The C- and G-value paradox with polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, phenomes and cell economy

Ik‑Young Choi,Eun‑Chae Kwon,Nam‑Soo Kim 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.7

Background The apparent disconnection between biological complexity and both genome size (C-value) and gene number (G-value) is one of the long-standing biological puzzles. Gene-dense genomic sequences in prokaryotes or simple eukaryotes are highly constrained during selection, whereas gene-sparse genomic sequences in higher eukaryotes have low selection constraints. This review discusses the correlations of the C-value and G-value with genome architecture, polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, cell economy and phenomes. Discussion Eukaryotic chromosomes carry an assortment of various repeated DNA sequences (repeatomes). Expansion of copies of repeatomes together with polyploidization or whole-genome duplication (WGD) are major players in genome size (C-value) bloating, but genomes are equipped with counterbalancing systems such as diploidization, illegitimate recombination, and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) after double-strand breaks (DSBs). The lack of these efficient purging systems allowed the accumulation of repeat DNA, which resulted in extremely large genomes in several species. However, the correlation between chromosome number and genome size is not clear due to inconsistent results with different sets of species. Positive correlations between genome size and intron size and density were reported in early studies, but these proposals were refuted by the results with increased numbers of species, in which genome-wide features of introns (size, density, gene contents, repeats) were weakly associated with genome size. The assumption of the correlations between C-value and gene number (G-value) and organismal complexity is acceptable in general, but this assumption is often violated in specific lineages or species, suggesting C- and G-value paradoxes. The C-value paradox is partly explained by noncoding repeatomes. The G-value paradox can also be explained by several genomic features: (1) one gene can produce many mature mRNAs by alternative splicing, and eukaryotic gene expression is highly regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels; (2) many proteins exert multiple functions during development; (3) gene expansion/contraction are frequent events in the gene family among evolutionarily close species; and (4) sets of homeotic genes regulate development such that organismal complexity is sometimes not clear among organisms. A large genome must be burdensome in terms of cell economy, such that a large genome constraint results in the distribution of genome sizes skewed to small genomes. Moreover, the C-value can affect the phenome. A strong positive correlation has been recognized between genome size and cell size, but the relationship is weak or null with higher-level traits. Additional analyses of the relationship between the C-value and phenome should be carried out, because natural selection acts on the phenotype rather than the genotype. Conclusions Dramatic advancement in genomics has given some answers to the C-value and G-value paradoxes. We know the mechanisms by which the current genomes have been constructed. However, basic questions have not yet been fully resolved. Why have some species retained small genomes yet some closely related species have large genomes? Random genetic drift and mutational pressure might have affected for genome size in the limited population size during evolution; thus, genome size may be quasiadaptable rather than the best adaptive trait.

오렌지 껍질로부터 분리된 프라보노이드의 화학요법 감작효과

최철익,변익건,차윤정,김선필,민영돈,유진철,송재경 조선대학교 2001 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.26 No.2

Background and Objectives : The overexpression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) or multidrug resistanceassociated protein (MRP) confers multidrug resistance (MDR) to cancer cells. MDR cells could be sensitized to anticancer drugs when treated concomitantly with a chemosensitizer. In this study, orange peel have been screened for the development of chemosensitizers reversing MDR. Materials and methods : Expression of Pgp in AML-2/WT and AML-2/D100 were determined using western blot analysis and RT-PCR. Candidates for chemosensitizers were isolated, purified from orange peel using sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and silica-gel column chromatography, whose structure was determined using ^1H-NMR, ^13C-NMR, ^1H-^1H-COSY, 13C-NMR, EI-Mass, IR. Chemosensitizing effect of NP-28 on AML-2/DX100 over expressing Pgp and MRP was determined by the MTT assay. Membrane toxicity was evaluated by the RBC hemolysis test. Antioxidant effects were examined by using a fluorescence probe (2’-7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate). Results : A potent candidate, NP-28, has a flavonoid nucleus with some methoxy moiety. NP-28 is believed to have high therapeutic index, being non-transportable inhibitor and possibly, of inhibiting other efflux pumps such as MRP and antioxidant effects. NP-28 is also unlikely to be a substrate of Pgp. NP-28 did not increase Pgp levels. Conclusion : NP-28 has a Chemosensitizing effect to reverse Pgp-mediated MDR by increasing the intracellular accumulation of drugs. Furthermore, they do not increase expression of Pgp, which can allow a long term use without the concern about Pgp activation. NP-28 is anticipated as an ideal second-generation flavonoid chemosensitizer and/or possibly other therapeutic agents by further investigation.

고전압 전력 MOSFET의 설계기술개발

최연익,임한조,노영화 亞洲大學校 1986 論文集 Vol.9 No.-

Design programs which can be used for the fabrication of high-voltage power MOSFET's have been developed on HP-15C programmable calculator. Also, we proposed a method for finding optimum gate pitch with source pitch given after the specifications of the starting wafer and fabrication process were determined. The method was applied to the cases of using two kinds of epitaxially grown wafers and variations of on-resistance were studied in terms of source geometry, source pitch, gate-drain over-lap ratio, etc.

초중고등학교 행정관리 시스템 설계 및 구축 사례 Easy_SRP System v1.0의 기능

최성,최장의,김승찬,김호성,이종욱,최현식,오영갑 호서대학교 반도체제조장비국산화연구센터 2001 반도체장비학술심포지움 Vol.2001 No.-

현재 초· 중 · 고등학교(이하 ' 학교기관' )에서 산이고 있는 기존의 수작업 방식의 회계관리와 DOS 방식의 행정전산관리 프로그램의 한계점을 벗어나 새로운 GUI 원도우 체계의 프로그램의 개발 필요성이 대두되어 본 시스템을 개발 하게 되었다.또한 학교기관에 납입해야 할 모든 납부금, 급식비, 장부관리에서부터 수입, 지출 등 학교에서 쓰이는 회계부분의 수작업을 모듈화 및 집약화 하고 누구나 쉽게 운영할 수 있는 행정관리 시스템, 일괄처리로 구성하도록 하였으며, DB를 이중모드(사용자 모드와 관리자모드)로 분리, 보안문제를 보충하고, 문서의 표준화로 정보교류의 용이하다.전국 학교기관의 회계운영방식을 표준화하여 구축 설계하고, 초보자 입장을 지향한 순차적 처리방식과 회계관리의 중복처리를 집약화 하여 구축하였다.

OFDM 시스템의 PAPR 저감을 위한 심벌 그룹핑 SLM 기법

최익녕,이현재,오창헌 한국기술교육대학교 2004 論文集 Vol.10 No.2

본 논문은 OFDM 시스템에서 PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio) 문제를 효과적으로 저감시키기 위하여 기존 SLM (selective mapping) 기법과는 달리 심벌 그룹핑 후 그룹별로 같은 스크램블 코드를 이용하는 새로운 방법을 제안하고 성능을 분석하였다. 기존의 SLM 기법은 IFFT단에 들어가는 OFDM 심벌을 여러 개의 스크램블 코드에 의해 랜덤화 시켜 PAPR 중 작은 값을 선택하여 전송한다. 그러므로 SLM 기법은 스크램블 코드만큼 부가 정보를 전송함으로 대역의 손실이 발생한다. 그러나 제안된 심벌 그룹핑 SLM 기법은 부반송파들을 M 개로 그룹화 하여 동일한 스크램블 코드를 사용함으로써 그룹화한 OFDM 심벌의 개수만큼 부가정보 데이터를 줄일 수 있고, SLM 기법에서 사용한 숫자만큼 스크램블 코드를 사용한다면 기존의 SLM 기법보다 PAPR 성능을 더 개선할수 있다. In this paper, we propose and analyze a new scheme which uses the same scramble codes to each group after symbol grouping to reduce the PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio) problem in OFDM system. The conventional SLM scheme randomizes OFDM symbols entered into IFFT block by several scramble codes and then transmits the lowest one among PAPRs. Therefore, the SLM scheme results the loss of bandwidth because of transmitting additional information as many as scramble codes. The proposed scheme can reduce the additional information as many as the number of grouped OFDM symbols by using same scramble codes after M grouping of sub-carriers. It can also improve PAPR performance more than conventional SLM scheme when we use scramble codes as same as those numbers of SLM scheme.

토양미생물을 이용한 하수의 질소제거효율 향상

최영균,오동익,이종영,손대희 대구대학교 환경기술연구소 2005 미래환경기술 Vol.1 No.2

The effect of humus soil on biological denitrification was investigated through NUR batch tests. Specific denitrification rate of HMLE(Modified Ludzack Ettinger process combined with Humus soil contactor) and CMLE(Control Modified Ludzack Ettinger process) sludges as well as COD consumed for denitrification could be estimated from the batch tests. Two linear phases of denitrification rate could be observed when acetate was used as a carbon source. However, denitrification behavior was composed of three linear phases when a primary settled municipal wastewater(PW) was used as a carbon source. The specific denitrification rates on SBCOD(slowly biodegradable COD) fraction in raw wastewater were estimated 4.82 and 3.73 mg N/g VSS·hr when HMLE and CMLE sludge was used as a seed sludge. It means that the hydrolysis rate of HMLE sludge on SBCOD fraction was higher than that of CMLE sludge. Actinomycetes, one of the soil microorganisms, was estimated 150,000 actinomycetes/ml in the biomass of HMLE process, which was 10 times higher than that of CMLE process. Actinomycetes was well known for its distinguished hydrolyzing ability on particulate organic matter. Almost of input COD was utilized for denitrification and cell synthesis when HMLE sludge was used as a seed sludge in NUR batch test. While, about 70% of input COD was comsumed when CBNR sludge was used. It means that substrate utilization rate, especially SBCOD utilization rate, of HMLE sludge was higher than that of CMLE sludge.

市販 睡眠劑의 LD_50 測定

金英善,崔峯子,徐益子 梨花女子大學校 藥學硏究所 1962 梨花藥學硏究 Vol.- No.3

초음파탐상 PD-RR Test의 통계적 신뢰도 평가 (Ⅲ) : a Round Robin Test Reesult (Part Ⅲ)

박익근,박은수,김현묵,박윤원,강석철,최영환,이진호 한국비파괴검사학회 2003 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.1

국내 원전의 건전성 및 안전성 확보에 직결되는 자동 초음파검사의 신뢰도 및 검사시스템의 기량을 평가하기 위해 자동UT-PD RRT를 수행하였다. 수행된 RRT의 조건은 2001년 수동 PD-RRT에 적용된 설계변수와 동일하다. 본 연구에서는 자동 UT의 결함검출확률 및 오판확률과 결함크기측정에 대한 불확도 분석을 이용하여 자동 초음파검사의 통계적인 신뢰도를 평가하고 수동 UT PD-RRT의 결과와 비교하여 기량을 검증하고자 한다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 향후 각종 비파괴검사에 대한 RRT를 수행하여 기술수준을 파악하고 비파괴검사기술의 발전을 도모할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

DSP Processor(TMS320C32)를 이용한 화자인증 보안시스템의 구현

함영준,권혁재,최수영,정익주 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 2001 産業技術硏究 Vol.21 No.B

The speech includes various kinds of information : language information, speaker's information, affectivity, hygienic condition, utterance environment etc. when a person communicates with others. All technologies to utilize in real life processing this speech are called the speech technology. The speech technology contains speaker's information that among them and it includes a speech which is known as a speaker recognition. DTW(Dynamic Time Warping) is the speaker recognition technology that seeks the pattern of standard speech signal and the similarity degree in an inputted speech signal using dynamic programming. In this study, using TMS320C32 DSP processor, we are to embody this DTW and to construct a security system.

두개외 경동맥 협착증에 대한 스텐트 삽입술의 추적 결과

윤영섭,홍범기,최동훈,김선호,김동익,김승민,장양수,심원흠 대한순환기학회 1998 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.28 No.11