중국의 타자화와 김효경의 도교 연구

김지현 ( Kim Ji Hyun ) 종교문화비평학회 2024 종교문화비평 Vol.45 No.45

김효경(金孝敬, 1904~?)은 1926년 일본 불교단체를 통해 도쿄로 유학하여 다이쇼대학(大正大學)에서 불교학과 종교학을 전공했고, 조선의 무속 연구를 대표적 업적으로 하는 식민지 시기의 종교·민속 연구자이다. 최근 그는 ‘조선에서 배출한 최초의 종교인류학자’로 평가받고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 평가를 비판적으로 재검토하는 작업으로서, 1940년 도쿄에서 출판된 《지나정신과 그 민족성(支那精神とその民族性)》의 신선사상과 도교 연구에 주목한다. 이 글은 다음의 두가지 과제를 가진다. 첫째, 김효경의 도교 관련 저술이 기대고 있는 1920년대 일본의 도교 연구 성과들을 비교 검토하여 김효경 연구의 성격과 한계를 평가하는것, 둘째, 김효경의 지나 민족성 및 도교 연구를 통해 중국과 조선에 대한 이중의 타자화가 진행되었다는 점을 밝히는 것이다. 김효경은 1920년대 일본의 중국민속학 연구가들의 신선사상 및 도교 연구를 원용하여 자신의 주장을 도식화하는 데 주력한다. 그는 시공간을 초월하여 변함없는 ‘지나 민족’의 존재를 상정하고, 지나 민족의 공통된 정신성으로 신선에 대한 동경과 현실도피로부터 발달한 도교가 있다고 단언한다. 그의 논지에 따르면, 중국의 천명관은 끊임없는 혁명을 일으켜 지나민중을 전란에 시달리게 했고, 신선사상과 도교는 복·록·수를 누리고자 하는 욕망과 반비례하여 향락주의와 현실도피로 발달한 것이다. 중국에 만연한 비약, 아편, 방중, 식도락 추구의 문화는 모두 향락적 신선경을 지향하는 것으로서, 김효경의 지나 민족의 신선동경론은 결국 아편 중독의 필연성을 설명하는 논거가 된다. 그의 이러한 저술은 중일 전쟁 발발 이후 전시 상황에서 중국과 그 민족성의 핵을 도교로 정의하고, 도교와 지나라는 타자로부터 배타적 독립성을 유지한 일본 민족의 위대함을 확증하는 작업이었으며, 이러한 작업 속에서 김효경은 한결같이 ‘위대한 일본 민족’을 ‘우리(吾人)’로 동일시하는 제국일본의 신민(臣民)의 입장에 있었다. 사회 현상의 이면에 민족 고유의 종교적 심성이 자리한다는 김효경의 종교민족학적 관점은 종교 및 민속 연구에 있어 중요한 출발점이 될 수 있다. 그러나 김효경의 연구를 근대 한국 학문이나 한국의 근대국가-국민론과 결부시키는 것은 적절하지 않다. 그의 글은 제국일본이 완성한 ‘동양학’의 입장에서 중국과 조선을 객체화하고 타자화하는 것이었고, 특히 일본의 대외 종교문화정책의 흐름에 영합한 것이었다. 김효경의 글들은 제국일본의 대내외 종교정책 및 활동을 주요 기사로 다룬 《중외일보》의 기고문과 해외신사사관양성소의 강연록에 해당하는 것으로서, 독자는 일본제국의 내지인으로 상정되었으며 동시에 일본의 종교정책과 관련하여 개교활동이 전개되던 지역의 외지인들을 포함했다. 결론적으로 김효경의 지나민족과 정신성에 대한 논구는 민족과 민족성을 단일하고 항상된 것으로 파악하는 본질론의 한계를 노정하며, 중국을 타자화하고 일본의 위대한 민족성을 부각시키는 전시 프로파간다적 성격을 가진 것으로 학술적 탐구의 문을 닫아버리는 한계를 가진 것이었다고 평가할 수 있다. Kim Hyo-kyung 金孝敬(1904~?) was a scholar of religion and folklore in the Empire of Japan, whose most notable work was the study of Korean shamanism. He studied in Japan since 1926 when he came to Tokyo via the Japanese Buddhist organization and majored in Buddhist studies and religious studies at Taisho University. Recently, he has an assessment of ‘the first religious anthropologist from Joseon.’ This paper is a critical reexamination of such evaluation, focusing on his study of Daoism and the Chinese pursuit of immortality in the Chinese Spirit and Its Nationhood (shina-seishin to sono minzoku-sei 支那精神とその民族性), published in Tokyo in 1940. This article has two goals: first, to investigate early 1920s Japanese studies of Daoism and Chinese folklore, which his writings rely on, to assess the characteristics and limit of his work; second, to reveal that Kim's studies on Daoism and Chinese nationhood aimed at double-otherization of China and Joseon. Kim relies heavily on research and reports on Daoism of Japanese folklorists and journalists in the 1920s. Assuming the existence of a ‘Chinese nation’ remains unchanged across time and space, he postulated Daoism as a consistent spirit to Chinese nation-people, which developed as a hedonism and an escape from reality. According to his argument, Chinese thought of the Heavenly Mandate caused endless revolutions and subjected the Chinese people to warfare; Daoism developed as an escape from the painful reality and indulgence in pleasure, inversely proportion to the desire to enjoy happiness, high social status and longevity. The pursuit of elixir, opium, revelry, and gastronomy prevalent in China are all oriented toward hedonistic immortality, and Kim's theory on Chinese nationhood and Daoism provides a solid tie for the inevitability of opium addiction. Kim’s articles eventually affirmed the greatness of the Japanese nation, particularly in wartime during the Second Sino-Japanese War, by defining the core of the Chinese nation as Daoism and maintaining Japan’s exclusive independence from the otherness of Daoism and China. In so doing, Kim Hyo-kyung was in the position of a faithful servant to the Empire of Japan who consistently identified the “great Japanese people” as “us.” Kim’s perspective that behind phenomena lies the religious mind of nation-people might be a significant starting point for the study of religions and folklore. However, linking Kim’s work to the first step of modern ‘Korean’ study or modern Korean nation-building is inappropriate. He objectified and otherized China and Joseon from the perspective of ‘Oriental Studies’ invented by the Empire of Japan, and in particular, his articles were in line with Japan’s policies on religions and culture. His writings correspond to the articles in a religious newspaper, the Internal and External Daily News (Chugai nippo), which featured 中外日報 news on the domestic and overseas policies on religious activities of Japan, and lecture notes at the priest t raining centre for the overseas Shinto- shrines, where his reader was supposed to be insiders of the Empire of Japan, and at the same time included outsiders in the regions where the Japanese religious and cultural policies were implemented. In conclusion, Kim’s thesis on the Chinese nation and its spirituality exposes its limit of essentialism, which homogenized a constant and unitary nation and nationhood. It has the character of wartime propaganda, which otherized China and emphasized the greatness of the Japanese nation, shutting the door to further scholarly inquiry.

Slide Session : OS-IFD-07 ; Infectious Disease : In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Ribavirin Against Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus

( Myung Jin Lee ),( Kye Hyung Kim ),( Jong Youn Yi ),( Su Jin Choi ),( Chung Jong Kim ),( Nak Hyun Kim ),( Kyoung Ho Song ),( Pyoeng Gyun Choi ),( Ji Hwan Bang ),( Wan Beom Park ),( Eu Suk Kim ),( San 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1

In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Ribavirin Against Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Myung Jin LEE1, Kye-Hyung KIM1, Jongyoun YI2, SuJin CHOI1, Chung-Jong KIM1, Nak- Hyun KIM1, Kyoung-Ho SONG1, Pyoeng Gyun CHOI1, Ji-Hwan BANG1, Wan Beom PARK1, Eu Suk KIM1, Sang-Won PARK1, Hong Bin KIM1, Nam Joong KIM1, Myoung- Don OH1 Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea1, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Korea2 Background: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a novel Bunyavirus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). No effective antiviral therapy is proven yet, but clinical use of ribavirin (RBV) has been tried. We investigated the antiviral effect of RBV against SFTSV in vitro. Methods: To test for cytotoxicity of RBV, Vero cells were treated with different concentrations of RBV (3.90 to 500 μg/mL, two-fold dilution) and analyzed by cell viability MTS assay 48h post-infection. To determine antiviral activity of RBV against SFTSV, Vero cells were infected with SFTSV strain Gangwon/Korea/2012 at 100 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) per well in a 96-well plate, and RBV was added at the concentrations showing no or minimal cytotoxicity. Viral RNAs were extracted from the culture supernatants and quantifi ed using one-step real-time reverse transcription- PCR to amplify the partial large segment of SFTSV. Statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA with Tukey`s post hoc test. Results: Cytotoxicity due to RBV was not observed at RBV concentration =31.3 μg/ mL. Viral RNAs at 24h post-RBV treatment were reduced with increasing RBV concentrations (1-32 μg/mL), compared with those of mock-treated cells (P <0.01, Figure). Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of RBV was 3.69 μg/mL at 24h post-RBV treatment. Conclusions: Our study shows that RBV has antiviral effect against SFTSV in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies are required to evaluate the effi cacy of RBV in SFTS.

Combination Effects of Essential Oils from Thymus species with Norfloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae

Kim, Ji-Hyun,Sim, Youn,Shin, Seung-Won 덕성여자대학교 약학연구소 2005 藥學論文誌 Vol.16 No.1

The combination effects of essential oils from Thymus quinquecostatus and T. magnus with norfloxacin were evaluated against three strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The checkerboard titer test results demonstrated significant combined effects of norfloxacin and the two Thymus oils or thymol, the main component of this oil, against the susceptible and resistant strains of S. pneumoniae, with FICIs ranging from 0.14 to 1.00. Additionally, the anti-Streptococcus effects of the oils were dose-dependent on Tryptic soy agar plates containing 5% defibrinated sheep blood.

Handover Ranging Power Adjustment Using Uplink Channel Information in IEEE 802.16e/m Ji-Su Kim, and Jae-Hyun Kim, ETRI Journal, vol.32, no.5, Oct. 2010, pp.823-826.

Ji-Su Kim,Jae-Hyun Kim 한국전자통신연구원 2010 ETRI Journal Vol.32 No.5

This letter proposes a handover ranging power adjustment scheme to improve handover performance. Incorrect ranging power can degrade handover performance due to the increased handover latency; therefore, the proposed scheme exploits the uplink channel information to adjust the uplink handover ranging power. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme reduces call outage probability by 33% compared to that of the conventional scheme. It also improves the number of users who satisfy the system requirements for handover interruption time.

Impact of the oxygen functional group of nitric acid‑treated activated carbon on KOH activation reaction

Ji‑Hyun Kim,Sang Youp Hwang,Jung Eun Park,Gi Bbum Lee,Ho Kim,Seokhwi Kim,Bum Ui Hong 한국탄소학회 2019 Carbon Letters Vol.29 No.3

To prepare activated carbon with a high specific surface area, oxygen functional groups (OFGs) that can serve as useful electron donors during KOH activation were treated with nitric acid and incorporated into activated carbon. OFGs are incorporated differently according to the surface characteristics of starting materials. Up to 22.46% OFGs are incorporated into wood-based activated carbons (WACs), the C=O, COOH contents was 1.90, 17.05%, respectively. Whereas up to 12.82% OFGs are incorporated into coconut shell-based activated carbons, the C=O, COOH contents was 4.12, 6.15%, respectively. The OFGs used for increasing the specific surface area are the carbonyl group, and as the content of the functional group increases, the carbonyl group spreads to the carboxyl group. The specific surface area of activated carbons increased by 10–68% with an increase in the carbonyl group up to 6% (maximum point of carbonyl group). On the other hand, the specific surface area for WACs increased when the carboxyl group was 10% or below, but decreased by 6–15% when it increased to 10% or excess.

HPLC-ICP/MS 와 ICP/MS를 이용한 FAPAS 07187 쌀의 총비소, 무기비소, 카드뮴 측정

노현명 ( Hyun Myung Noh ),김지영 ( Ji Young Kim ),김원일 ( Won Il Kim ),( Anitha Kunhikrishnan ),김민지 ( Min Ji Kim12 ),김경진 ( Gyeong Jin Kim ),박기문 ( Ki Moon Park ),류지혁 ( Ji Hyock Yoo ),김두호 ( Doo Ho Kim ),이영자 ( Y 한국환경농학회 2013 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2013 No.-

Metal (loid)s such as environmental contaminants affect food safety. Metal (loid)s exist trace extremely in agriculture products. Therefore it is important to analyze accurately about trace these metals. High resolution techniques and quality controls are needed to analyze these materials. In order to achieve quality results, standardized methods and techniques are required. So ISO(International Organization for Standardization) of laboratory proficiency testing is determination of laboratory testing performance by means of inter-laboratory comparison. The values have been derived as a consensus of a number of laboratories using a variety of methods. Proficiency tests were applied to analyze the metal(loid)s [inorganic arsenic (As), total As and cadmium (Cd)] in powdered rice FAPAS 07187 (Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme; February-April 2013). The rice powder sample was extracted with 1% HNO3 for inorganic As for microwave-assisted extraction using water at 95℃ for 90 min and their analysis by HPLC/ICPMS. Also, HNO3 for total As and Cd using microwave-assisted extraction using at 200℃ for 50 mins and analysis by ICP/MS. Validation check was performed for accuracy using CRM (NMIJ CRM 7503-a) for inorganic As, and CRM (IRMM-Rice CRM) for total arsenic and cadmium. The result were satisfactory. FAPAS 07187 the z-scores of inorganic As, total As and Cd in powdered rice were-1.8,-0.9 and 0.2(lzl<2, respectively).

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1998)

김재홍,김준호,반재용,이정우,황성주,정준규,정성태,강진문,조흔정,홍창의,정혜신,이한승,김이선,이봉길,이종호,선영우,한기덕,윤성필,이성훈,안종성,박석범,문승현,조항래,김형섭,류지호,황재영,박준홍,손상욱 한양대학교 의과대학 2001 한양의대 학술지 Vol.21 No.1

In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG), we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by menas of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. In 1998, 93 strians of N. genorrhoeae were isolated, among which 60(64.5%) were PPNG. The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 64.5% in 1998.

손마사지가 허혈성 심질환 환자의 불안에 미치는 효과

현경선,이향련,공송심,윤경자,김현섭,김효남,최지원,김운정 성인간호학회 2001 성인간호학회지 Vol.13 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a hand massage program on anxiety, vital sign and pain in clients with ischemic heart disease. The design utilized for this stuffy was quail-experimental with a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design The subjects were fifty-four patients, twenty-eight for the experimental and twenty-six for the control group, who were admitted with ischemic heart diease at a cardiac intensive care unfit in K medical center of K university. This study was carried out from May, 1999 to March, 2000. The level of anxiety and pain measured by Visual Analogue Scale, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were measured before and after hand massage, the state of Anxiety was measured by the Spielberger (1970) scale at admission and after hand massage for three days. The collected data were processed by using the SPSS PC program and analyzed using χ2-test and t-test. The result of this study are as follows : 1. The scores of VAS anxiety and State of anxiety of the experimental group were lower than those of the control group. 2. The degree of systolic blond pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate of the experimental group were lower than that of the control group. 3. The score of VAS pain of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group. The results suggested that hand massage can decrease VAS anxiety, State of anxiety, vital signs and VAS pain of patients who were admitted with ischemic heart disease at cardiac intensive care unit Therefore, It Is proposed that hand massage is an appropriate nursing intervention to relieve anxiety of the patients who were admitted with ischemic heart disease at a cardiac intensive care unit.

Do We Still Use The Camitta"s Criteria For Severe Aplastic Anemia?

( Hyun Hwa Yoon1 ),( Sung Hyun Kim1 ),( Ji Hyun Lee ),( Seok Jae Huh ),( Suee Lee ),( Sung Yong Oh ),( Hyuk Chan Kwon ),( Hyo Jin Kim ) 대한내과학회 2011 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2011 No.-

급성신부전증 이환견에 대한 복막투석 치료 1례

김건우,이병희,김유수,심재현,김지용,이영원,김덕환,송근호 충남대학교 수의과대학 동물의과학연구소 2004 動物醫科學硏究誌 Vol.12 No.-

A fourteen-month-old intact female Poodle was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University. The patient was presented with history of vomiting, inappetence, ataxia, insomnia, tachypnea and convulsion for 5 days. Biochemical examination revealed BUN (254.2 mg/dl), creatinine (9.22 mg/dl) and phosphate (14 mg/dl). Epithelial cells of urinary tract, neutrophils, macrophages, a large number of gram negative and smaller number of gram positive bacteria were presented on urine test. Ultrasonographic findings show hyperechogenic kidney and indistinguishableness of renal cortex and medulla. Based on the results of examination described above, this case was diagnosed as acute renal failure with interstitial nephritis by urinary tract infection (UTI). Treatments with fluids therapy, diuretics, and peritoneal dialysis during hospitalization showed good results with no clinical signs.