백서에서 Depulpin®과 Formocresol에 대한 치수와 치근단 조직의 반응

문형인,김선호,황윤찬,오병주,황인남,김선헌,정선와,윤창,오원만 大韓齒科保存學會 2002 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.27 No.4

One fifth dilution of formocresol is usually for pulpotomy of the primary teeth and emergency pulpotomy of the permanent teeth. However, the use of formaldehyde has been subjected to criticism because it may be absorbed into the blood stream and become distributed systemically, it may also alter the pulp tissue rendering it immumologically active, and have carcinogenic potential. Recently Depulpin®(VoCo., Germany) gains popularity as a devitalizing agent during root canal therapy in spite of high concentration of 49% paraformaldehyde because it facilitate devitalization of pulp and make root canal therapy easier. But there have been not enough publications about the reaction of pulp and periapical tissue caused by Depulpin. This study was performed to evaluate the histological changes in pulp and periapical tissue of rats after pulpotomy using formocresol and Depulpin and to elucidate the toxic effects of these agents. Thirty six Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine. Maxillary first molar teeth were used for pulpotomy with formocresol and Depulpin. Rats were sacrificed after 2 days, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks respectively. Specimens were histologically observed by light microscope changes in pulp and periapical tissue. The obtained results were as follows. 1. Formocresol group A zone of fixed tissue, in which odontoblasts could clearly be defined, was present directly underneath the pulpotomy dressing in almost all teeth of this group. This was followed by an area of necrotic tissue which resembled dried out fibrous tissue with no cellular detail except some pyknotic nuclei. In the specimens of after 2 days, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks in which vital tissue was present. it was separated from the fibrous area by a zone of inflammation. In the specimens of after 3 weeks and after 4 weeks, inflammatory infiltrate was in the periodontal ligament adjacent to the apical foramina of the teeth. 2. Depulpin® group The area of necrotic tissue which had no cells and fibers , was present adjacent to the dressing. This was followed by dried out fibrous tissue with no cellular details except some pyknotic nucleli. A short stump of vital pulp with odontoblasts was present at the end of the canal after 2 days. Inflammatory infiltrate was in the periodontal ligament after 4 days and after 1week. Severe root resorption and necrosis of periapical tissue opposite the root resorption site were defined after 2 weeks and after 3 weeks. Periapical lesion which consist of necrotic tissue surrounded by a fibrous connective wall. was found after 4 weeks. The results indicated that Depulpin can cause more adverse reaction to the dental pulp and periapical tissue than formocresol, and further studies are needed for its clinical use with safety.

구강암 세포주의 이소위 누드마우스 종양 모델

김종현(Jong-Hyun Kim),황영선(Young-Sun Hwang),김현실(Hyun-Sil Kim),남웅(Woong Nam),차인호(In-Ho Cha) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2009 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.35 No.2

In order to make successful oral cancer treatment, we need to understand about tumor biology and effective chemotherapeutic agents. To achieve these studies, it is necessary to develope a proper in-vivo model. Therefore the author will make try to develop more improved animal model of more applicable in various method of cancer study. In this study, the author induced in-vivo tumorigenesis in nude mice by YD-10Bmod cell line used by YD-10B cell line originated from oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma and observed tumor formations and invasiveness of surrounding tissue, and found some results as follows : 1. The experimental group (YD-10Bmod, subcutaneous injection) produced tumors 13 out of 15 mice, while the control group produced none of 5 mice. 2. The inoculation of 1×106cells/mouse produced tumors 3 out of 5 mice and inoculation of 1×107cells/mouse, 2×107cells/mouse produced tumors in every 5 mice. 3. In the histopathologic studies, the inoculation of 1×106cells/mouse group showed the characteristic features of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and demarcated expansile growth, while the inoculation of 1×107cells/mouse, 2×107cells/mouse group showed the expansile growth with partial central necrosis and invasive growth to surrounding fat & connective tissue. These findings suggest that atopic xenograft of YD-10Bmod cell line in nude mice has a improved productivity of tumors, produced tumors showed the characteristics feature of human tumor and invasive growth to surrounding tissue in histopathologic appearance. These atopic nude mouse model of tongue carcinoma might assist in studying oral cancer biology and effective choice of chemotherapeutic agents.

고등학교 학생들의 화학에 대한 질문 조사와 전해질 개념에 대한 고등학교 교과서 분석

황인선,엄광희 이화여자대학교 사범대학 교과교육연구소 2006 교과교육학연구 Vol.10 No.1

본 연구에서는 고등학교 학생들의 질문 비율이 높은 전해질 개념에 대해 과학 교과서에서 어떻게 서술하고 있는지를 분석함으로써, 학생들이 올바른 과학 개념을 형성하는 데 있어서 가지는 어려움의 원인을 조사해 보고자 한다. 수집된 질문들을 6개의 화학 내용 영역 별로 분류한 결과, 물질 단원과 관련된 질문이 가장 많았고, 이를 다시 주제 별로 분류한 결과, 전해질과 이온에 대해 관련된 질문이 가장 많았으며, 이를 다시 세부 학습 요소 별로 분류한 결과, 전해질의 이온화와 관련된 질문이 가장 많았다. 중학교 및 고등학교의 화학과 관련된 내용에서 물질을 구성하고 있는 입자와 관련된 개념들의 관계를 나타낸 개념도를 바탕으로 하여, 전해질과 관련된 개념들의 관계를 의미망으로 구성한 결과, 6개의 개념 간 관계들을 생각해 볼 수 있었다. 6개의 개념 간 관계들에 대해 교과서에서 서술된 내용을 분석한 후 평가 기준에 의해 평가하였다. 또한, 고등학교 과학 11종 교과서를 2개 항목의 평가 기준에 의해 평가한 결과, 전해질의 이온화와 관련된 서술 내용에 있어서 교과서 B가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. In this research, the contents of electrolytes in high school science textbooks are analyzed and related problems are identified. First of all, we collected 201 on line questions about chemistry from high school students, and classified the questions into 6 groups according to subjects. The results demonstrated that questions regarding the "material" subject are the most with 37.8% of 201 questions. Questions on the "electrolytes and ions" are the most, 76.3% among the questions regarding "materials". As a result, the question about "ionization of electrolytes" are the most with 32.8% among the questions regarding "electrolytes and ions". On the basis of the concept map of material found, we made "Sematic Networking(SemNet)" out electrolyte concept. We could find 6 relations between concepts from SemNet. 『electrolytes are classified with weak electrolyte and strong electrolyte.』, 『If an electrolyte is dissolved in water, it makes cation and anion.』, 『Example of electrolyte is NaCl, HCl, CH_(3)COOH, H_(2)CO_(3)(ionic compound and molecular compound).』, 『If the electric current flows in the electrolytic aqueous solution, electrolysis occurs.』, 『electrolyte consists of ionic bond or polar covalent bond materials.』, 『The electric current flowing in the electrolytic aqueous solution is due to oxidation and reduction reaction.』. For 6 relations between concepts, the content of textbooks were analyzed and evaluated. In relation with ionization of electrolytes, we analyzed 11 high school science textbooks. In most textbooks the "electrolyte" is describe only in terms of ionic compounds instead of being described in both terms of ionic compounds and molecular compounds. Also, we graded 11 textbooks by the standard of 2 items. As a result, "B" textbook's description is the most superior regarding ionization of electrolytes.

일부 흡연 대학생의 지각된 스트레스와 흡연실태에 대한 상관관계 연구

강초록,권시내,권혜림,박수경,송인혜,오해인,이미지,한승아,황선아,김수지 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2003 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.37

In spite of the seriousness of smoking harm has been developed these days. the increase of national smoking rate and that the people in the twenties are especially leading the rise of national smoking rate is an important issue of national health. Smoking of the university students can occur health problem and cause loss of manpower and expenses in their social activity period. So then the actual state for prevention of smoking and development of a program to prohibit smoking has to be seized urgently and starting with the study of the realities of university students, the effort to find a related fluent of smoking has to be studied. Related to this, the purpose of this study is to seize the general characteristics of smoking university students and to find out the relationship between perceived stress and smoking status among smoking university students. In addition, by collating the relationship between perceived stress and smoking status among smoking university students we have the purpose to furnish the basal data of stress care, the best way to cope with stress through group training and the plan for nursing implementation to decrease the smoking rate. For this study, a survey was conducted for 204 smoking university students of 13 universities in Seoul from 9th of May to 16th of May, 2003. The collected data was analyzed by t-test, Pearson Correlation and ANOVA in the statistical packages SPSS/PC. Major findings of this study are as follows; 1. Of the 204 respondents 85.4% of them were male and 14.6% of them were female. The average age of the sample was 23.19 years old and 41.8% of them were in senior, 21.4% in junior, 16.9% in sophomore, 19.9% in freshman grade. The major motivation to start smoking was 'because of curiosity'(33.8%) and the first smoking experience was at 'senior high school' (41.9%) and at 'college' (41.9%). 2 The highest scored stress factor of smoking university students were stresses about school work. 3. 72.7% had experience to quit smoking at least one or more times. Most of the reason to keep on smoking was 'short will to quit'(51.0%) and the smoking place was usually at 'school' (41.4%). Most respondents for the number ofsmoking friends were '5 people and above' (73.2%). 4. There was a negative relationship between the general characteristics and the entire perceived stress, however, there was a positive relationship between the general characteristics and the perceived stress in 4 categories which is 'sex distinction', 'major of study', 'residence form' and' inmate'. 5. There was a negative relationship between the general characteristics and the entire smoking status, however, there was a positive relationship between the general characteristics and the smoking status in 2 categories which is 'presence of hobby' and 'number of smoking friends'. 6. There was a negative relationship between the perceived stress and the smoking status. Through this study we have seized the relationship between the general characteristics, perceived stress and the smoking status of smoking university students. There was a positive relationship between some of the general characteristics with the perceived stress and the smoking status of smoking university students. Also there was a negative relationship between the perceived stress and the smoking status.

Multi-Homologous Recombination-Based Gene Manipulation in the Rice Pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi

Hwang, In Sun,Ahn, Il-Pyung The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2016 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.32 No.3

Gene disruption by homologous recombination is widely used to investigate and analyze the function of genes in Fusarium fujikuroi, a fungus that causes bakanae disease and root rot symptoms in rice. To generate gene deletion constructs, the use of conventional cloning methods, which rely on restriction enzymes and ligases, has had limited success due to a lack of unique restriction enzyme sites. Although strategies that avoid the use of restriction enzymes have been employed to overcome this issue, these methods require complicated PCR steps or are frequently inefficient. Here, we introduce a cloning system that utilizes multi-fragment assembly by In-Fusion to generate a gene disruption construct. This method utilizes DNA fragment fusion and requires only one PCR step and one reaction for construction. Using this strategy, a gene disruption construct for Fusarium cyclin C1 (FCC1), which is associated with fumonisin B1 bio-synthesis, was successfully created and used for fungal transformation. In vivo and in vitro experiments using confirmed fcc1 mutants suggest that fumonisin production is closely related to disease symptoms exhibited by F. fujikuroi strain B14. Taken together, this multi-fragment assembly method represents a simpler and a more convenient process for targeted gene disruption in fungi.

Effect of SME and Chaebol Loan Contracts on Debt Covenant Hypothesis: Evidence from Korea

( Sun Min Kang ),( In Tae Hwang ),( Kang Sung Hur ) 한국회계학회 2017 회계학연구 Vol.42 No.2

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the covenant-based hypothesis that focuses on whether and how correlations between debt ratios and earnings management (measured by discretionary accruals) are affected by the size and nature of firms. We performed a pooled ordinary least squares regression using a sample of 10,983 firms listed in Korea from 2002 through 2012. In the Korean financial market, SMEs and firms belonging to chaebols (conglomerates) are markedly different in terms of their bargaining power with financial institutions. The results suggest that SMEs have a larger portion of secured loans and that chaebols can use their credit in the bond market to access alternative sources of financing. Accordingly, neither SMEs nor chaebols are motivated to make income-increasing choices for larger discretionary accruals to relax their debt constraints. In contrast, a large firm with a higher debt ratio is likely to make accounting choices to increase reported earnings, which results in more discretionary accruals. The debt agreements between lenders (financial institutions) and borrowers (firms) have different implications in the Korean financial market depending on a firm`s size and nature.

Ultrasensitive and selective C₂H₅OH sensors using Rh-loaded In₂O₃ hollow spheres

Kim, Sun-Jung,Hwang, In-Sung,Na, Chan Woong,Kim, Il-Doo,Kang, Yun Chan,Lee, Jong-Heun Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.21 No.46

<P>Rh-loaded In<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> hollow spheres with diameters of ∼2 μm were prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal reaction of aqueous solution containing indium nitrate, rhodium chloride, and glucose and subsequent heat treatment at 500 °C for 2 h. The response to 100 ppm C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>5</SUB>OH (<I>R</I><SUB>a</SUB><I>/R</I><SUB>g</SUB>, <I>R</I><SUB>a</SUB>: resistance in air, <I>R</I><SUB>g</SUB>: resistance in gas) of 1.67 at% Rh-loaded In<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> hollow spheres was 4748, which was ∼180 times higher than that of pure In<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> hollow spheres. Rh loading decreased the temperature for maximum gas response from 475 °C to 371 °C, which also enhanced the selectivity to C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>5</SUB>OH 15.1–24.7 times and recovery speed. The ultrahigh sensitivity and selectivity to C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>5</SUB>OH, the lower sensing temperature, and the reduced recovery time were attributed to electronic interactions between Rh and In<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> and the promotion of catalytic dissociation of C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>5</SUB>OH into reactive gases.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>The Rh-loaded In<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> hollow spheres with ultrahigh response and selectivity to C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>5</SUB>OH were prepared by glucose-mediated, one-pot hydrothermal reaction and subsequent removal of core carbon by heat treatment. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c1jm14252f'> </P>

피하로 전위된 흰쥐 탈상피 피부피판의 조직학적 변화

박인선,황건 大韓成形外科學會 1998 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.25 No.3

Hair follicles become extinct in dermal graft within two months, when the direct vascular supply to the grafted flap is excluded. They cause a formation of microscopic epidermal cyst to be necrotic and replaced by fibrosis. In cases of preservation of normal vascular supply to the deepithelialized flap, however, the fate of skin appendages including hair follicles and sebaceous glands has not been reported. The present study was therefore designed to elucidate the histological changes of deepithelialized skin flaps which have been experimentally transposed under the subcutaneous layer of the normal skin. For that purpose, a rhombic area of 1.5 ㎠ was deepithelialized and transposed subcutaneously with the Limberg's flap design on the abdominal wall of male Sprague-Dawley rats. At the postoperative 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 9th and 11th week, the tissues of the operated skin area were taken for histological and gross examination. Hair follicles and sebacrous glands of the transposed deepithelialized flap were biologically active and continued to grow during the experimental period, even though they were buried and separated from the outer circumastance by the overlying skin. However, continuous secretion of the sebaceous glands and its accumulation resulted in formation of a small sac-like pouch, a saccule, between the inner and outer root sheath of hair follicles in the transposed flap at three weeks after operation. Subsequent fusion of the saccules with neighbouring ones developed into a cyst, the luminal wall of which were covered by a epithelial lining derived from the outer root sheath of the hair follicles. At nine weeks after experiment, we observed that the epithelial lining of the cyst wall connected to that of epidermis of the overlying skin at the apical portion of the cyst. Moreover, it was observed that the distinct granulation and keratinization were seen in the epithelial lining of the cyst, representing a morphological similarity to epidermis at this stage. After nine weeks of experiment, we observed the inflammatory process showing a severe lymphocyte infiltration with vascular dilatation in some transposed skin flaps. Keratin immunoreactivity was significantly increased not only in the epithelial linings of saccules or cyst, but also in the epidermis of overlying skin in proportion to the period of time of experiment. It suggests that skin appendages including saccule and cyst of the transposed flap may maintain normal bioactivity during the experiment. Based on the above results, we recommend that the hair follicles should be completely removed by careful resection at the subfollicular in case of deepithelialized skin flap, especially in the area of scalp.

복합레진의 조건등색에 관한 연구 : D_(65), A, C, FCW and TL84

박기정,황윤찬,김선호,오원만,황인남 전남대학교 치의학연구소 2003 구강과학 Vol.15 No.2

There were problems in selecting exact colors of composite resins currently used in clinic by examining with naked eyes. This study was done to present a criterion in selection of the most proper light sources and materials by measuring metamerism index of the light curing composite resins with spectrocolorimeter. Metamerism is present when two objects appear to be the same color in one illuminant but different in another. This is due to the fact that they have different spectral curves that fail to match under the second illuminant. In this study, five light polymerized composite resins; Esthet-X, Filteck Z250, Filteck A110, Charisma, Vitalescence which are currently used in clinic were chosen based on Vita shade. Five samples were made for shade of each product with Teflon mold(diameter: 15mm, thickness: 2mm). Compressed resins with glass slab were light polymerized with a visible light curing unit(Optilux 500, 13mm tip diameter, Demetron, USA) for 60 seconds. Polymerized samples were removed and those were grinded to 2.0mm in thickness with sand papers(#600 & #1000). Samples were carefully prepared without fingerprints and impurities in grinding procedure and kept in distilled water for a week at room temperature. Metamerism index of each samples on a Barium sulfate plate(L^(*)=96.54, a^(*)=0.19, b^(*)=0.01) prepared for sample fixation were measured with spectrocolorimeter(Miniscan XE plus. Model 4000s. Hunter Lab, USA) by applying standard light source D65, C, Fcw, TL84' and A. Standardization was done with Reference standard(X=80.8, Y=85.7, Z=90.8) and Light trap. Samples were kept in distilled water at room temperature in all procedures. The results are as follows. 1. Different resins using same Vita shade showed recognizable color difference(ΔE^(*)>2). 2. All composites had Ml below accepted value 0.5 between standard illuminant(D65, C, & A) and below 1.5 under fluorescent condition (Fcw & TL84). 3. Ml value between D65 and A showed higher value than Ml value between other source of light(p<0.01). 4. All resins except Z25O showed Ml value that A3 is higher than Al between D65 and A(p<0.05).

천연물이 간대사에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구(Ⅲ)

김순선,최기환,김학림,황인창,김동섭,신윤용,류항묵,장영섭 식품의약품안전청 1998 식품의약품안전청 연보 Vol.2 No.-

본 연구에서는 만성간염둥 간낄환 01방 및 치료제로서 오래전부터 널러 사용죄고 있으나 그 작용기전이 화실히 밝궈져있지 않은오미자에서 추출한 을hisandrin C의 합성 동족체, biphenf·1 dimethrt carboxylate(ODB)의 간장 보호자용 기전 연구의 일환으로 DDB를 시간(I~T일) 및 용량(25, 50, 100, 200mg/kg)별로 랫드에 투여한 훌 간장내 약물대사효소, CYPtAl과 CYPEBI mRNA 합량을 PolyrEerasff chain reation(PCR)밟법으로 측정하고 CfPIAl에 특이한 ethoxyruesorfin-o-deethylase(EROD)와 CYPaBt에 특이한 benzyloxyresorufin-o- dealkrlase(BROD) 활성을 측정한 결꽈, DDB가 CYPIAI mRNA 힘·량 및 EROD활성에는 영향을 미치지 않았으나 CYPfBl 유전자 발현을 유도시키고 CYPEBI에 특이한 fiROD 될성을 증가시켰다. DD8의 이러한 CYPEBI 유전자 발현유도 효과는 투여시간, 용량에 비례하여 3일, 200rag/kg투여시에 극대치를 나타내었으며 BROD찰상 역시 투여시간, 용량에 비례하여 증가하였다. 또한 DDB의 간보호 효과를 평가하기 위해 DDB를 용량(25, 50, 100,200mgJkg)별로 4일간 연속 길구투여하고 DDB 최종투여 3시간후 CCI,(0.3mJ/kg, i.p)를 처치하여 간독성을 유발 시킨 후, CYPfBl mRNA 함량과 BROD 활성을 조사하고 간조직 검사를 실시하였으며 혈청내 aminotransferase 꽉성 및 간소포체내 lipid perflxidation을 측정하였다. DOB 전투여는 CCI, 처치에 의왜 감소된 CYPBBI mRNA 함량자 BHOD 활성을 용량의콘적으로 증가시켰으며 CCI, 처치에 의해 증가된 혈청내 ALT 활성과 간 소포체 막의 lipid peroxidation을 감소시켰다. 혈청내 ALT 활성같 간 소포체 막치 lipid peroxidation에 근거하면 DDB는 CCI, 처치로 유발된 간독성에 럴호효롸를 나타내며 그 효과는 50mg/kg;투여시에 최대인 것으로 보인다. 반면, CCI, 처치에 의해 유발된 간 표면의 섬유화, 간세포 괴사 및 공포화 변성은 DDB 투여에 의해 통계적으로 유의성있는 개선 효과를보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 DDB가 CYP2린1 유전자 발현 및 BROD 활성을 시간 및 용량의존적으로 증가시킴을 나타내며 DDB의 free radical scavenger가능성을 제시한다. 미와 더불어 전년도 시험물질, 대황 및 마황의 환셩성분인 rhein, eptledrine과 황금의 지표성분인 baicalin이 간 대사 및 독성에 미치는 영향을 비교평가 하기 위해 rhein 및 ephedrinr·을 각각 20, 10mg/kg 용량으로 랫드에 4일간 복강주사하고 baicalin은 4mg/kg 용량으로 7일간 경구투여한 후, 간장내 약물대사 효소 CYPIAI과 CYPaBl 유전자 발현정도를 조사하고 애들에 특이한 EROD 와 BROD활성, 혈청내 ALT, AST 활성 및 간소포체내 지질과 산화물(rnslondialdehyde) 함량을 측정한 결과, ephedrine은 만성간염지표인 ALT/AS? ratio을 증가시키고(p (0.03) rhein은 MDA함량을 증가시켰는데,(p(0.01) 이는 대황 투여에 의한 간 소포체 막의 lipid peroxidation증가는 rhein에,마황에 의한 혈청내 ALT/AST ratio증가는 ephedrine에 기인함을 시사해주는 결과이며 금의 지표성분인 baicalin투여에 의해서는 혈청중 ALT 및 AST 활성이 재조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소되어(p(0.05) baiealin의 간보호 가능성을 제시하였다. Biphenyl diinethyl dicarboxylate(DDB) is a synthetic analogue of SchiBandrin C isolated from SchiBandrae Fructus and has been widely used for its hepatic protective effect. This study has beenundertaken to examine the effect of DDB on rat liver drug metaboliEing enzymes and to understand theprotective mechanism of D:DB against carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) -induced hepatic toxicity in rat liver.After DDB was administered into male rats for different periods of time(1 ~7 days) ana with differentdoses(25, 50, 100 and 200mg/kg), mRNA levels of CYPIAI and CYPaHl were measured by polymerasechain reaction (PCR) and also assayed the activities of CYP IAI specific ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase(EROD) and CYPfBl sf)ecific benzyloxyresorufin-o-dealkylase (BROD) . Furthermore, rats werepretreated with DDB 25, 5() and 100 mg/ltg daily for 4 days, 3-hours after final treatrneBt on the 4thday, CCI, 0.3mf/kg was intraperitonially injected into the rats. Activities of serum aminotransferaseswere assayed and determirled lipid peroxidation(production of ualondialdehyde) in hepatic microsomeand done histopathological examination. DDB treatment resulted in increase in CYPaBl mRMA leveland BROD activity whereas there was no change in CYPIAI niRNA level and EROD activity. This ef-fect of DDB was time and dose dependent reaching maximal level by 3 day and 200mg/kg treatment.Based oi?'studies of serum ALT level and lipid peroxidation, D:DB SOmg/kg pretreatinent appeared themost effective protection against CCI,-induce4 hepatotoxicity. :However, histopathological examinationdid not significantly show any improving effect on balloning degeneration and necrosis caused by CCI,treatment. These results in.dicate that DDB stimulates CYPEBI ruRNA level and BROD activity in timeand dose dependent manner and suggest protective effect of DDB against CCI,-induced hepatotoxicitymight be exerted through free radical scavenging. In addition, we have also investigated the effects ofrhein, ephedrine and baicaBin on hepatic toxicity and metabolism in rat liver in order to compare withtheir natural products f·hick are Rhei Rhizoma, Ephedrae Hel·ba and Scutellariae Radix, respectively.After rhein 20 and ephedrine 10mg/kg were intraperitonially injected into the rats daily for 4 daysrespectively compared as bacaBin was treated orally for 7 days, the expression of CYPIAI and CYPfBlwere examined and tlleir dependent EROD and BROD activities were assayed. The levels of serumaainotransferases and hepatic rnaiondialdehyde(MDA ) were Beasured as well. Ephedrine treatment in-creased in CYPIAI specific EROD activity and the ratio of serum ALT/AST ratio, a marker of chronichepatitis(p <0.01). MDA level was enhanced by rhein treatmentfp < 0.01), but baicalin reduced serumALT and AST levels compared to control group (p < 0.05) .