하수배제방식이 하수처리 효율에 미치는 영향

김광진,배병욱 大田大學校 環境問題硏究所 2003 환경문제연구소 논문집 Vol.7 No.-

본 연구는 하수배제방식이 하수처리장의 효율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다 이를 위하여 표준활성 슬러지공법을 이용하여 하수를 처리하는 두 모델처리장을 대상으로 , BOD, COD, SS, T-N, 그리고 T-P의 제거율을 비교하였다. 모델처리장 K1은 합류식 관거로 이송한 하수를 분뇨와 연계하여 처리하고 있으며, K2 처리장은 분류식 관거를 통하여 이송된 하수만을 처리하고 있다. 하수처리장 유입유량은 하절기에 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 유기물과 SS 농도는 봄철에 증가하는 경향을 보였다. K1 처리장의 유입유량과 농도가 K2 처리장에 비해 변화가 심하였는데, 이는 하수배제방식의 차이 때문인 것으로 판단된다. K1 처리장은 설계유량보다 처리량이 더 많았음에도 불구하고 방류수 수질기준을 만족하였는데, 이는 활성슬러지공법이 충분한 안전율로 설계되기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. K2 처리장의 유입유량의 설계유량보다 적어 두 모델처리장의 효율을 정확하게 비교하기 어려웠지만, 분류식 하수관거가 활성슬러지공법의 효율을 향상시키는데 더 유리한 것으로 보인다. The activated sludge process has been the most popular for the treatment of domestic wastewater. In this study, the effect of sewage collection system on the treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment plant (WTP) was investigated. For this purpose, two WTPs operated using the activated sludge process were selected as model plants and the removal efficiency of each contaminant, such as BOD, COD, SS, T-N, and T-P, was compared. Plant K1 treats the domestic wastewater transported through the combined collection system and the nightsoil which is intermittently added into aeration tank. On the other hand. Plant K1 treats only the domestic wastewater transported through the separated collection system. Influent flowrate increased during summer season, but organic content and SS concentration increased during spring. Plant K1 showed higher range of fluctuation with respect to both wastewater quantity and quality compared to plant K2 due to the difference in sewage collection system. Even though Plant K1 treated much more wastewater than the designed capacity, the concentration of effluent from Plant K1 was less than the discharge limit. This is due probably to the safety factor which was taken into consideration when the activated sludge process was designed capacity, it was impossible to compare exactly the efficiencies of two model plants. But, it seems that the separated collection system is more beneficial in improving the efficiency of activated sludge process.

추적자 실험을 이용한 응집/침전지 수리학적 특성의 동시평가

배병욱,김영일,박진호 大田大學校 環境問題硏究所 2002 환경문제연구소 논문집 Vol.6 No.-

추적자 실험은 정수당 단위공정들의 수리학적 특성을 평가하기 위한 방법으로 사용되어 왔으나, 정수장의 각 단위공정들은 규모가 크고 처리 유량이 많아 실험이 용이하지 않고 결과의 해석도 쉽지 않다. 이에 본 연구에서는 실제 정수장 3곳의 응접지와 침전지를 대상으로 동시에 추적자 실험을 수행하는 방법과 결과의 해석기법(index법, Rebhun and Argaman이 제시한 도식해법)에 대해서 소개하였다. 추적자 실험 결과 대부분 정수장의 응집지는 실제 체류시간이 이론적 체류시간과 거의 유사했으나, 침전지의 경우에는 실제 체류시간이 이론적 체류시간에 훨씬 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 침전지 하부의 슬러지와 밀도류에 의한 것으로 판단되며, 이로 인해 플락이 침강하기 전에 웨어로 유출되어 여과지의 지속시간 단축, 역세척시 탁질 누출 등의 여과지에 악영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 또한, 추적자 실험결과에 의해 동일한 정수장에 위치한 2개의 응집지와 침전지에 유량이 분배되는 특성도 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 기존의 index법을 이용하여 응집지와 침전지의 수리학적 유체흐름 특성(back mixing, short-circuiting)을 파악할 수 있었으며, Rebhun과 Argaman이 제시한 수학적인 방법을 사용하여 압출형 흐름 분율(p). 완전혼합 흐름 분율(1-p), 그리고 사수부(m) 분율을 정량적으로 제시할 수 있었다. The tracer tests were used to evaluate for hydraulic characteristics of the unit process in water treatment plant(WTP). But, the tracer tests were difficult to analysis of results and to conducted for the test because of large flow and huge scale of unit processes in WTP. In order to introduce simultaneous performance to tracer test and analysis method of results(index method, Rebhun and Argaman method), the three real WTPs(CJ. DS, and DW) which have the flocculation and sedimentation basin were investigated. The actual detention time of flocculation basin in the majority WTPs were almost similar to theoretical detention time. But, that of sedimentation basin were far more short than theoretical detention time. This phenomenon might be due to the volume reduction of sedimentation basin by sludge and density flow (short-circuiting) under the sedimentation basin. Thereby the flocs, which carried over the weir before settle in sedimentation basin, were bad effect for downstream unit process such as filtration according to reduction of filter run time and turbidity breakthrough after filter back wash. According to the result of tracer test and flow distribution characteristics were evaluated between two flocculation and sedimentation basins in WTP. The hydraulic characteristics(back mixing, short-circuiting) of flocculation and sedimentation basin using the conventional index method were evaluated and the plug flow fraction(p), complete flow fraction(1-p), and the extent of dead spaces(m) were quantitatively determined using the mathematical and experimental analyses by Rebhun and Argaman method.

법랑질 접착에 대한 습윤 효과

고근호,조영곤,진철희,유상훈,김종욱,박병철,기영재,최희영,김종진 大韓齒科保存學會 2004 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.29 No.3

This study evaluated the microleakage and interfacial gap between enamel and composite resin under the dry and wet condition of the enamel surface, V shaped class 5 cavities were prepared on the occlusal portion of extracted human molars. Samples were divided into three groups: D group (air dry for 10-15s), BD group (blot dry with moist cotton pellet), and DR group (air dry for 10-15s and rewet with Aqua-Prep F for 20s). Cavities were filled using Aelitefil composite resin after applied One-Step. Microleakage was tested by 2% methylene blue dye solution and the data were statistically analysed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test. Also Enamel-resin interface was observed under SEM. Group BD showed statistically lower microleakage than group D (p〈0.05). but there was no statistically significant difference between group BD and DR (p)0.05). At the enamel-resin interface, group D showed the gap of 2 ㎛ thickness, but group BD and DR showed close adaptation. In conclusion, the use of blot dry and rewetting agent (Aqua-Prep F) resulted in decreased microleakage and improved adhesion between enamel and resin when using One-Step.

팽이 톱밥 人工栽培時 培地微生物相의 經時的인 密度變化

배태웅,文炳周,辛元敎,宋模烈,李鉉旭,曺東進 東亞大學校生命資源科學大學附設 農業資原硏究所 1996 農業生命資援硏究 Vol.5 No.1

팽이 재배에 있어 가장 큰 문제 중의 하나는 雜菌에 대한 汚染, 특히 細菌에 의한 피해가 극심하므로 作業段階와 栽培過程 전반에 걸쳐 培地徵生物相의 經時的인 密度變化에 따른 雜菌의 培地內 流入時期를 조사하여 汚染菌의 發生消長을 알아보기 위해 現地農家에서 시험해 본 결과 接種후 培養室에서 菌絲培養을 시작한 5일후부터 細菌이 檢出되기 시작하여 菌긁기전까지 약 25일간 0.5∼3.1×10⁴cfu/g의 密度를 보였으나 經時的인 密度增加는 없었고, 菌絲培養이 끝난 뒤 菌긁기직후부터 細菌의 密度는 118.3×10⁴cfu/g으로 급격히 높아졌으며 子實體生育 기간동안에 시간이 경과함에 따라 密度가 현저하게 증가되는 경향을 나타냈다. 이는 培養室 안으로 흐르는 空氣를 통하여 甁內로 細菌이 流入되고 또한 菌긁기 직후 培地表面에 灌注하는 물과 加濕機에서 噴霧되는 물粒子가 細菌의 密度增加에 절대적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단되므로 이때가 細菌性褐斑病菌에 感染되기 가장 용이한 시기로 생각된다. 眞菌은 菌긁기후 子實體生育 기간동안 1.17∼7.87×10⁴/g의 密度로서 菌絲培養 기간동안의 密度보다 다소 높게 檢出되었으나 대체로 經時的인 密度增加는 보이지 않았으며, 放線菌은 거의 검출되지 않거나 菌絲培養 후 5일째부터 다소 검출되기 시작했으나 밀도가 매우 낮았고 經時的으로도 증가되지 않았다. One of the most serious problem on the Enoki mushroom cultivation is the infection by pathogenicitic microorganisns, especially bacterial diseases causing serious economical losses in the mushroom production. It was carried out to find the tendency of the development of mushroom diseases by temporal changes and variation of the densities of media microflora through the cultivation periods and working stages in a mushroom farm. According to the results, several bacteria were detected from the fifth day after the inoculation and incubation of mycelium in the incubation room, and the density of bacterium was 0.5∼3.1×10⁴cfu/g media for 25 days before the inoculum-removing, although there was no increment of the density. Since the inoculum-removing after the spawn run, the density of bacterium was rapidly increased as 118.3×10⁴cfu/g media, and was significantly increased by time during the growth period of fruitbodies. It was hypothesized that it is the most suitable period for the pathogen infection because the bacterium might be introduced by the air in the incubation-room, and the increment of bacterium density might be affected by moisture supplied through watering or humidifier in the growing room after the inoculum-removing. Fungi were detected as the density as 1.17∼7.87×10⁴/g media and the density was slightly higher than that during the incubation period of hyphae, although there was no significant increment. Generally, the density of Actinomycetes was disregardfully low, or Actinomycetes were hardly ever found, although there was found some 5 days after incubation hyphae in few cases.

단일 단계 접착제의 변연 미세누출

조영곤,정진호,기영재,최희영,진철희,유상훈,김종욱,박병철 大韓齒科保存學會 2004 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.29 No.2

This study evaluated the marginal microleakage of five single step adhesives. Class V cavity preparations with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentin were prepared on both buccal and lingual surfaces of extracted human molar teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into five groups and restored using one of the single step adhesives and composite resins: Prompt L-Pop/Filtek Z-250 (Group 1), AQ Bond/Metafil CX (Group 2), One-Up Bond F/Palfique Toughwell (Group 3), Futurabond/Admira (Group 4), Xeno III/Spectrum TPH (Group 5). The restored teeth were thermocycled. Microleakage was assessed by dye penetration using 2% methylene blue dye solution. The teeth were bisected buccolingually and evaluated for microleakage under steromicroscope. The data were statistically analysed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney tests. The results of this study were as follows; 1. Microleakage of enamel margins in group 3 was statistically higher than that in groups 1, 2, 4, 5 (p < 0.05) 2. Microleakage of dentin margins in group 1 was statistically higher than that in groups 2, 5, and that in group 3 was statistically higher than that in groups 2, 4, 5 (p < 0.05). 3. Dentin marginal microleakage was higher than enamel marginal microleakage in all experimental groups. In conclusion, Prompt L-Pop showed the least leakage at enamel margin, and AQ Bond showed at dentin margin in this study. Marginal miroleakage in dentin was higher than that in enamel.

복합레진의 지연충전이 미세인장 결합강도에 미치는 영향

박현식,조영곤,박병철,김종욱,최희영,김종진,진철희,유상훈,기영재 大韓齒科保存學會 2004 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.29 No.3

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of immediate or delayed composite resin filling on dentinal microtensile bond strength (μTBS) after applied the adhesive. The coronal dentin of human third molars was exposed. Single-Bond or One-Step was applied on the dentin surfaces, and composite resin were constructed immediately (group 1) or 5 min., 10 min., 15 min., 20 min. and 30 min. (groups 2-6) after an adhesive was applied. The specimens were sectioned and made bar-shaped. Each surface area of them was about l ㎟. The RBS test was performed by EZ test. The results were analysed by One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at 95 % significance level. The results suggested that the μTBS of Single-Bond to dentin was decreased when the composite resin was constructed 20 min. and 30 min. after Single-Bond was applied. But the μTBS of One-Step was not affected by delayed composite resin filling.

자가 산부식 프라이머의 적용시간이 상아질의 미세인장 결합강도에 미치는 영향

조영곤,이영곤,김종욱,박병철,김종진,최희영,진철희,유상훈 大韓齒科保存學會 2004 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.29 No.5

This study evaluated the influence of application time of self-etching primers on microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin using three self-etching primer adhesive systems. Dentin surfaces were exposed from forty-eight human molars. They were conditioned with three self-etching primers (Clearfil SE Bond [SE], Unifil Bond [UF], Tyrian SPE + One Step Plus [TY]) and different primining times (10s, 20s, 30s and 40s). Composite resins were bonded to dentin surfaces and specimens were made. μTBS was tested and statistically compared using by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's Test. The results of this study presented that priming time for 10s in SE and UF groups and for 30s and 40s in TY group was highly decreased μTBS to dentin.

상아질에 적용된 재 습윤제가 미세인장 결합강도에 미치는 영향

강희영,조영곤,김종욱,박병철,유상훈,진철희,최희영,기영재 大韓齒科保存學會 2004 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.29 No.2

This study investigated that the effect of rewetting agent on dentinal microtensile bond strength (μTBS). Human molars were sectioned to expose the superficial dentin surfaces. Samples were divided into two groups according to type of adhesives-Single Bond (S) and One-Step (0)], and again subdivided into five groups by different dentin surface treatment-dry for 15s (D) , blot dry (BD) or dry for 15s, and rewet with different rewetting agents[distil1ed water (DW), Gluma Desensitizer (GD) and Aqua-Prep (AP)]for 30s. After application of adhesive, composite resin was built up on the bonding surface. Each tooth was sectioned to obtain stick with 1mm^(2) cross sectional area and the μTBS was determined by EZ test. In the S group, the mean μTBS of GD, AP and BD group was significantly higher than that of DW and D group (p < 0.05). In the 0 group, the mean μTBS of AP, GD, BD and DW group was significantly higher than that of D group (p < 0.05). The data suggested that Gluma Desensitizer and Aqua-Prep could be successfully used as rewetting agents, and Distilled water could be acceptable in aceton based adhesive system only.

내시경적 점막절제술로 치험한 식도 과립상 세포종 1례

강혁주,김성욱,최석진,이중현,장재식,서영범,윤병구,박건욱,김성자,김용섭,강승완,이구,양창헌,이창우,김욱년,이광헌,서정일 동국대학교 의학연구소 2000 東國醫學 Vol.7 No.-

과립상 세포종은 Schwann 세포 기원으로 생각되며 인체에 비교적 드물게 발생한다. 과립상 세포종은 전신 어느 곳에서나 발견될 수 있으나 주로 혀, 구강, 피부 혹은 유방 등에서 호발하며 드물게 위장관에서 발견된다. 위장관에서는 식도에서 가장 호발하며 다음으로 위, 대장 순이다. 과립상 세포종은 대부분, 특히 위장관에서는 양성이며 소수의 악성 병변이 보고되었다. 이러한 이유와 함께 수술 전의 진단이 어렵기 때문에 과립상 세포종에 대한 근본적인 치료는 현재까지 외과적 절제술이다. 최근에 시도되는 치료방법들로는 내시경적 레이저 치료, 용종절제술, 내시경적 점막 절제술 등이 있다. 저자들은 상부 소화관 내시경검사를 시행하여 식도 과립상 세포종을 진단하고 내시경적 점막 절제술을 시행하여 합병증 없이 퇴원하여 현재 재발없이 경과 관찰중인 1례를 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다. Granular cell tumors, which occur infrequently, are probably of Schwann cell origin. They can occur almost anywhere in the body but usually affect the tongue, oral cavity, skin, or breasts and are rarely found in the gastrointestinal tracts. The esophagus is the most frequent gastrointestinal site, followed by the stomach and the colon. Granular cell tumors are generally benign, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, some malignant lesions have been reported. For this reason, and also because preoperative diagnosis is difficult, the standard treatment for granular cell tumor has until now been surgical excision. In recent years, other therapeutic methods is endoscopic laser therapy (ELT), polypectiomy, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). We report a case of esophageal granular cell tumor which was diagnosed by an endoscopy and managed using an endoscopic mucosal resection without complication.

산후에 발병한 특발성 부갑상선 기능저하증 I 예

김정인,김상용,신병철,김경남,서영욱,이범주,김진화,배학연 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2002 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.27 No.2

Hypoparathyroidism is usually the result of an inadvertent surgical removal of all the parathyroid glands, In some instances, not all the tissues are removed, but the remainder undergoes vascular supply compromise secondary to the fibrotic changes in the neck after surgery, Previously, the surgery for hyperthyroidism was the most frequent cause of acquired hypoparathyroidism. Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is a relatively rare disease that is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia due to a parathyroid hormone deficiency of an unknown cause, It usually develops at a young age, and shows various clinical symptoms and signs accompanied with hypocalcemia. In addition, it is rarely associated with polyglandular autoimmune syndrome during the follow-up. Hypocalcemia and idiopathic hypoparathyroidism associated with labor and lactation are rarely reported condition previously. We here describe a case of a woman in whom the symptomatic severe hypocalcemia appeared after her delivery. We reviewed all the previously reported cases and suggest a possible physiological explanation for the association between pregnancy, lactation, and the appearance of symptomatic hypocalcemia.