현덕의 『광명을 찾아서』와 리얼리즘 소년소설의 계보

원종찬 ( Won Jong-chan ) 인하대학교 한국학연구소 2016 한국학연구 Vol.0 No.40

본고는 현덕의 장편 소년소설 『광명을 찾아서』에 관한 필자의 이전 논문의 후속편이다. 이전 논문에서는 현덕의 모든 작품들을 대상으로 ‘부권부재’ 양상의 상호텍스성을 살펴 작가의 월북동기를 밝히는 데 초점을 두었다. 이번 논문에서는 『광명을 찾아서』의 아동문학적 가치를 ‘리얼리즘 소년소설의 계보’라는 관점에서 살피는 데 초점을 두었다. 여기에서 확인되는바, 정부 수립 직후에 나온 『광명을 찾아서』는 식민지시대 리얼리즘 소년소설 계보와 분단시대 리얼리즘 소년소설 계보를 잇는 핵심고리였다. 카프(KAPF) 작가를 방계로 친다면, 직계는 ‘방정환-이태준-현덕-이원수-권정생’으로 이어지는 그림이 그려진다. 이 계보는 한국 소년소설의 전개에서 등뼈에 해당한다. 이 계보의 소년소설이 보이는 공통점은 ‘불우한 소년주인공’과 ‘폭력적인 시대 환경’으로 요약되는데, 현덕은 ‘소년의 성장’이라는 요소를 추가함으로써 ‘소년소설의 리얼리즘’을 본궤도로 올려놓은 중간 전환점이었다. 엄밀한 의미에서 그에게 ‘소년소설의 개척자’라는 칭호를 부여할 수 있는 이유가 여기에 있다. This study is one just followed previous thesis about 『In Search of Light』 written by Hyun Duk. The previous study focused on figuring out his motive of going to North Korea, investigating intertextuality of ‘absence of paternal authority’ situation in all the works of Hyun Deok. On the other hand, this study focused on exploring value of children’s literature from viewpoint of ‘genealogy of realism juvenile novel’. As identified here, 『In Search of Light』 published just after the foundation of Korean government was a link to connect genealogy of realism juvenile novel in colonial era with genealogy of realism juvenile novel in the era of divided country. The KAPF writers could be classified to collateral line while this would be a direct line-‘from Bang Jeong-hwan, Lee Tae-joon, Hyun Duk, Lee Won-soo, to Gwon Jeong-saeng’. The genealogy would be a backbone in the development of Korean juvenile novel. The common points shown in the juvenile novel in the genealogy are summarized as ‘unfortunate boy hero’ and ‘violent environment of the era’. Hyun Duk developed ‘realism of juvenile novel’ into further elaborate form by adding the element of ‘boys’ growth’ to above two points. This is the reason why the title of ‘a pioneer of juvenile novel’ can be given to him in the strict meaning.

독성물질의 세포사 기전 및 세포사 유발물질의 검색법 개발에 관한 연구(Ⅱ) : 망간 신경독성을 이용한 파킨슨증 모델의 세포사 Studies on the Mechanism of Parkinsonism induced by Manganese

김종민,박창원,오정자,이보경,서경원,서수경,김규봉,김종원,김광진,김영옥,전범석,박찬웅,이선희 식품의약품안전청 2001 식품의약품안전청 연보 Vol.5 No.-

1960년대 이후 파킨슨병의 유발물질 중 한 후보로서 망간이 주목받으면서 많은 역학적, 병러학적 연구가 수행죄브다. 그러나 망간이 파킨슨병을 직접 일으키는지, 혹은 파킨슨병과 관련된 부위의 신경세포를 파괴시쿡 파킨슨증만을 초래하는 것인지가 아직 정립되지 않은 실정이다 본 연구에서는 실험동물모델에서 행등학적 변화 측정 및 병리학적, 샐화학적 연구를 통하여 망간의 과다노출글 따른 파킨슨병 유발 여부를 확인하고자 하였다. Sprague-Datylet· 렛드에 망간을 1, 2, 5, 10 mgAg/day의 응량으로 30일 등안 복강 투여하였을 때 모든 망간투여군에서 운동성 감소가 관찰되었다. 뇌조직의 망간 함량을 ion chromatograph?로 측정한 결과 중뇌 흑질과 기저핵 선조체에서 망간 함량의 뚜렷한 증가 소견이 관찰되었으며, 니슬염색체서 선조체의 신경세포수의 유의성 있는 감소가 관찰되었다. 그러나, 흑질의 TH효소 면역염색, GFAP 면역염색, 흑질과 선조체의 T릿효소 western blot 결과는 대조군과 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과에서, 망간-파킨슨증 모델에서 파킨슨증어 유발되는 기전은 흑질 도파민성 신경 세포의 신호를 받는 선조체 씬경세포의 사멸에 의한 것으로 생각된다. 결론적으로, 망간 독성에 의한 파킨스증 모델에서는 파킨슨 병과는 달리 흑질 도파민성 신경세포의 세포사는 관여하지 않는 것으로 관찰되었다. Manganese(Mn) intoxication causes a parkinsonian syndrome. It may be difficult to distinguish Mn-induced parkinsonism from idiopathic Parkinson disease(IPD). Neuropathological descriptions on the brains with Mn intoxication showed the perferential damage in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticularis. Pathological reports on the substantia nigra pars compacta(SNpc), a mafor focus of pathologic changes in IPD, are discordant and controversial. The SNpc involvement is of critical importance for the elucidation of pathogenesis of IPD. Therefore, the neurodegeneration in SNpc was investigated in the experimental model of Mn neurotoxicity. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with manganese chloride(1, 2, 5, 10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 30 days. Treated animals showed low levels of distance-traveled from locomotor activity tests. Ion chromatography revealed that Mn accumulation was significant in SN and basal ganglia in Mn-treated animals. Nissl staining showed neuronal loss of the striatum in all treated animals. The degree of neurodegeneration in SN was determined by immunohistochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH). The numbers of TH-positive cells on nigral sections were not different from each groups(P>0.05). The densities of glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity from SN were similar between groups. TH-westen blotting showed no differences between treated animals and controls. In conclusion, the SNpc remains intact in Mn intoxication, and Mn-induced parkinsonism may be caused by damages of output pathways downstream to the nigrostriatal dopminergic system.

북한 아동문학의 기원

원종찬(Won, Jong-Chan) 한국아동청소년문학학회 2012 아동청소년문학연구 Vol.- No.10

Division of our country is new historical accident in Korean children’ literature. Largely, the period from independence in 1945 until ceasefire is reorganization period of children’ literary circles in South and North Korea. This paper tried to explore origin of N. Korean children’ literature by investigating the process of reorganization of children’ literary circles during the period. As ‘orth Chosun arts union’was organized in Pyungyang on March 25, 1946, literary circles with different pursuit each other were formed in South and North Korea. And writers in KAPF in Japanese ruling era played an important role in the process of arranging N. Korean literary organization. They are important figures of ‘eomgunsa’such as Song Yeong, and Park Se-yeong, KAPF members such as Shin Go-song, Lee Dong-gyu, Kim Wu-cheol, Lee Won-woo, Jeong Cheong-san, Hong Goo, Park A-ji, Eom Heung-seop etc ?the KAPF members actively acted in 『Byeolnara』and『Shinsonyun』. They actively acted for establishment of N. Koreanliterary circles fit to way of the political party during the period from ‘orth Chosun arts union’to ‘hosun literature and the arts union’including 6.25 war. N. Korean children’ literature formed active lineup in 1950s under the influences of defected writers to N. Korea who can be KAPF ‘on-convert axis’and existing writers in N. Korea. Especially, Song Yeong, Park Se-yeong, and Han Seol-ya were initial essential figures who instructed children’ literature part which remained in weak area until then. In short, N. Korean literary circles had this history to be formed: Yeomgunsa(1923)―KAPF(1925)― Chosun proletarian literary union(1945)― North Chosun literature and the arts union (1946)― Chosun literature and the arts union (1953). There are such clear flow and major writers of 『Byeolnara』and 『Shinsonyun』were in the center of the flow as beginning forces. From this, it can be known that N. Korean children’ literature in 1950s when division situation was fixed was originated from literature movement based on socialism connected to ‘eomgunsa’in Japanese ruling era. However, from 1960s, historical origin was changed by influences of Caesar due to characteristics of N. Korean political system. That is, status of KAPF fell and literature of anti-Japan revolution focused on Kim Il-seong newly appeared. Accordingly, it is necessary to identify that present N. Korean children’ literature becomes more far from tradition of children’ literature in Japanese ruling era.

북한 아동문단 성립기의 "아동문화사 사건"

원종찬 ( Jong Chan Won ) 건국대학교 동화와번역연구소 2010 동화와 번역 Vol.20 No.-

1946년 l2월 건국사상총동원운동과 더불어 문학예술 분야에서 반동적 경향과의 투쟁이 전개되었고, 이러한 문단 정비 과정에서 시집 `응향` 사건이 발생한 것은 잘 알려진 사실이다. 아동문학 부문에서도 `응향` 사건과 대응하는 `아동문화사` 사건이 발생했다. 북한의 공식적인 문학사에서는 `아동문화사` 사건에 관한 언급이 없지만, `해방 후 l0년간의 조선문학`을 돌아보는 1950년대의 문헌들에는 `해방 직후 아동문화사에 잠입한 순수문학 신봉자들의 정체를 폭로하는 투쟁으로부터 시작하여 이러저러한 형식주의 경향과 부르주아 이데올로기 잔재를 성과 있게 숙청했다`는 기록이 소략하게 나와 있다. 사건의 전말을 살필 수 있는 자료는 나타나지 않지만, 작가동맹의 기관지『아동문학』의 초창기를 회고하는 글들을 통해 어느 정도 이 사건의 윤곽을 그려볼 수 있다. `아동문화사` 사건은 이곳에서 발행되는 『어린 동무』 와 『어린이신문』 및 단행본들의 계급적 성격을 문제 삼아 내부 `불순분자`를 제거하고 출판사 명칭까지 바꾼 사건을 가리킨다. 아동문학 분야의 사상투쟁은 `응향`(1946. 12) 사건 이후인 1947년에 전개되었으며, 그 해 7월에 창간된 『아동문학』은 그 정점이었다. 이 잡지의 창간호는 이후와 다른 성격을 지녔다고 한다. 문제의 `아동문화사`에서 발행되었는데, 아동은 읽을 수 없는 `연구적 성격`의 이론 잡지였고, 잡지의 나아갈 방향도 명확하지 않았다는 회고글이 발견된다. 박세영의 「건설기의 아동문학」 이란 평론이 여기 발표되는 등 부르주아적 잔재를 소탕하는 투쟁에서 박세영·이원우·김우철의 역할이 지대했다는 기록이 보인다. 이 당시 사상투쟁의 결과로 `아동문화사`의 간판이 내려진 것이다. `아동문화사`는 `청년생활사`로 이름을 바꾸고 계급적 성격을 강화해서 새로 『소년단』을 펴냈다. 『아동문학』은 2호부터 박세영이 출판부장으로 있는 북조선문학예술총동맹 직속의 문화전선사에서 나왔다. `아동문화사` 사건은 `응향` 사건보다는 파장이 적었지만, 아동문학 부문의 첫 번째 사상투쟁으로 자리매김 된다. It is a well-known fact that, in December 1946, a fight against reactionary trends began in the literature and art area together with a campaign to promote the national ideal envisioned on the founding of a country, and a collection of poems `Eunghyang Event` happened during this rearrangement process of the literary world. Also in the children`s literature area, `dongmunhwasa Event` similar to `Eunghyang Event` took place. Although `Adongmunhwasa Event` is not mentioned in the official literature history of North Korea, `We successfully cleaned up formalism and vestiges of bourgeois ideology including a conflict disclosing pure literature advocators who infiltrate Children`s Culture Magazine right after the 1945 Liberation` was recorded briefly in documents written in 1950s reviewing `Korean literature for 10 years after the 1945 Liberation`. Even though detailed materials showing the whole story of the event are not found, the outline of the event can be drawn to some extent through writings recollecting the first stage of Children`s Literature, an official magazine of the Union of Writers. During the `Adongmunhwasa Event`, rebellious elements in the publishing company were eliminated and the company name was changed due to characteristics of classes of Young Friends, Children`s Newspaper and other separate books published by the company. The ideological fight in the children`s literature area began in 1947 after `Eunghyang Event`(December 1946), and Children `s Literature that was founded in July of the year was at the zenith of it. It is said that the inaugural issue of the magazine had different characteristics from issues after that time. There is a recollection that the magazine was an academic and theoretical magazine that couldn`t be read by children, and the object of the magazine was not clear. There is also a record that Park Se-yeong, Lee Won-wu and Kim Wu-cheol played a great role in cleaning up vestiges of bourgeois ideology, for example, a criticism by Park Se-yeong titled "Children`s Literature during the Construction Period" was published in the magazine. The signboard of `Adongmunhwasa` was forced to come down as a result of ideological fights at that time. `Adongmunhwasa` changed its company name to `Cheongnyeonsaenghwalsa` and began publishing Sonyeondan by reinforcing characteristics of classes. From the second issue, Children `s Literature was published by Munhwajeonseonsa that was directly under North Korea Literature & Art Union where Park Se-yeong worked as a manager of Publishing Department. Although `Adongmunhwasa Event` has smaller effect that `Eunghyang Event`, it is considered the first ideological fight in the children`s literature area.

선인장 양심실 보조장치의 설계 및 임상적용을 위한 평가

민병구,박찬영,최재순,이혁수,황창모,김삼성,윤걸중,김종원,선경,이경갑,정종태,김원곤 제주대학교 인공심장이식연구소 2001 인공심장 연구 Vol.2 No.1

현재 개발되고 있는 맥동형 이식형 인공심장은 완전이식형 인공심장과 좌심실보조장치 뿐이다. 좌심실보조장치를 장착한 환자의 10~15%가 우심실의 보조를 필요로하고 완전이식형 인공심장의 장착을 위해서는 자연심장을 제거해야하는 상황에서 이식형 양심실보조장치에 대한 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구진은 완전이식형 인공심장으로 개발된 한국형 인공심장을 개선하여 양심 실 보조장치를 개발하였다. 양심실보조장치는 이동형 작동기식 미케니즘을 이용하고 있으며 에너지 변환장치와 감속기로 구성된 작동기와 혈액주머니, 그리고 내장형 제어기로 구성되어 있다. 선인장 펌프로 명명된 KAH350은 캐뉼라의 연결을 위한 커넥터를 포함하여 길이 177mm, 폭 164mm, 높이 67 이고 무게 780g이며 최대 심박출량은 5L/min 이다. 양심실보조장치로 개발된 선인장펌프는 좌심실보조장치로도 응용이 가능하다. 이식적합성과 생체적합성을 평가하기 위하여 좌심실보조장치로 5회, 양싱실보조장치로 6회의 동물실험을 수행하였다. 각각 최장 28일간 생존하였으며 11회의 동물실험중 장치의 결함에 의한 것이 3회 있었는데 이들은 모두 전자장치의 결함과 방수처리문제였다. 현재 이식적합성과 일박출량을 향상시킨 KAH400모델이 개발중이다. The types of pulsatile implantable artificial hearts that are on the way of development and have been developed are totally implantable artificial heart and implantable left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Approximately 10% to 15% of all patients Implanted with wearable VADs have required right heart support with another device. And it is reluctant to patient who should remove his or her own heart to be implanted with total artificial heart. These situations drive the development of implantable bi-ventricular assist device (BVAD). The Korean BVAD was develophed by modifying the moving actuator type Korean artificial heart. This electro-mechanical BVAD comprises actuator including energy converter and reduction gear train, blood sacs, and internal motor and energy controllers. The KAH350 which is named as 'Cactus Pump' is 177mm in length, 164mm in width, and 67mm in thickness including connectors and nuts. The weight and maximum cardiac output of Cactus Pump is 780g and 5L/min, respectively. The Cactus Pump that was developed as BVAD could be used as LVAD by attaching compliance caps on the 2 ports of one ventricle. The animal experiments were undergone 5 times for LVAD, and 6 times for BVAD. The best records were 28 days survival in both applications. There were 3 times of device failure and they were all associated with electrical connection and hermetic sealing. The KAH400 that has improved anatomical fitting characterisitcs and stroke volume is on development.

제 1형 신경섬유종증 환자에서 발생한 위장관 간질종양 1예

원경준,이준,변유미,조민근,한경택,김원,홍란,임성철,김경종,김영대,박찬국,김만우 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2007 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.32 No.2

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common non-epithelial neoplasm arising in the gastrointestinal tract, but this tumor is rarely seen in association with type l neurofibromatosis (NFl) Generally, the majority of GISTs are isolated neoplasm and they are sporadically found in the stomach, but the GISTs in NFl patients are usually multiple and usually found in the small intestine. We report a case of multiple GISTs in the jejunum of a 63-year-old woman diagnosed as NFl accompanied by complication of gastrointestinal bleeding, In this case, Patient had multiple cafe-au lait spots and neurofibroma on skin and had freckling on axilla and groin, and then, we made a diagnosis of NFl. Gastrointestinal bleeding is controlled by resection of multiple GISTs. Generally, only 3-5% of all gastrointestinal bleeding comes from the small bowel. Causes of small intestinal bleeding are angiodysplasia, neoplasm, NSAIDs induced ulcer etc. but, If patients have NFl accompanied by complication of gastrointestinal bleeding, GISTs on small bowel must be considered.

한국 아동문학 연구 현황과 과제

원종찬 한국문학교육학회 2001 문학교육학 Vol.8 No.-

Korean juvenile literature is characterized by its combination with the children's movement. It is a phenomenon that has been unparalleled in other countries. Most of the first generation of Korean juvenile literature can be said to have been the leaders of the children's movement, the second generation has grown up mostly with the children's movement. Korean juvenile literature was developed as a part of the national movement. This is why the trend of emphasizing enlightenment and reality occurred. It resulted in an imbalance that leaned towards creating a realistic fiction rather than creating a fairy tale or a fantasy. There has been a need for reflective discussion but there has never been enough. The research on Korean juvenile literature is low in quality compared to other general literature. The proof is the fact that the representative masterpieces of Korean juvenile literature are hardly outstanding. The activities of Lee Won-Soo and Lee Oh-Duk in criticism and Lee Jae-Chol in research have been getting attention. Whether it is due to criticism or research, the efforts have born fruit steadily in the literature aimed at the movement based on conscience and sense of mission. It is thinkable that the situation of the research aspect would be improved if the subject of juvenile literature could be established in the curriculum of the universities that train teachers for kindergarten and elementary school.

동진강 유역 비점오염원 정밀조사

원찬희,정팔진,김민정,조선영,김세훈,김종천 전북대학교 공학연구원 ( 구 전북대학교 공업기술연구소 ) 2002 工學硏究 Vol.33 No.-

Nonpoint source pollution(NSP) arises due to agriculture activity and it is quite an extensive and complicated problem in order to control and has received a great deal of concern during the recent years, whereas point source are known to originate from an estimated volume of contaminant discharged from a distinguishable source. Extensive research work have been conducted and presented in the past with regard to the various characteristics of watershed on Dong Jin River(DJR), however there are certain drawbacks of existing survey for determining important polluting sources, distribution features of pollutants and estimated load of the organic and nutrients from the creeks. Unfortunately, investigation for loadings originating due to agricultural drainage was not satisfactory, although the regional consideration for DJR across Kim Je Field(KJF) as an agricultural area receives a reasonable source point in the agri-pollution management. Therefore it was necessary to carry out a thorough investigation into the diffuse sources resulting, to form the pollution-developing estimation and to evaluate the output roperties and determining various factors in the generation of non-point pollution. Eventually, this research work would serve as an useful tool for the development of predictive pollution management for DJR. Non-point sources in the present work were classified as municipal non-treated sewage water discharged into the river, loadings through agricultural drainages in the dry/wet field and inadequate treatment of wastewater generated from livestocks. The entire duration of the research work was from December-2001 to July-2002. Site measurement were conducted during various season, in a dry season(December), in rainfall, in seed-sowing time and also collecting data from the rural public organizations related to water management was done and examined and examined during the mid of research work. Similarly, domestic wastewater loadings due to population was based on area unit, as City, Country, Up, Myon, Dong, Ri. The Dong Jin River watershed contains small three Creeks, KoBu(KB), DongJin(DJ, including JeongEup(JE) and ChilBo(CB), WonPyong(WP). It was further divided into 32 sub-watersheds which comprises of further 5,18,9 watersheds in the creeks respectively. The results obtained from research work are presented as follows. Animal productions have marked differences in the rate of pollutant loadings reported in the following sequence: DJ(only CE)>WP>CB>KB, in a case of Korean cow and milk cow. However, it was revealed that WP creek became significantly higher than any other livestocks. According to statistical data for land use, rice field(369.0㎢) and forest(378㎢) have much occupation prior to dry paddies(125.0㎢), residential land(32.0㎢) and others(5.0㎢). Especially, rice fields receives 2.5∼3 times than dry paddies in size.

소규모 하수처리를 위한 도시 및 농촌하수 특성비교

원찬희,김종신 全北大學校 附設 都市및環境硏究所 1998 都市 및 環境硏究 Vol.13 No.1

This study was carried out in order to estimate the domestic sewage quantities-qualities from combined sewer in Iksan and Hameol. To investigate the domestic sewage quantities-qualities from combined sewer, sample were collected 2 times during this study period at ten points. Flow rate analysis demonstrates a major morning and evening peak between 08:00∼10:00 and 19:00∼22:00, respectively. The concentrations of BOD were in the range of 23∼340㎎/ℓ and 28∼318㎎/ℓ, respectively. The highest concentrations of BOD occurred in the point 1. The concentrations of suspended solids were in the range of 18∼330㎎/ℓ and 13∼85㎎/ℓ, respectively. The pollution loading runoff after a rainy season decreased compared to that made before the rainy season. Comparisions with data for second survey show lower than first survey, from domestic sources, of many dilute water often regarded as having a mainly groundwater origin.

소성수축균열 제어를 위한 폴리프로필렌 섬유 보강 시멘트 복합체의 특성

원종필,박찬기 건국대학교 농업자원개발연구소 2000 農資源開發論集 Vol.22 No.-

Plastic shrinkage is likely to occur when the rate of evaporation exceeds the rate at which the bleeding water rises to the surface. Plastic shrinkage clacking occurs at the exposed surfaces of freshly placed concrete due to consolidation of the concrete mass and rapid evaporation of water from the surface. This leads to the tensile stress and concrete surfaces may crack. This so-called shrinkage clacking is a major concern for mortar and concrete, especially for flat structural such as pavement, agricultural roads, slabs for industrial factories and walls. One of the method to reduced the adverse effects of shrinkage cracking is to reinforce concrete with randomly distributed fibers. The contribution of polypropylene fiber to the plastic shrinkage crack reduction potential of concrete and its evaluation are presented in this paper. The results of tests of the polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete were compared with plain concrete. Results indicated that polypropylene fiber reinforcement showed an ability to reduce the total area and maximum crack width significantly(as compared to plain concrete) .