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Time Course of Treatment for Primary Enuresis With Overactive Bladder
임영재,이정근,박관진 대한배뇨장애요실금학회 2018 International Neurourology Journal Vol.22 No.2
Purpose: To characterize the course of treatment for nonmonosymptomatic enuresis with overactive bladder (OAB) in a real clinical setting. Methods: Data from 111 OAB patients with moderate to severe enuresis were analyzed. The baseline analysis included a questionnaire, voiding diary, uroflowmetry with postvoid residual urine measurement, and plain abdominal radiography of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB). Following standard urotherapy for 1 month, anticholinergic medication was administered with or without laxatives. Desmopressin was added if there was a partial response to OAB. Patients were followed every 3 months to evaluate the status of OAB and enuresis. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors associated with the lack of complete response (CR) in enuresis at 12 months. Results: Following 12 months of treatment, 64% and 88% of patients experienced at least partial response in enuresis and OAB, respectively. Urgency improved more quickly than enuresis, supporting the need to address daytime symptoms before enuresis. Seventy-nine patients (71%) had fecal impaction on KUB and/or subjective constipation. The combination of anticholinergics with either laxatives or desmopressin fared better than anticholinergics alone. Daytime incontinence and anticholinergics- only treatment were associated with a lack of CR during 12 months of treatment. Conclusions: The data confirmed the validity of addressing OAB before treating enuresis. The results of this study also highlight the need to address fecal impaction. Patients should be counseled about the need for a prolonged course of treatment before starting treatment. Anticholinergics should be accompanied with either desmopressin or laxatives for better control of enuresis.
경주마 생산을 위한 혈액형 연구 II. 혈청 Transferrin형에 대하여
임영재,최귀철,Lim Young-Jae,Choi Gui-Chul 한국임상수의학회 1991 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.8 No.1
Transferrin type of stallions and their foals in total of 56 was analysed. Phenotype showed 8 types(AA, AB, AC, AD, AE, BB, BC, BD), while gene frequencies A ; 0.410, B ; 0.455, C : 0.063, D ; 0.063, E ; 0.09 There were not negative factors in the result of idenification of real paternity but showed AC type that is abscent in their parents.
임영재,정종기,정병곤,Lim Young-Jae,Jeong Jong-Gi,Jeong Byoung-Gon 대한수의사회 1992 대한수의사회지 Vol.28 No.5
Blood typing of the horses participated in Seoul Olympic Games were analysed through the electroporesis. Blood samples had been collected from the total 234 horses of 32 countries and analyses included albumin, esterase, Xk protein and transferrin types.
임영재,홍창희,진메화,이봉희,한상원 연세대학교의과대학 2008 Yonsei medical journal Vol.49 No.3
Purpose: c-fos expression in spinal neurons that are activated by lower urinary tract stimulation are not organ specific. In this experiment, we demonstrated changes of c-fos expression in bladder-specific preganglionic neurons (PGNs) and interneurons using pseudorabies virus (PRV). Materials and Methods: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were used. We identified the neuronal pathway associated with the bladder by injecting PRV into the detrusor. An immunohistochemical method was used to stain Fos-protein encoded by the c-fos gene. Immunofluorescent staining for PRV was performed to evaluate changes in bladder- specific spinal neurons. Results: Immunofluorescent staining with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) revealed that the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) regions contained 9.8 PGNs/ section. In rats with chronic spinal cord injury by intravesical saline instillation, 82.4±10.3% of PGNs in SPN exhibited Fos- immunoreactive (IR). Two and a half days after PRV infection, PRV-IR PGNs were observed at 5.4 PGNs/ section, and 2.7 ±1.6% of them exhibited Fos-IR. Unlike ChAT-IR PGNs, PRV-IR PGNs are bladder-specific neurons and PRV-IR and Fos-IR cells found in the back of PRV-IR PGNs are bladder- specific interneurons. Three days after PRV infection, we observed many PRV-IR and Fos-IR cells in the dorsal commissure. These neurons are interneurons distributed in the bladder. Conclusion: We confirmed that in chronic spinal cord injury, the patterns of c-fos expression in bladder-specific spinal neurons were similar to those in voiding-reflex related spinal neurons, which had already been demonstrated earlier. We believe that our methodology can be applied to study interactions between voiding and other organs as well, such as the urethra and prostate.
Determinants of Corporate Loans and Bonds before and After Economic Crisis in Korea
임영재 한국개발연구원 2006 KDI Journal of Economic Policy (KDI JEP) Vol.28 No.2
The paper suggests that there has been a shift in the allocation of bank credit from large firms to small firms before and after the economic crisis. The paper also suggests that the improved lending practices of financial institutions, at least partially, contributed to this shift of corporate loans from large firms to small firms. Comparing the periods before and after the economic crisis also suggests that some important changes occurred to the corporate bond market. The effect of firm size on the corporate bond market differs before and after the economic crisis. Before the crisis, the larger the firms, the more they could borrow in the corporate bond market. However, after the crisis, it is not the case. The following interpretation could be put forward. Before the crisis, investors in the corporate bond market expected that the government would rescue large firms if they face the risk of bankruptcies. However, the collapse of Daewoo Group in 1999 shattered the TBTF (Too Big To Fail) myth of the public. The liquidity crisis of Hyundai Group in 2000-2001 reinforced the disintegration of the TBTF myth. 경제위기 이후 은행 등 금융기관의 기업규모별 대출분포를 살펴보면 대규모 기업에서 중소규모 기업으로 그 비중이 이동하였음을 알 수 있다. 이러한 현상의 원인 중 하나로 경제위기 이후 진행된 금융구조 개혁으로 금융기관의 대출관행이 개선된 점을 들 수 있다. 경제위기 이후 회사채시장에서도 중요한 변화가 정착되고 있다. 경제위기 이전에는 기업 또는 그룹의 규모 자체가 회사채 조달 에 있어 중요한 결정요인 중 하나였는데, 경제위기 이후 그러한 현상이 사라져가고 있는 것이다. 이는 경제위기 이전에는 소위 “대마불사”의 신화로 일반투자자들이 대규모 재벌의 회사채를 수익성과 관계없이 선호하였으나, 1999년 대우그룹 붕괴 및 2000~2001년 현대그룹 유동성 위기 등으로 그러한 불합리한 믿음이 깨지게 된 것과 밀접한 관련이 있다.