일부 시판세치제의 비교치아마모도 및 경과시간에 따른 유효불소농도변화에 관한 연구

장덕수,이병진,배광학,방금석,이원재,노정,백대일,김종배 대한구강보건학회 2003 大韓口腔保健學會誌 Vol.27 No.3

The purpose of this study was to assess relative tooth abrasivity and to measure effective fluoride concentration of dentifrices selling in Korea for help consumer's selection of suitable dentifrice. Assessment of the abrasion on tooth produced by different dentifrices were carried out on bovine teeth in the laboratory and tested by radioactive dentin abrasion method. And total soluble fluoride concentrations within the dentifrices was determined using fluoride ion selective electrode with standard curve obtained from standard solutions of known fluoride concentration. 10 dentifrice samples were stored at 49t for 15 weeks and the measurements were made for each dentifrice in 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 13 weeks and 15 weeks and 11 dentifrice samples were stored at 40.6C for 3 weeks and the measurements were made for each dentifrice in 1 week and 3 weeks. Tooth abrasivity of selling dentifrices is suitable for toothbrushing but dentifrice which recommended for patient who have tooth abrasion or erosion was somewhat high abrasivity level. Effective fluoride concentrations of selling dentifrices were maintained generally optimal level. But some dentifrices contaning CaCO_(3), as abrasive were decreased as time elapsed. It was suggested that relative tooth abrasivity must be marked on package and fluoride level should be maintained acceptable level in dentifrices for consumer's selection of suitable dentifrice.

이유식의 우식유발능에 관한 생체외 연구

박득희,김대업,이광희 大韓小兒齒科學會 2000 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.27 No.1

유아기 우식증을 예방하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 우식유발능을 생체외 방법으로 연구하였다. 국내에서 시판되는 5종의 이유식을 실험군으로 하고 10% 자당용액과 우유를 대조군으로 하였다. 시료용액 50ml의 ph를 4.0까지 낮추는데 소모된 0.1 N 유산용액의 양으로 완충능을 측정하였고, Streptococcus mutans 10449의 배양액을 접종하여 48시간 배양하기 전과 후에 각각 시료용액의 ph, 시료용액 속에 담근 유치 법랑질시편의 표면미세경도, 합성 hydroxyapatite로부터 용출된 칼슘이온의 농도를 측정하여 산 생성능과 탈회능을 평가하였다. 이유식의 평균 ph는 3.88로서 자당용액의 4.35, 우유의 4.20보다 낮았고 자당용액과 유의한 차이가 있었으며(P<0.05), 이유식 상호간에도 유의한 차이가 있었다(P<0.01)>. 배양 전후의 유치 법랑질 표면미세경도의 차이는 이유식군이 평균 98.7VHN로서 자당용액군의 97.1VHN과 비슷하였고 우유군의 63.5VHN보다 컸으나 차이가 유의하지 않았다. 합성 hydroxyapatite로부터 용출된 칼슘농도의 차이는 이유식군이 평균 1816.02ppm로서 자당용액군의 2235.98ppm보다 작았으나 차이가 유의하지 않았다. The purpose of this study was to assess the cariogenic potential of five infant formulas in vitro, as compared with 10% sucrose solution and whole bovine milk. Buffering capacities were determined by the amount of 0.1N lactic acid consumed to titrate the 50ml specimen solutions to ph 4.0. The ph of the specimen solution inoculated by Streptococcus mutans was measured by ph meter and the surface microhardness of primary tooth enamel immersed in the specimen solution was measured by the microhardness tester, before and after 48 hours incubation. Also, the solubility of calcium from synthetic hydroxyapatite was evaluated by atomic absorption spectrephotometer. The buffering capacity of infant formulas was higher than that of sucrose solution and lower than that of milk, and there were significant differences among infant formulas(P<0.01). The average ph of infant formulas after 48 hours incubation was lower than that of sucrose solution and milk, and there was significant difference between infant formulas and milk(P<0.05). There were nt significant differences among groups in the microhardness change of primary tooth enamel and in the amount of dissolved calcium ion from synthetic hydroxyapatite after incubation with Streptococcus mutans. In conclusion, infant formulas seemed to fulfill the basic requirments to cause dental caries in primary teeth, and there were significant differencds of cariogenic potential among infant formulas. Cooperative efforts of dentistry and manufacturers to reduce the cariogenic potential of infant formulas would be necessary to prevent the early childhood caries in children.

EU통합의 심화와 통상산업정책의 재편

허만,김광수,이갑수,윤영득 서울대학교 국제지역원 1995 국제지역연구 Vol.4 No.1

최근의 세계경제흐름은 세계화와 지여화라는 두 가지 특징적인 양상을 보이고 있다. 오랜 기간 동안 끌어오던 우루과이협상의 타결과 세계무역기구 설립의 합의로 다자간 자유무역주의에 의한 무국경 경제시대가 도래한 반면, 다른 한편에서는 지역통합에 의한 세계시장의 분할이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. EU는 세계경제의 지역화를 다른 어느 지역보다 더 가속화시키고 있다. EU는 지난 1987에 발효된 유럽단일의정서에 입각하여 1993년에 시장통합을 완성하였고 마스트리히트 조약의 체결로 공동시장의 단계를 넘어 경제동맹으로 진입하여 재정, 금융, 통화정책의 조화를 추구하는 단계로까지 발전하고 있다 따라서 본 연구에서는 EU통합의 심화과정을 살펴보고 그 과정에서 추진되고 있는 통상 및 산업정책으 방향이 어떠할지를 포괄적으로 살펴보는 데 그 목적을 두고 있다. 이러한 목적하에 본 논문에서는 우선 경제통합과는 동전의 양면과 같은 성격을 지니고 있으며 EU의 장기적인 추진목표가 되는 정치적 통합가능성을 그 역사적 발전배경을 통해 살펴보고 있다. 유럽연합의 통합운동은 신기능주의적 진보라고 할 수 있는 장기간의 과정을 거쳐 진행되어 왔고, 재정, 금융 및 통상정책의 통일과 조화에 주안점을 두고 왔으나 이것이 회원국 같은 정치적 협력에도 크게 기여한 것은 사실이다. 특히 마스트리히트 조약을 통한 통화통합 합의로 통합운동이 연방주의적 방향으로 선회하고 있으며 이 방향은 EU의 정치적 통합가능성을 한층 가속화시킬 것으로 전망된다. 통상정책에 있어서는 그 기조가 더욱 자유화의 경향으로 나갈 것인지 아니면 더욱더 보호주의적인 양상을 보일 것이가에 관심이 두어지고 있다. 마스트리히트 조약으로 통상정책결정이 중앙집권적 경향을 띠게 될 것으로 보이지만 EEA조약의 발효로 유럽연합의 무역정책이 더욱 유럽지향적이 되어 역외차별주의가 강화죌 우려가 있다. 따라서 유럽연합의 통상정책 기조는 자유무역을 표방하지만 세계적 차원에서의 무차별 주의 원칙이 이루어지지 못하는 블록지향적 성격은 고수될 것으로 보인다. 유럽연합의 산업정책은 그 일차적 목적을 역내국 사업의 지역네트워크를 강화하여 내생적인 시장의 힘을 자극하기 위해 계속적인 구조조정을 물리적으로 촉발하는데 두고 있다. 그 정책적 접근은 종전의 산업간 구조적 불균형을 보상하기 위한 정부의 보조금지불제도를 폐기하고 상호인정의 원칙과 제도적 조화의 원칙과 보충성의 원칙에 기반을 둔 공동산업정책을 통해 지역, 산업, 기업 간의 경쟁환경을 조성하고 동시에 관련당사자간의 협력을 조장함으로써 세계적 차원에서의 경쟁력을 강화하는 방향으로 나아가고 있다. 유럽의 시장통합은 실질적으로 유럽의 산업과 기업에게 가장 큰 영향을 미치고 있으며 기업에게 기회도 제공하지만 동시에 위협이 되기도 하는 하나의 도전이 되고 있다. 그 영향에는 소속된 산업과 추구하는 전략 및 국제화 정도 등에 따라 차이가 나며, 유형별로는 비교적 규모가 큰 중견기업과 유럽지역에 이미 초국가적으로 활동하느 ㄴ기업들이 가장 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 전체적으로는 기업들이 시장단일화를 통한 경쟁심화에 긍정적인 반응을 보이고 있으며 주로 합리화와 주력사업의 전문화등을 통한 구조재조정과 생산성 향상에의 노력, 기존시장의 확보 및 신시장 개척 그리고 인수·합병 및 전략적 제휴 등을 통한 역내 및 역외간의 협력강화 등을 통해 변화된 시장환경에 보다 적극적이고 능동적인 대응책을 마련하고 있다. There have appeared two characteristics in the recent world economic trend: one is globalization and the other regionalization. With the Urguay Round resolved and the World Trade Organization established, multilateral free trade without national frontiers has come into existence, while a division of the world market by regional integration has also been in full process. The EU seems to more accelerate the regionalization trend of the world economy than any other region. The EU completed market integration in 1993 by the Single European Act. And going beyond the Common Market level, it is entering a new phase seeking harmonization in public finance, monetary and financial policies. Therefore, this paper is to study the process of deepening of the EU's integration and to review what its trade and industrial policies would be like. First, from the above point of view, this paper is to study a possibility of political integration, a long term objective of the EU that is closely connected with the economic integration. The integration movement of the EU, which can be termed as a neofunctionalism, has taken place over the long period of time, focussing on the unification and harmonization in public finance, monetary and financial policies, and trade and industrial policies. As a matter of fact, this process gad considerably increased political cooperation. In particular, due to the currency integration through the Maastricht Treaty, the integration movement gas been directed to the federal approach. This approach is expected to intensify the possibility of the EU's political integration. In regard of trade policy, its study focussed on whether the EU's policy will be directed more toward free trade or protectionism. Trade policy will be more centralized through the Maastricht Treaty, While due to the effectuation of the EEA treaty, it will be gradually more European, thus strengthening probably discriminatory practices toward non-European regions. Therefore the EU's basic trade policy will push forward with free trade on the one hand, but it will tilt to block-oriented tendency on the other hand. EU's industrial policy is based on the principles of reciprocal recognition and of institutional harmonization together with the application of the principle of subsidiarity. It aimes to strengthen competitive power of EU industries at the global level by fostering competition envirnment among regions, industries, and enterprises and by fostering the cooperation among relevant parties. The EU is fucussing its energy on strengthening of industrial regional network of member states and thus restructuring its industries to stimulate the indogeneous power of market. As a matter of fact, the integration of EU's market has made a great contribution to the European industries and its enterprises. The contribution varies according to industry, strategy, and degree of globalization. Looking closely into their typology, medium-sized and big-sized enterprises operating supranationally in Europe are most affected. In general, most of enterprises are positive in the deepening of competion through the integration of markets and are ready to more dynamically develop markets and to prepare acrive countermeasures by seeking new markets and at the same gime by merger and undertakings of enterprises.

해수에서 분리한 Vibrio sp. M-96 균주의 열감수성 alkaline phosphatase 성질

박문경,진덕희,김중균,공인수,김광현,홍용기 동의대학교 기초과학연구소 1997 基礎科學硏究論文集 Vol.7 No.1

A thermolabile alkaline phosphatase has been purified through steps of osmotic shock, ammonium sulfate salting-out, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography from the cultured broth of the marine Vibrio sp. M-96 strain. The optimal temperature for the enzyme activity was 35℃. The optimal pH was pH 11.0, and the range of pH stability was pH 10.4 to 12.0. Thermal inactivation occured within 6 minutes at 60℃. The enzyme was considerably inactivated by 0.1mM concentrations of Hg^2+, Ni^2+ and Zn^2+, whereas activated up to 234% by 1mM of Mn^2+. The activation energy and deactivation energy by the Arrhenius equation were 4.02 Kcal/mol and 9.09 Kcal/mol, respectively. The Km and Vmax values of the enzyme for p-nitrophenylphosphate were found to be 0.0465mM and 0.001335mM/min. respectively. Active from of the enzyme had a molecular weight of 57,000 dalton determined by the Sephadex G-200 gel filtration method.

Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase/90-kDa Ribosomal S6 Kinase/Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway Mediates Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate-induced Megakaryocytic Differentiation of K562 Cells

Kim, Kwang-Woon,Kim, Sun-Hee,Lee, Eun-Yup,Kim, Nam-Deuk,Kang, Ho-Sung,Kim, Han-Do,Chung, Byung-Seon,Kang, Chi-Dug 부산대학교 유전공학연구소 2001 분자생물학 연구보 Vol.17 No.-

Two signaling pathways, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent pathway and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-dependent pathway, have been known to mediate megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 cells induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). In this study, we examined whether 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), known as a substrate of ERK/MAPK and a signal-inducible IκBα kinase, would link two pathways during the differentiation. RSK_1 was ctivated in a time- and dose-dependent manner during the PMA-induced differentiation. Overexpression of wild-type or dominant inhibitory mutant (D205N) of RSK_1 enhanced or suppressed PMA-stimulated NF-κB activation and megakaryocytic differentiation as shown by expression of the CD41 megakaryocytic marker, respectively. In addition, overexpression of the dominant inhibitory mutant (S32A/S36A) of IκBα inhibited PMA-stimulated and RSK1-enhanced megakaryocytic differentiation downstream of RSK1. PMA-stimulated activation of ERK/MAPK, RSK1, and NF-κB and the PMA-induced megakaryocytic differentiation were prevented by pretreatment with PD98059, a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated ERK kinase (MEK). Therefore, these results demonstrate that the sequential ERK/RSK1/NF-κB pathway mediates PMA-stimulated megakaryocytic differentiation of k562 cells.

한국 정상인과 제2형 당뇨병 환자에서 췌도베타세포의 정량

김병기,이광우,이정민,문인성,김용귀,이교영,손호영,차봉연,강무일,윤건호,강성구,고승현,김성래,서선희,김동구,이명덕,강찬석 대한당뇨병학회 2000 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.24 No.5

Background: There have been several reports about insulin secretory impairment in non-obese type 2 diabetic patients and even in impaired glucose tolerant subjects in Korea. Insulin secretory impairment might be induced by insufficient beta-cell mass, functional defects of beta-cells or both. To clarify the cause of impaired insulin secretion in type 2 non-obese diabetic patients in Korea, betacell masses were quantified in normal and type 2 diabetic subjects. Method: Normal pancreases were procured by 6 heart-beating non-diabetic donors under informed consent from relatives and approval of the university ethical committee. To quantify the beta cell mass and insulin content in various part of the pancreas, first we divided it into 3 parts: head, body and tail, and then each three parts were weighed and subdivided again into 8 segments equally. For diabetic patients, tissue sections were obtained from 15 partial or total pancreatectomized type 2 diabetic patients of any causes. After being fixed, tissues were immunostained using the Streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method with anti-insulin antibody. Beta cells were counted by point count method. Results: The mean value of total pancreas weight of normal subjects (n=b) was 77.1±14.6 g, that of mean relative volume of beta cells in the pancreas was 2.1±0.9%, ranging from 1.4% to 3.1%(head 2.3±0.6%, body 1.8±0.2%, tail 2.2±0.4%). Mean value of total beta cell mass which was calculated from relative volume of beta-cells and weight of each portions was 1.3±0.3 g, ranging from 1.2 g to 1.9 g (head 0.6±0.3 g, body 0.4±0.2 g, tail 0.4±0.2 g). Mean insulin content per pancreas was 63.6±46.6 ㎍, ranging from 27.8 to 137.2 ㎍/pancreas (head 25.1±19.1 ㎍, body 20.8±15.5 ㎍, tail 17.7±14.9 ㎍). In diabetic patients, relative volume of beta cells in tissues were variable from 0.4% to 2.8% and there was good correlation between beta-cell mass and body mass index of the diabetic patients. However we can't find the correlation among relative volume of beta-cell, (r²=0.55, p$lt;0.05) duration of diabetes and age. Remarkable heterogeneity for loss of beta-cells in the islets of diabetic patients was observed even in the same lobe of pancreas. There were no evidence of lymphocytic infiltration in the islets. Conclusion: Insufficient beta cell mass seems to be a main cause for insulin secretory impairment in non-obese type 2 diabetic patients in Korea.

Synthesis, Protonation Constants and Stability Constants for $Co^{2+}$, $Ni^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Zn^{2+}$ Ions of 1,15-bis(2-pyridyl)-2,5,8,11,14-pentaazapentadecane

Kim, Sun-Deuk,Kim, Jun-Kwang,Jung, Woo-Sik,Chung, Koo-Chun 한국분석과학회 1996 분석과학 Vol.9 No.4

The new potentially heptadentate $N_7$ ligand 1, 15-bis(2-pyridyl)-2, 5, 8, 11, 14-pentaazapentadecane(pytetren) has been synthesized and characterized by EA, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. Its proton association constants (log $K{_H}^n$) and stability constants(log $K_{ML}$) for $Co^{2+}$, $Ni^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Zn^{2+}$ ions were determined at 298.1K and ionic strength=0.100M($KNO_3$) by potentiometry: log $K{_H}^1=9.36$, log $K{_H}^2=9.12$, log $K{_H}^3=8.09$, log $K{_H}^4=6.62$, log $K{_H}^5=4.02$, log $K{_H}^6=2.54$: log $K_{ML}(CO^{2+})=22.67$, log $K_{ML}(Ni^{2+})=26.25$. log $K_{ML}(Cu^{2+})=28.46$, log $K_{ML}(Zn^{2+})=19.90$.

Small-angle X-ray Scattering Beamline BL4C SAXS at Pohang Light Source II

Kwang-Woo Kim,Jehan Kim,Young Duck Yun,Hyungju Ahn,Byoungseok Min,Na Hyung Kim,Seungyu Rah,Hyo-Yun Kim,Chae-Soon Lee,In Deuk Seo,Woul-Woo Lee,Hyeong Joo Choi,Kyeong Sik Jin 한국구조생물학회 2017 Biodesign Vol.5 No.1

BL4C SAXS at the Pohang Light Source II is a small-angle X-ray scattering beamline based on an in-vacuum undulator insertion device, Si(111) DCM, and toroidal focusing mirror. The beamline normally provides high-flux synchrotron radiation X-ray sources with energies from 10.3 to 20.6 keV and a 100 µm (vertical) × 300 µm (horizontal) full width at half-maximum focal spot. The analysis of the SAXS data would be facilitated by means of useful ancillary equipment. The design of the beamline, the key components, and its role are described.

Inverse agonist of estrogen-related receptor γ controls Salmonella typhimurium infection by modulating host iron homeostasis

Kim, Don-Kyu,Jeong, Jae-Ho,Lee, Ji-Min,Kim, Kwang Soo,Park, Seung-Hwan,Kim, Yong Deuk,Koh, Minseob,Shin, Minsang,Jung, Yoon Seok,Kim, Hyung-Seok,Lee, Tae-Hoon,Oh, Byung-Chul,Kim, Jae Il,Park, Hwan Tae Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2014 Nature medicine Vol.20 No.4

In response to microbial infection, expression of the defensin-like peptide hepcidin (encoded by Hamp) is induced in hepatocytes to decrease iron release from macrophages. To elucidate the mechanism by which Salmonella enterica var. Typhimurium (S. typhimurium), an intramacrophage bacterium, alters host iron metabolism for its own survival, we examined the role of nuclear receptor family members belonging to the NR3B subfamily in mouse hepatocytes. Here, we report that estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ, encoded by Esrrg) modulates the intramacrophage proliferation of S. typhimurium by altering host iron homeostasis, and we demonstrate an antimicrobial effect of an ERRγ inverse agonist. Hepatic ERRγ expression was induced by S. typhimurium–stimulated interleukin-6 signaling, resulting in an induction of hepcidin and eventual hypoferremia in mice. Conversely, ablation of ERRγ mRNA expression in liver attenuated the S. typhimurium–mediated induction of hepcidin and normalized the hypoferremia caused by S. typhimurium infection. An inverse agonist of ERRγ ameliorated S. typhimurium–mediated hypoferremia through reduction of ERRγ–mediated hepcidin mRNA expression and exerted a potent antimicrobial effect on the S. typhimurium infection, thereby improving host survival. Taken together, these findings suggest an alternative approach to control multidrug-resistant intracellular bacteria by modulating host iron homeostasis.

Effect of the Liquid Neon (LNe) on the Thermal Stability of DP Coil in a Cooling System Using a Mixture of SN2 and Small Amount of LNe

Kwang Lok Kim,Jung-Bin Song,Kyoung-Jun Kim,Deuk-Yong Koh,Ki-Chul Seong,Haigun Lee 한국자기학회 2010 한국자기학회 학술연구발표회 논문개요집 Vol.2010 No.12