임해준설매립지 식물분포와 표층토양의 이화학적 특성

남웅,곽영세,정인호,이덕범,이상석,Nam, Woong,Kwak, Young-Se,Jeong, In-Ho,Lee, Deok-Beom,Lee, Sang-Suk 한국조경학회 2008 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.36 No.3

본 연구는 광양제철소 임해준설매립지에 자생하는 식물분포와 토양환경요인의 특성을 규명하고, 식물분포와 토양과의 상관관계를 밝힘으로써 향후 생태적 조경의 활용방안을 제시하고자 한다. 연구대상지는 해수변으로부터 시작하여 표고 15m에 이르는 지역으로 임해준설매립지내 조사지역 1,2,3 및 4는 전형적인 염습지의 특정을 나타내었다. 조사지역의 총 출현종수는 1, 2, 3, 4, 5지역별로 각각 13, 15, 22, 27, 35종으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 염생식물은 감소하고 중성식물은 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 각 조사지역별 표층토양(O ~2Ocm)의 물리, 화학적 특성을 분석한 결과, 조사지역 1 에 서 조사지역 4로 이동함에 따라 탈염이 진행되면서 토양산도 및 전기전도도는 낮아지고, 영분, 유효인산, 칼륨, 염소, 칼숨, 마그네숨 등은 함량이 감소된 반면, 전 질소, 미사, 점토함량은 증가하는 경향을 보여주었다. 이는 임해준설매립지에서 자연강우에 토양이 장기간 노출되면서 염분과 관련된 토양환경인자들이 변화하는 것을 잘 나타내는 것이다. 이러한 분석 결과, 염분과 관련된 인자들이 연구대상지의 식물분포의 변화를 유도한 주요한 영향요인으로 밝혀졌다. By analyzing specific plant distributions and physicochemical characteristics of topsoil in a reclaimed dredging area, baseline data was found of natural landscape planting sites, and developing dredged fill ground. The reclaimed dredging area is five different stands (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) which were examined in this research. They are located from sea level to 15 meters in altitude and exhibited typical characteristics of the salt marsh in Gwangyang Bay. Species with high constancy in the vegetation on the reclaimed soil were classified into four stages. A total of 12, 15, 22, 27 and 35 different plant species were found and also increased in stands 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Moving from stand 1 to 5, halophytes decreased and non-halophytes increased. Desalination at each stage of the reclaimed dredging area was a driving force affecting the performance and distribution of halophytes and non-halophytes. Overall, 35 quadrats of soil were selected and analyzed for specific physicochemical characteristics of topsoil between O${\sim}$20cm. Results of the physicochemical analysis such as altitude, slope, vegetation and kind of reclaimed dredging soil, exhibited irregular increases or decreases. As survey areas moved from stand 1 to 4, desalination areas, soil acidity, electric conductions, content of salinity, available phosphorus, potassium, chlorine, calcium, and magnesium indicated decreasing patterns; however, total nitrogen, silt, and clay content increased. Cluster analysis and PCA by environmental data within the stands clearly showed five distinct vegetation patterns on the tested reclaimed area. These results indicate that the differences of performance and distribution of vegetation are due to the SAR in the reclaimed soil and related to the natural survival strategy at the given hostile habitat.

구강편평상피세포암에서의 치성요인

남웅,차인호,Nam, Woong,Cha, In-Ho 대한구강악안면외과학회 2001 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.27 No.6

The oral cavity has frequent contacts with many carcinogenic compounds and its soft tissue is continuously stimulated by numerous dental factors. We have examined the detailed dental factors and its correlation with oral squamous cell carcinoma, and denture-wearing effects to analyze the effect of the dental factors on the genesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. We have studied clinical contributing factors and the dental factors in the genesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma when the effects of smoking and drinking are controlled. The study cases are 100 patients(75 males and 25 females) who were diagnosed histo-pathologically as squamous cell carcinoma at the Yonsei Medical Center. The control group was 154 patients who have no systemic malignant tumors. The effects of 6 dental factors were analyzed in this study. They were divided into the smoking group, the non smoking group, the drinking group, and the non-smoking group. The effects of dental factors were analyzed in each group. In this study, we have drawn some conclusions on the relationship between the dental factors and oral squamous cell carcinoma using $x^2$-test. 1. The repaired teeth have statistical significance on the genesis of squamous cell carcinoma. This is probably due to the combining effects of past poor oral hygiene and continuous stimulation due to poor prosthesis. 2. There is statistical significance of the lost teeth in the smoking group, and the repaired teeth and the degree of alveolar bone resorption had statistical significance in the non-smoking group. 3. Smoking and drinking by-itself have no statistical significance in the genesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, in combination, they have statistical significance. In this study, dental factors had a synergistic effect with smoking and drinking. Together with avoidance of smoking and drinking, appropriate restoration and oral hygiene control are most important factors in the preventive aspects of the oral squamous cell carcinoma.

통사적 제약규칙에 기반을 둔 의존문법 구문 분석의 성능 향상

남웅 ( Woong Nam ),김혜미 ( Hyemi Kim ),권혁철 ( Hyuk-chul Kwon ) 한국정보처리학회 2013 한국정보처리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.20 No.1

한국어는 어근의 형태가 변하는 굴절어인 영어와 달리, 한 어절이 어근과 접사가 결합하여 각자 고유한 의미를 지닌다. 이 때문에 하나의 어절에 대한 형태소 분석 후보가 여러 개가 나올 수 있어 구문 분석을 더욱 어렵게 만든다. 본 논문에서는 한국어의 통사적 특성에 적합한 의존문법을 이용하여 구분 분석을 수행한다. 모든 형태소 분석 후보에 의존관계를 부여하고 통사적 제약규칙을 통해 의존관계를 줄여나간다. 특히, 기존의 통사적 제약규칙에 형용사의 결합정보와 논항정보를 이용한 통사적 제약규칙을 추가하여 생성 가능한 의존관계의 수를 줄인다.

한국어 구문분석기 KLParser 2.0의 개발

남웅(Woong Nam),권혁철(Hyuk-Chul Kwon),윤애선(Aesun Yoon) 한국정보과학회 2013 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.11

구강암 수술의 원칙과 실제

남웅(Woong Nam) 대한치과의사협회 2010 대한치과의사협회지 Vol.48 No.8

The management of malignant tumors of the oral cavity requires that the resection should be performed with adequate negative margins. To this end, the surgeon is sometimes required to increase the access to the oral cavity to resect with clear margins although most of our resections can be carried via the transoral route. This article highlights some of the most common surgical accesses to the oral cavity: Peroral approach, mandibulotomy and mandibular swing approach, visor flap approach, upper & lower cheek flap approach, pull-through technique. Also, various modes of management are grossly described according to primary site, size, and stage of the tumors.

경골 근위부 골채취를 위한 내측 및 외측 접근법시의 삼차원적 길이계측

남웅(Woong Nam),박원서(Won-Se Park),정호걸(Ho-Gul Jeong),허경석(Kyung-Seok Hu),차인호(In-Ho Cha) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2007 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.33 No.4

Purpose : The aim of this study was simply assessing linear measurements in the lateral and medial approach, respectively, for bone harvesting using anatomic and three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) analyses on a dried cadaveric proximal tibia. In addition, the availability of the three-dimensional computed tomographic (3D-CT) analysis was also estimated. Materials and methods : Ten dried proximal tibia were obtained from five Korean cadavers. Four the reference points, the SM (superior-medial), IM (inferior-medial), SL (superior-lateral), and IL (inferior-lateral) were marked around the tibial tuberosity. The PM (posterior-medial) and PL (posterior-lateral) points were randomly marked at points farthest from the lateral and medial reference points, respectively, in the posterior border of the superior articular surface of both condyles. All measurements were obtained on the dried proximal tibia. After computed tomography had been performed, the three dimensional images were reconstructed using V works 4.0™ (Cybermed Inc., Seoul, Korea), and the length between the reference points were measured three dimensionally using the method described above. The error between the mean actual and mean 3D-CT measurements was calculated in order to determine the availability of the three dimensional computed tomographic analysis. Results : The length between the reference points was greatest at the IL-PM, which averaged 65.39 mm±10.35. This was followed by the SL-PM with 63.24 mm±8.10, the IM-PL with 58.09 mm±10.02, and the SM-PL with 51.99 mm±9.06. The differences between the IL-PM and SM-PL were 13.4 mm. The mean values were 55.04 mm in the medial approach and 64.32 mm in the lateral approach, and the differences between medial and lateral were 9.28 mm. The error between the mean actual and mean 3D-CT measurements was 0.31% and the standard deviation was 0.28%. Conclusion : The anatomical and three dimensional computed tomographic analysis indicates that there was only a 9.28 mm linear difference between the lateral and medial approach. This is consistent with previous studies, which showed that there was little difference between the two approaches in terms of the bone volume. In addition, the error (0.31%) and the standard deviation (0.28%) were considered low, demonstrating high accuracy of 3D-CT. Therefore it can be used in preoperative treatment planning.

간호사의 직장 내 약자 괴롭힘 설문도구의 신뢰도와 타당도

남웅(Woong Nam),김지원(Ji-Won Kim),김용규(Yong-Kyu Kim),구정완(Jung-Wan Koo),박정일(Chung-Yill Park) 대한직업환경의학회 2010 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.22 No.2

무제한 한국어 의존 구문분석기 ‘PNU-KLParser 2.0’의 개발

남웅(Woong Nam),윤애선(Aesun Yoon),권혁철(Hyuk-Chul Kwon) 한국정보과학회 2014 정보과학회 컴퓨팅의 실제 논문지 Vol.20 No.6

본 연구진은 품사태거를 쓰지 않고 문장 전체를 대상으로 모든 형태소분석 후보에 적정한 의존관계를 부여 하는 무제한 구문분석기 PNU-KLParser를 개발하고 있다. 이때 관건은 통사적 제약규칙을 통해 의존관계를 줄여나감으로써, 분석의 정확도와 실용화 가능성을 높이는 것이다. 본 논문에서 소개하는 PNU-KLParser 2.0에서는 기존의 전처리 규칙을 강화하고, 명사 세분화와 형용사의 결합정보와 논항정보를 이용한 일반화된 통사적 제약규칙을 설정하고, 문장 수식부사에 대한 규칙을 추가하여, 생성 가능한 의존관계의 수를 대폭 줄일 수 있었다. 그 결과, 버전 1.0과 비교했을 때, 생성 가능한 의존관계의 수를 10어절 이하의 문장에서는 67%로, 20-25어절 문장에서는 5-10%로 줄이는 성능 개선 효과를 얻을 수 있었다. Our recent work has focused on developing a broad-coverage full sentence Korean parser, PNUKLParser, which can generate all appropriate dependency relations among morphemes without using a tagger. The challenges of the methodology consist in improving the precision and in reducing dependency relations, by formulating syntactic constraint rules. This study introduces PNU-KLParser 2.0, which made improvements to its previous version: the pre-processing rules have been sophisticated; the syntactic constraint rules have been generalized, by subcategorizing POS information more, and by using argument structures and co-occurence information. Compared to PNU-KLParser 1.0, the proposed methods can yield much better performance, especially in processing long sentences: the parsed trees reduce to 67% when analyzing short sentences containing less than 10 words; to 5-10% when treating long sentences composed of 20-25 words.

임해준설매립지 토양의 깊이별 이화학적 특성

남웅 ( Woong Nam ),곽영세 ( Young Se Kwak ),정인호 ( In Ho Jeong ),이덕범 ( Deok Beom Lee ),이상석 ( Sang Suk Lee ) 한국환경복원기술학회 2008 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.11 No.5

Growth of Landscape Tree Species at Two Planting Densities in a Planting Pilot System for Reclaimed Dredging Areas

이덕범,남웅,곽영세,정인호,이상석,Lee, Deok-Beom,Nam, Woong,Kwak, Young-Se,Jeong, In-Ho,Lee, Sang-Suk Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 2009 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.37 No.2

본 연구는 임해준설매립지반의 토양환경에서 4종의 조경수종을 대상으로 생장 및 적응성을 평가하였다. 준설토와 조경토를 1:1로 혼합하여 1m 높이로 조성한 식물재배 실험구(planting pilot system)기반 토양의 토성은 사질토(S)로 분류되었고, 평균 pH값은 7.16으로 약알칼리성을 나타내었으며, 전기전도도(EC)는 294 ${\mu}S/cm$로 해수의 영향을 받았던 토양이었으나 비교적 낮은 EC값을 보였다. 토양의 유기물 함량은 3.9%로 낮았고, 총질소 함량은 397 mg/kg에 가깝게 나타났으며, 인산의 평균함량은 4.60 mg/kg으로 매우 낮아 식물의 생장을 돕기 위해서는 계획적인 인산질 비료의 시비가 필요한 것으로 사료되었고, 토양의 치환성 양이온 함량은 K가 152.9 mg/kg, Ca가 1,190 mg/kg, Mg가 62.7 mg/kg, Na가 24.8 mg/kg으로 비교적 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 식재후 4년인 비교년도의 식물재배 실험구에서 식재조건에 따른 생장수고는 물오리나무>사방오리>곰솔>피라칸사 순으로 나타났고, 흉고직경은 물오리나무>사방오리>곰솔 순으로 나타났다. 사방오리, 물오리나무, 곰솔 및 피라칸사 개체당 열매, 잎, 가지, 줄기, 주근, 중근 및 세근의 식물량은 고밀도보다 저밀도 식재지역에서 높게 나타났고, 고밀도와 저밀도 식재지역에서 개체당 식물량은 물오리나무>사방오리>곰솔>피라칸사 순으로 나타났다. 식물재배 실험구에서 4종 모두 고밀도보다 저밀도 식재지역에서 개체당 식물량은 물질생산 및 분배가 크게 반영된 생육양상을 보여 약 2배 높았다. 이는 토양 내의 영양염류의 이용경쟁에 있어 고밀도보다 저밀도 식재지역에서 더욱 유리한 조건이 반영되었기 때문으로 판단되었다. 단위면적당 식물량은 물오리나무>p사방오리>곰솔>피라칸사 순으로 나타났고, 식물량이 가장 적은 피라칸사 기준으로 곰솔은 약 7배, 사방오리는 약 13배, 그리고 물오리나무는 약 23배 높은 식물량을 나타내었다. 식재조건에 따른 실험 수종 개체당 식물량은 고밀도보다 저밀도 식재지역에서 약 2배 높은 것으로 나타났지만, 단위면적당 식재조건에 따른 식물량은 저밀도보다 고밀도 식재지역이 비슷하거나 높았다. 고 저밀도 식재지역에서 오리나무속의 식물들이 많은 식물량을 보였는데, 이는 임해준설매립지의 토양 특성에 잘 적응성을 나타냄과 동시에 질소 고정능력을 갖는 속성수(fast-growing tree)의 특성 및 지하부에 뿌리혹박테리아(root nodule bacteria)가 형성됨으로써 토양에 불용성 영양원의 이용도를 높일 수 있는 능력이 있기 때문으로 판단되었다. 본 연구는 제한된 부지를 대상으로 4종의 식물만을 이용하여 연구가 진행되었기 때문에 다양한 식재조건 및 수종을 대상으로 하는 추가적인 연구가 필요하고, 조경분야의 생태적 활용을 위해서는 대상 식물들을 이용한 조경학적 적용방안에 대한 연구가 보완되어야 한다. To investigate the possible use of plants for landscaping in reclaimed soil, a planting pilot system experiment was performed over the course of four years in reclaimed dredging area with four species: Alnus firma, Alnus hirsuta, Pinus thunbergii, and Pyrachantha angustifolia for 4 years. The physicochemical characteristics of the tested soil showed that it was sandy through coming from a reclaimed dredging area. The average pH of the tested soil was 7.16(slight alkali), and electric conductivity(EC) was relatively low, $294{\mu}S/cm$, even though it came from a saltwater area. To test the effect of planting density vs. phytomass by plant specie from a planting basin, the experiment was designed using four plant species with high and low planting densities over 4 years. The planting conditions of the growth of landscape tree species exhibited growth height as follows: A. hirsuta, A. firma, P. thunbergii, and P. angustifolia, whill the DBH followed the order of A. hirsuta, A. firma, and P. thunbergii. The total phytomass of each plant was higher at low density planting areas than high density planting area in terms of total phytomass production and growth distribution in the reclaimed dredging area. Total phytomass per unit area increased as follows: A. hirsuta, A. firma, P. thunbergii, and P. angustifolia. The total phytomass per each tested plant was 2 times higher in low density planting areas than high density planting areas. Total phytomass per unit area, however, was similar or slighty higher in high density planting areas compared to low density areas. Among the tested plants, A. hirsuta showed the highest phytomass, implying that A. hirsuta adapted very well to the reclaimed area and has the capability of a fast growth, nitrogen fixation tree, and utilizing insoluble nutrients through inoculated root nodule bacteria. The yield of phytomass per individual in low density Alnus species was greater than that of the high density. However, those per unit areas had no difference in the density-dependent planting. The ratio of belowground to aboveground was $0.21{\sim}0.26$. Thus, it could be concluded that the Alnus species are potential candidates for ornamental tree species in reclaimed dredging areas. This study offers baseline data for the use of ornamental tree species in reclaimed dredging areas. Additional research is required for different ornamental species in order to increase phytomass of a planting conditions based on reclaimed dredging areas.