 垂直分布

宋鎬京 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1986 環境硏究 Vol.4 No.2

A total of 150 quadrats of 20m x 20m was investigated to determine the vertical distribution of leading dominants along altitude gradient in Mt.Gyeryong. The dominant species were Piuns densiflora, Styrax japonica, Castanea crenata, Pinus rigida, Quercus acutissima, Quercus aliena, etc. on the foot of the mountain, and Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, ect. on the top, and Quercus variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata etc. on the side. The community of Quercus mongolica occurred as climax on the top of the mountain, and undergoing succession on the foot.

복어중독에 의한 가사 상태에서 소생한 1예

송승찬,신진호,강석우,박경남,최호순,박근태,문희식,기춘석,이성희,윤병철,노우균,조균석,이민호 大韓應急醫學會 1998 대한응급의학회지 Vol.9 No.3

Tetrodotoxin is a neurotoxin produced by about 90 species of puffer fish and causes paralysis of central nervous system and peripheral nerves by blocking the movement of all monovalent cation. Ingestion of tetrodotoxin produces clinical manifestations such as paresthesias(within 10-45 min), vomiting, lightheadedness, salivation, muscle twitching, dysphagia, difficulty in speaking, convulsion and death that expressed by cardiopulmonary arrest with loss of brain stem reflex sometimes. Tetrodotoxin prevents or delays ischemia induced neuronal death by way of following 3 mechanisms. Firstly, it reduces the energy demand of the brain tissues. Secondly, it delays or even prevents anoxic depolarization. Finally, it deminishes ischemia induced cell swelling and cerebral edema. We report a case of puffer fish poisoning which presented with cardiopulmonary arrest and loss of brain stem reflex, but completely recovered by aggressive cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

우리나라 소나무屬의 Monoterpene 組成의 變異에 關한 硏究

宋鎬京 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 1976 農業技術硏究報告 Vol.3 No.2

Monoterpenes of the oleoresin of P. densiflora S. et Z., P. densi-thunber gii Uyeki, P. thunber gii Parl., and P. densiflora for. erecta Uyeki of the subgenus Diploxylon of the genus Pinus in Korea were analysed by means of gas liquid chromatography, and following results were obtained. Monoterpene of P. densiflora, P. densi-thunber gii, P. thunber gii, and P. densiflora for. erecta consisted of α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, β-phellandrene, terpinolene and two unknown components. Major monoterpene components of P. densiflora and it's for. erecta were α-pinene, β-phellandrene, myrcene, and terpinolene. Major monoterpene components of P. densi-thunber gii were β-pinene, β-phellandrene, α-pinene and terpinolene. Major monoterpene components of P. thunber gii were β-pinene, α-pinene, β-phellandrene, and limonene. Monoterpene components in P. densiflora, P. densi-thunber gii, P. thunber gii, and P. densiflora for. erecta showed a range of variation by the individual trees. Monoterpene contents of P. densi-thunber gii were intermediate between those of P. densiflora and P. thunber gii. α-pinene, β-pinene, and myrcene appeared to be the best taxonomic characteristics for separating P. densiflora from P. thunber gii, and the former had higher content of α-pinene than β-pinene while those of the latter were vise versa. There was a significant difference of α-pinene components of P. densiflora between that of Anmyun Island and Mt. Chiak, but it seemed to be caused by the difference of the individual trees rather than provenancial difference

복합부위 통증증후군 1형에서의 Ropivacaine, Ketamine, Clonidine을 이용한 정맥부위 차단의 효과 : 증례 보고 A case report

송호경,이진영,정성우 대한마취과학회 2002 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.43 No.6

There is no treatment either to prevent the development of complex regional pain syndromes (CRPS), or to adequately and specifically control established pain. Symptom-based analysis of pain is important for disease progress assessments and treatment outcomes. An intravenous regional block (IVRB) with local anesthetic can contribute to the management of CRPS. We observed that by the IVRB using ropivacaine, ketamine and clonidine, the patient with CRPS type Ⅰ who was resistant to sympathetic ganglion block and medical treatment with gabapentin, carbamazepine and antidepressant, was relieved of neuropathic pain. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2002; 43: 810~814)

근위 경골과 골절의 수술적 치료

송경진,양근호,이주홍 대한골절학회 2002 대한골절학회지 Vol.15 No.4

서 론 : 경골과 골절의 치료 목적은 가능한 한 정확한 관절면의 정복, 골절의 견고한 고정과 유지 및 손상된 인대의 안전성을 재건시켜주고 조기 관절운동을 시킴으로써 슬관절의 기능을 회복시키는데 있다. 수술을 시행한 경골과 골절 환자의 치료결과를 비교하고 합병증 등의 임상분석을 통해 향후 치료지침을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구대상 및 방법 : 최근 5년 동안 본원에서 치료한 환자 27례를 대상으로 하였으며 추시 기간은 12개월에서 62개월로 평균 37개월 이였다. 남자가 19례(70.4%), 여자가 8례(29.6%)였으며, 연령 분포는 24세에서 78세로 평균 53세였다. 골절의 분류로는 Schatzker 분류법으로 하였으며 제 Ⅰ 형 3례(11.1%), Ⅱ형 1례(3.7%), Ⅲ형 0례(0%), Ⅳ형 3례(11.1%). Ⅴ형 1례(3.7%) 그리고 Ⅵ형 19례로 Ⅵ형이 가장 많은 빈도를 나타냈다. 27례 모든 환자에서 수술적 치료를 시행하였으며, 필요한 경우 골 결손부에 골 이식술을 병행하였다. 치료 결과는 Blokker의 판정기준으로 평가하였다. 결 과 : 관혈적 정복의 유지를 위한 금속 내고정물로는 나사못 사용이 4례(14.8%), 금속판 사용이 23례*85.2%)였고 이중 제 Ⅵ형 10례(27.0%)에서 골 이식술을 시행하였다. 술 후 합병증은 총 27례 환자 중 10례 환자에서 발생하여 37%를 나타내었으며 운동장애가 3례, 각 형성이 3례, 감염은 3례에서 발생하였고 그 외 외상성 관절염 소견으로 인한 동통을 보인 경우가 1례에서 있었다. Blokker의 판정기준으로 평가하여 22례(81.5%)에서 양호한 결과를 얻었다. 결 론 : 근위 경골과 골절의 수술적 치료시 골절부의 연부조직이 허용하는 한 해부학적 정복은 물론이며 금속판 및 나사못을 이용한 견고한 내고정을 실시하는 것이 술 후 조기 관절운동을 가능하게 하고, 합병증의 가능성을 낮출 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Introduction : The purpose of this study was to analyze the results, prognosis and complications in the treatment of proximal tibia plateau fractures, and to suggest the guideline for the proper management in the difficult cases of tibial plateau fracture. Materials and Methods : We have analyzed 27 cases, which surgically treated during recent five years with average 36.6 months follow-up. Patients ranged in age from 24 to 83 years at the time of hospitalization, consisting of 19 males(70.4%) and 8 females(29.6%). The type of fracture by Schtzker classification revealed in type Ⅰ 3cases(11.1%), type Ⅱ 1 case(3.7%), type Ⅲ 0 case(0%), type Ⅳ 3 cases (11.1%), type Ⅴ 1 case(3.7%) and type Ⅵ 19 cases(70.4%). The associated injury occurred in 22 cases(81.5%), most of them were ipsilateral fibular, ipsilateral femoral and radioulnar fractures. The results were evaluated by Blokker's criteria. Results : Screw fixation was done in 4 cases(18%) and plate fixation in 23 cases(85.2%), and bone grafting was done in 10 cases(37.0%). There were 10 postoperative complications with 3 cases of knee ankyosis, 3 cases of angular deformity, 3 cases of infection, and 1 case of traumatic arthritis. According to Blokker's criteria, 22 cases(81.5%) had satisfactory results. Conclusions : Accurate anatomical reduction and rigid internal fixation of the proximal tibial plateau fracture enabled early motion and normalization of injured soft tissues, and also provided functional improvement of the knee.

독시사이클린 나노입자가 함유된 치주용 키토산 스트럽의 제조 및 특성

송경숙,양재헌,김영일,정규호 한국약제학회 2001 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.31 No.4

Local drug delivery by using biocompatible polymers has been developed in the treatment of periodontitis for many years. In the field of dental therapy, doxycycline is usually a first choice because of its broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. The strip releases antibiotics for a week, and the polymer should be degradable after a week. In this study, we prepared and evaluated the chitosan strips and nanoparticle strips containing doxycycline hydrochloride, and studied their antiacterial activity, dissoultion, and degrability in vitro. The weight of cast strip containing a 5 mg of doxycycline hydrochloride and a 45 mg of chitosan polymer was 57.67±0.17 mg. The release rate of doxycycline hydrochloride from the strip was measured by HPLC. The drug released from chitosan strip and nanoparticle strip was shown to be 50 ㎍/ml, in first 24 hours. In antibacterial test showed growth inhibitory activity after 24 hrs anaerobic incubation. In vitro degradability showed demolished weight of 93.74±0.08% chitosan strip, 82.48±1.29% chitosan nanoparticle strip, 2.47±1.99% polycarprolactione strip (control). These results showed that, with this doxycycline hydrochloride strip, it is feasible to obtain a sustained release of the drug within the periodontal pocket for seven days which may be improve for local drug delivery system for treatment of periodontal disease.

조선후기의 사회구조적 변화와 대원군의 정책

송이랑,김경호 東亞大學校 2000 東亞論叢 Vol.37 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate changes in social structure in the latter period of Chos?n and Daewongun's policies. During his rule, externally, the World Powers were eager to expand their imperialistic policies. Internally it was time for Chos?n to choose a new direction in history, largely due to the changes in the social structure. From an integrative point of view on structure and act rather than dualistic point, the paper examined the structure of ideology, status, agriculture, and commerce in the later Chos?n and then examined the relations between Chosen and Chung, between Chos?n and Japan, and between Chos?n and Western powers, respectively. Under such circumstance, in 1863, King Kojong ascended the throne Cheoljong and, immediately, Daewongun took the reigns of government. He tried to clean up deep-rooted evils caused by royal-married families(Sedojunchi), and to rule over the nation flexibly enough to accommodate various social changes. Accordingly, he promoted various policies in order to establish a new domestic order by way of overall social reforms. politically, Daewongun solidified his power basis and adopted merit system to allow more opportunities for the talent. His policies may be evaluated by three criteria - the will of ruler, support base, and the atmosphere of the times. Daewongun met two necessary conditions: leader's will on reform and possession of supporter groups. Nonetheless, his reformative policies can be evaluated as an half success because of premature social atmosphere to accommodate his reformative will. Thus, we come to conclusion that for the successive promotion of Daewongun's policies the three conditions must be worked out on mutual balance.