축구선수의 Detraining과 Retraining이 혈청지질 및 호르몬농도에 미치는 영향

정정화,박재현,채종훈,성혜련,황지인,윤미숙,노금선,윤종관,윤영학,노순덕,정경숙,박일규,김은희,박현태,박상갑 대한스포츠의학회 1999 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.17 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of detraining and retraining on serum lipid and hormones in soccer players. Subjects were seven male high-school soccer players. V˙O_2max was determined for each subjects by administering a treadmill test(initial speed: 90m/min, grade: 5%, increasing speed per 3 min: 30m/min). Serum lipid(T-C, TG, HDL-C LDL-C) and hormones(epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormones, cortisol) were assayed pre and post detraining in 10, 20, 30 days after retraining. The repeated ANOVA was used to determine significant differences. The 0.05 level of significance was as critical level for the study. The results of the study were as follows: 1. V˙O_2max(ml/min) were 3576.3±204.2ml/min pre detraining, 3234.1±198.9 ml/min post detraining. There are significant(p<.05) difference between pre and post detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, V˙O_2max(ml/min) were 3601.4±170.9 ml/min. There were significantly(p<.05) increased in retraining periods. 2. V˙O_2max(ml/kg/min) were significantly(p<.05) decreased from 62.3±2.9 ml/kg/min to 55.9±4.7 ml/kg/min in detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, V˙O_2max(ml/kg/min) were 62.4±3.4ml/kg/min, 62.7±2.3ml.kg/min, 67.3±7.2ml/kg/min respectively. There were significantly(p<.05) increased in retraining periods. 3. T-C were significantly (p<.05) increased from 166.6±8.5mg/dl to 175.3±10.3 mg/dl in detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, T-C were 160.1± 3.2mg/dl, 156.7±3.7mg/dl, 140.3±9.0mg/dl. There were significantly(p<.05) decreased in retraining periods. 4. HDL-C were 61.4±6.6mg/di pre detraining, 5.3±6.6mg/dl post detraining. There are significant(p<.05) difference between pre and post detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, HDL-C were 56.9±7.1mg/dl, 56.4±9.2mg/dl, 57.7±9.1mg/dl respectively. There were no significant difference in retraining periods. 5. The hormones(epinephrine. norepinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol) were changed as same patterns. Epinephrine were 26.0±7.0[g/ml pre detraining, 24.6±3.2pg/ml post detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, epinephrine were 26.9±5.6pg/ml, 30.6±6.2pg/ml, 29.4±5.6pg/ml respectively. There were no significant difference in retraining periods. In conclusion, HDL-C, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol were decreased, T-C, LDL-C and TG were increased in detraining. But HDL-C, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol were increased, T-C, LDL-C and TG were decreased in retraining.

카드뮴폭로후 혈액과 요중 카드뮴의 변화양상

박정덕,김미정,최병선,홍연표,장임원 大韓産業醫學會 1994 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.6 No.2

The changes of cadmium(Cd) in plasma, whole blood, erythrocyte and urine in Sprangue-Dawley male rats exposed to intravenous singleinjection of 0.8 ㎎ CdCl₂/kg of body weight were investigated. Blood was taken at 0.5 to 672 hours, and 24 hour-urine was collected by using metabolic cage for the same period. The plasma level of Cd was reached to peak at 0.5 hour after injection and reduced rapidly in 1 hour. The Cd level in blood was the highest in plasma and the lowest in erythrocyte at 0.5 hour after injection. However, in one hour postinjection, the levels of Cd were higher in order of erythrocyte, whole blood and plasma, up to 4 weeks. The changes of urinary volume and creatinine were not significant between Cd-treated and saline-treated groups. However, urinary protein was slightly increased with time in Cd-treated group. Urinary Cd level was higher in Cd treated group than control. These results suggest that the measurement of Cd in erythrocyte and urine is valuable for the biological index to estimate recent Cd exposure.

생소한 HBsAg 선별검사키트 bioelisa와 IEMA Well의 평가

김덕언,김홍석,김신규,이혜림,박일규,강정옥,최태열 대한임상검사정도관리학회 1997 臨床檢査와 精度管理 Vol.19 No.2

카드뮴폭로에 대한 생물학적 지표 : Competitive ELISA에 의한 Metallothionein 정량 Assay of Metallothionein by Competitive ELiSA

박정덕,이우석,공윤,홍연표,장임원 大韓産業醫學會 1996 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.8 No.2

Metallothionein (MT) is a cadmium binding protein that played major roles in protective mechanism for cadmium toxicity. In the present study, competitive ELISA was established to assay the MT expression utilizing monospecific antibody which was generated against MT-I. A total of 10 Sprague-Dawley rats was injected with CdCl₂ for two weeks to induce MT. The cytosolic fraction of rat liver was obtained by differential centrifugation. Two major MT isozymes (MT-I & MT-II) at ca. 10 kDa were purified by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration followed by DEAE-Trisacryl-M anion exchange column chromatography, respectively. Two rabbits were immunized 4 times consecutively with the conjugate of purified MT-I. The sera were collected by heart puncture. When immunoblot was carried out, the immunized rabbit sera (anti-MT-I) exhibited specific immunoreactive band at MT-I while showed any cross reactions neither with MT-II nor with other cytosolic proteins. By chequerboard titration using the monospecific antibody, the competitive ELISA was established. The dose-dependent relationship was observed between anti-MT-I anti-body and the amount of MT in biological samples (r²=0.9980). These results suggested strongly that competitive ELISA is a simple, rapid and reproducible method for screening cadmium exposure.

한국인 젊은이의 혈중 연농도

박정덕,정규철 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1985 中央醫大誌 Vol.10 No.4

The lead concentration in whole blood were determined in 145 healthy young adults, 102 male and 43 female volunteers, aged from 16 to 25 years, who have had no apparent exposure to lead. Determination of lead was made by means of standard addition method using flameless graphited atomic absorption spectrophotometer(Model A5100, Baird Ltd). 1. In 145 measurements of lead in blood by standard addition method, correlation coefficients of optical density on lead concentration added ranged from 0.990 to 1.000 and regression coefficients ranged from 0.2000 to 0.3859. Since the mean recovery rate of lead 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5ng added to samples was 98.0%, 101.7%, 99.5% with coefficient of variation of 10.4%, 4.7%, 1.7%, respectively, the analytic method was found to be reliable with high precision. 2. Lead contents in whole blood did not fitted to the normal distribution; instead fitted to the long­normal distribution. 3. The arithmatic mean of lead concentrations in normal human blood was 14.8±6.22㎍/100ml and the geometric mean was 14.1±1.36㎍/100ml. 4. Mean concentrations of lead in whole blood were significantly higher in males than in females (p<0.01). 5. Lead levels in blood was higher among urban inhabitants than among rural inhabitants in female (p<0.01), and not significant in male.

한국인의 신장과 간장조직내 카드뮴함유량의 참고치

박정덕,최병선,권일훈,홍연표,장임원 大韓産業醫學會 2000 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.12 No.3

목 적 : 카드뮴은 인체의 물질대사에는 불필요하며 사람에게 발암작용이 있는 유해금속 물질로서체 내에서 축적되는 경향이 있다. 신장과 간장은 카드뮴의 주요 축적 장기로서 일반 인구집단에서 생활환경을 통해 미량의 카드윰에 만성적으로 폭로량을 가장 잘 반영한다. 방 법 : 이번 연구에서는 특별히 카드윰에 폭로된 적이 없는 0∼87세 범위의 부검체 254예(남자:188예, 여자 : 66예)를 대상으로 신장피질과 간장조직내 카드윰량을 분석하여 한국인에 있어서 신장과 간장내 카드윰 함유량의 참고치를 제시하였고, 체내카드뮴 총 부하량을 추정하였다. 결 과 : 한국인의 신장피질과 간장내 카드윰 농도의 기하평균치는 각각 27.4 ㎍/g wet weight와 3.1 ㎍/g wet weight 이었고, 아연의 기하평균치는 신장피질 35.4 ㎍/g wet weight, 간장 42.6 ㎍/g wet weight 이었다. 신장피질내 카드윰 축적량은 간장의 약 9배로서 미량 만성적 폭로시 신장이 주요 축적장기이었다. 한국인에 있어서 연령에 따른 신장피질내 카드윰 축적량은 50대 까지는 증가하다가 이후 감소되는 양상을 나타내었다. 신장피질내 카드뮴 축적량과 연령과는 2차 함수적인 관계를 나타내어 연령별 신장피질내 카드윰 축적량을 추정할 수 있는 예측식이 Log KCd=0.2325+0.0553 · Age-0.0005 · Age2으로 산출되어, 한국인에 있어 신장피질내 카드윰 축적량의 최고 농도는 50.8세에서 43.4 ㎍/g wet weight로 추정되었다. 또한, 신장 피질과 간장내 카드윰 축적량으로부터 산출된 연령에 따른 체내 카드윰 총 부하량의 예측식이 Total Cd Body Burden=-4.5948+1.2278 · Age-0.0121 · Age2로 산출되어, 체내 카드윰 총 부하량은 50.7 세에서 가장 높았으며 이때 26.5mg의 카드뮴이 체내에 축적되는 것으로 추정되었다. 신장피질과 간장에서 아연과 카드윰은 양의 상관이 있어 각각 Log KZn=1.1410+0.2841· Log KCd, Log LBn=1.5016+0.2396 · Log LCd 의 직선회귀관계가 성립되었으며, Cu/Zn비는 조직내 연령별 카드뮴농도와 비슷한 양상을 나타내었다. 결 론 : 이상의 결과에서 나타난 한국인의 카드뮴 폭로량은 일본인에 비해서는 낮았으나, 미국이나 서구지역에 비해서는 비슷하거나 다소 높은 수준으로 평가되었다. Objectives : Cadmium (Cd), a toxic and non-essential metal, is recognized as a human carcinogen, which has a tendency to accumulate In the human body. The levels of Cd in renal cortex and liver are good indicators as an index of Cd exposure in the general popelation. In this study, we present an estimation of reference Cd levels in tissue (renal cortex and liver) and total body burden in the general population of Korea. Methods : Cd and zinc (Zn) were analyzed in renal cortex and liver from 254 autopsies(male : 188 cases, female : 66 cases) aged 0 to 87 years. Results : Geometric mean concentration of Cd was 27.4 and 3.1 ㎍/g wet weight in renal cortex and liver, respectively. The level of Zn in renal cortex and liver was 35.4 and 42.6 ㎍/g wet weight, respectively. The result suggests that kidney is the target organ for Cd accumulation. The accumulation of Cd in renal cortex was age-dependent with a biphasic pattern. The level of Cd in renal cortex increased with age up to the fifties, and then level설 off thereafter. Based on the data, the regression model for Cd accumulation In renal cortex by age is predicted by : Log KCd = 0.2325 + 0.0553 · Age -0.0005 · Age2. The highest Cd accumulation in renal cortex of Koreans was estimated at 43.3 ㎍/g wet weight at 50.8 years old. In addition, the total Cd body burden by age was estimated by the fellowing equation'Total Cd Body Burden = -4.5948 + 1.2278 · Age - 0.0121 Age2. The highest body burden of Cd was estimated at 26.5 mg at age 50.7 years in the Korean general population. The positive correlation between Zn and Cd was observed In renal cortex and liver. Conclusions The level of Cd exposure in Korean was found to be lower than In Japanese, but same as or higher than in American and Europeans.

결핵항원에 의한 결핵환자 말초혈액 단핵구의 IL-2,IL-10 및 TNF-α mRNA 발현비교

박정규,임영재,김화중,조은경,민들레,임재현,최덕례,박성규 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1999 충남의대잡지 Vol.26 No.1

The various clinical features of tuberculosis are mediated by diverse cytokines produced by various immune cells which are initially triggered by M. tuberculosis antigens. CD4+ T cells can be classified into two subsets according to the patterns of cytokines they produce; Thl cells give rise to cell-mediated immunity and are characterized by the production of IL-2 and IFN-y, whereas Th2 cells are more efficient in mediating antibody production and secrete II-4, IL-5, IL-6 and II-10, Thl cells can control Th2 cell and vice versa. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy, cured and chronic refractory tuberculosis patients were stimulated with PPD, TSP and PHA antigen, and lymphoproliferative response and expression of II-2, IL- 10, TNF-α mRNAs were measured. Lymphoproliferative responses to PPD, TSP and PHA antigen were depressed in chronic refractory case compared with others expression of IL-2 mRNA was depressed in chronic refractory case stimulated with all antigens. Expression of IL-10 and TNF-α were depressed in cured and chronic refractory cases stimulated with PPD and TSP antigens.

한국인의 심근 조직내 카드뮴 농도의 참고치

박정덕,임헌방,최병선,권일훈,이상연,강은용,홍연표,장임원 大韓産業醫學會 1999 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.11 No.1

Cadmium(Cd) is an ubiquitous, toxic and nonessential metal which is controversial about the association with a cardiovascular disease. In this study, we investigated the reference level of Cd in myocardium in Korean general population. The level of Cd and zinc(Zn) concentration in myocardium of 252 cases of "sudden and unexpected death" autopsies (male: 172, female : 60) aged 0 to 87 years was analyzed. The concentration of Cd and Zn was determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer(Perkin-Elmer Model 5100) by flameless and flame method, respectively. The content of Cd and Zn in myocardium showed the log-normal distribution rather than normal distribution. Geometric mean concentration of Cd was 0.19 ㎍/g wet weight in myocardium. The level of Cd in myocardium was not significantly different between male (0.18㎍/g wet weight) and female (0.22㎍/g wet weight). Geometric mean concentration of Zn in myocardium was 25.25 ㎍/g wet weight. The level of Zn between male (25.13 ㎍/g wet weight) and female (25.57㎍/g wet weight) was not different. The deposit of Cd in myocardium was age-dependent of biphasic pattern, but the Zn level by age was not significantly different. The level of Cd in myocardium was increased to the fifties of age, thereafter a leveling-off was shown. The regression model of Cd deposit in myocardium by age was predicted as the following equation: Log Heart-Cd= -1.2726 + 0.0234 ·Age -0.0002 ·Age². The maximum Cd deposit in myocardium was estimated to be 0.26 ㎍/g wet weight at the age of 58.5 in Korean general population. In addition, the total Cd burden in heart by age was predicted as a following equation: Total Cd burden in Heart= -10.165+2.891 ·Age -0.0258 ·Age². The maximum heart burden of Cd was estimated to be 70.7㎍ at age of 55.4. The positive correlation between Cd and Zn was observed in myocardium. The linear regression equation was Log Heart-Zn = 1.4195+0.0262 ·Log Heart-Cd.

급성 카드뮴중독에 의한 랏트의 간, 신 및 고환조직의 손상에 미치는 Diethyldithiocarbamate의 방어효과

박정덕,정규철 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1989 中央醫大誌 Vol.14 No.2

To investigate the effects of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) on acute toxicity in cadmium in toxicated rat, single doses of 5 mg/kg CdCl_2 were given to Sprague-Dawley male rats by intraperitoneal injection in Cd-treated group, 500 mg/kg DDTC IP injection 60 min after Cd treatment in DDTC-treated group, and saline treatment only in control group. Rats of each group were sacrificed by decapitation 48 hours after the injection. Average cadmium concentrations in liver, kidney and testis for control group were 0.027 ± 0.008㎍/g wet wt, 0.032 ± 0.006 ㎍/g wet wt and 0.004 ± 0,002 ㎍/g wet wt, and those for Cd-treated group were 8.748 ± 0.985 ㎍/g wet wt, 15.947 ± 3.723 ㎍/g wet wt and 0.617 ± 0.140 ㎍/g wet wt, respectively. In DDTC-treated group, hepatic, renal and testicular Cd concentrations were 6.209 ± 0.691㎍/g wet wt, 13.736 ± 1.692 ㎍/g wet wt and 1.438 ± 0.330㎍/g wet wt, respectively. DDTC caused the shift of Cd from liver and kidney to testis. The production of superoxide radicals was increased in liver and kidney of Cd-treated group, whereas catalase activities were reduced. The protein contents in tissue homogenates, cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions, and activities of Cu, Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD and ATPase were not significantly altered by the Cd treatment. In testis of Cd-treated group, although the production of superoxide radical was undetected, the catalase activity and specific activity of'Cu,Zn-SOD were increased, and protein contents of above fractions and activities of Mn-SOD and ATPase were reduced compared to control group. This implies that mechanism of cadmium toxicity to liver and kidney differs from that to testis, suggesting a possible role of oxygen radical induced by cadmium in injury to testis but not to liver and kidney. Since the pattern of change in protein contents, production of superoxide radical, activities of catalase, Cu, Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD and ATPase in the DDTC-treated group were similar to those in the control group, DDTC was considered to be effective in protecting the tissue damage caused by cadmium toxicity. Histopathological findings showing that the tissue destruction of testis was more extensive and severer than those of liver and kidney in Cd-treated group, suggest that testis is more susceptible to cadmium toxicity than liver and kidney. No significant change from control was noted in liver, kidney and testis in DDTC-treated group, indicating the protective effect of DDTC on tissue damages induced by cadmium.

일 대학 신입생들의 기분장애 유병률과 위험요인

송정희,민경준,박정덕,최병선 韓國學校保健學會 2009 韓國學校保健學會誌 Vol.22 No.2

Purpose: Mood disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder are a major mental health problem in college students. We investigate the prevalence of depression and bipolar disorder and the relevance of risk factors for these mood disorders among one college freshmen. Methods: The subjects were 2,865 college students who entered one university located in Seoul and Ansung in 2009. We used BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) for depression assessment and K-MDQ (Mood Disorder Questionnaire) for bipolar disorder assessment. Demographic and socioeconomic factors were measured by questionnaire. Height, weight, blood pressure, total cholesterol, complete blood cell count, and liver function test data were obtained by physical examination for freshmen. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were performed to analyze the possible risk factors for depression and bipolar disorder. Results: With different BDI cutoff value, 16 and 21, the prevalence of depression was 8.7% (male: 7.6%, female: 10.1%) and 2.4% (male: 2.5%, female: 2.3%), separately. 'Low economic status', 'urban birth place', and 'low grade at entrance' were significantly associated with depression. Using the original cutoff criterion, defined as clustering of 7 or more symptoms that caused moderate or severe problems, the prevalence of bipolar disorder was 1.3% (male: 1.4%, female: 1.1%). The risk factor of bipolar disorder was academic fields (art fields). Conclusion: Depression and bipolar disorder are common disease in college freshmen. Therefore, Campus-based mental health service program is needed to help with prevention of and early intervention of these mood disorders.