웅접흄이 환기기능에 미치는 영향

문태인,구정완,정치경 大韓産業醫學會 1996 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.8 No.3

In order to study the effects of welding fume on ventilatory function, forced expiratory spirogram was performed on 563 male workers exposed to welding fume in motor vehicles industry and 589 male control workers. Ventilatory indices such as forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), the ratio of one-second forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity(FEV₁%=FEV₁/FVC) and maximal mid-expiratory flow(MMF) were obtained by analyzing forced expiratory spirogram which were measured by Vitalograph in standing position. The result were as follows: 1. Mean values of FVC, FEV₁, FEV₁%, and MMF expressed as percent of the predicted were significantly lower in exposure group than in control group. 2. No significant differences for mean ventilatory indices were demonstrated between smokers and nonsmokers both in exposure group and control group. However, mean MMF of welders tended to reduce in smokers(77.4%) than in nonsmokers(82.4%). 3. In exposure group mean FEV₁was significantly lower in more than 20 years than those of control group. However, mean MMF, FEV₁% were significantly reduced with increasing exposure duration compared to control group, indicating 90.8% and 62.2% of the predicted in more than 20 years group. 4. In exposure group workers with obstructive ventilatory impairment(7.5%) was markedly higher than that with restrictive ventilatory impairment(2.0%). 5. In exposure group the proportion of workers with low ventilatory indices was the highest in MMF(26.8%), and followed by FEV₁(11.9%), FEV₁(7.6%) and FVC(2.1%) in descending order. Workers with low MMF and FEV₁% were significantly increased with increasing exposure duration compared to control group, indicating 64.3% and 32.1% in above 20 years group. With the above consideration in mind it suggested that the exposure to welding fume be associated with reduced pulmonary function and obstructive ventilatory impairment, increasing exposure duration be associated with reduced pulmonary function, and MMF be the most sensitive index in the evaluation of ventilatory impairments of workers exposed to welding fume.

특수학교(급)고등부 졸업생의 진로실태 및 진로 지원체제 구축방안 : Future Directions and Practices for Developing a Comprehensive Career Support System in Special Education School

정희섭,김현진,김형일,정동영,정인숙 국립특수교육원 2005 연구보고서 Vol.- No.11

이 연구는 장애인 삶의 질을 보다 확충하는 차원에서 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생의 진로 실태를 분석하고, 그 결과를 기반으로 현실여건에서 최상의 진로 지원체제 구축방안을 마련 하는데 목적을 두고 수행되었다. 이 연구는 목적의 달성을 위해 문헌고찰을 통해서 진로실태 분석모형을 개발하고 진로 지원체제 구축을 위한 요인을 발굴한 이후, 최근 5년간 전국 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생을 대상으로 전반의 진로실태를 조사?분석하고, 문헌분석 및 실태조사를 통해서 도출된 결과를 중심으로 학교와 지역이 연계된 진로 지원체제 구축 방안을 제시하였다. 먼저, 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생의 진로 실태에 대한 조사 결과를 제시하면 다음과 같다. 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생 진로실태 조사는 전국 120개 특수학교(고등부 과정 설치 특수학교), 161개 고등부 특수학급 총281개 학교의 2001년도부터 2005년도까지 5년간 졸업생 1,334명을 조사대상으로 하였다. 이들 조사대상 1,334명은 행정공문으로 각 학교별 졸업생 명부를 통하여 추출된 것으로, 실제 5년간 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생의 11.1%에 해당된다. 실태조사는 1차로 우편을 통한 설문지 발송과 회수를 통해서 이루어졌고, 2차로 본원의 현장연구위원 교사 176명이 소속 지역교육청의 졸업생을 직접 방문하여 설문 및 면담 조사실시하는 방법을 통해 이루어졌다. 조사결과에 의하면, 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생의 35.2%가 직장을 가진 취업자이고, 64.8%가 직장을 가지지 않은 미취업자(가정거주, 시설거주, 자영업, 대학진학포함)로 조사되었다. 장애영역별 학교 졸업생의 진로 실태를 취업률 중심으로 제시하면, 시각장애학교 졸업생 36.8%, 청각장애학교 졸업생 45.4%, 지체부자유학교 졸업생 35.1%, 정신지체 및 정서장애학교 졸업생 31.7%, 특수학급 졸업생 39.5%로 나타났다. 한편, 졸업생의 연도별 추이를 취업률 중심으로 제시하면, 2001년도 졸업생 45.3%, 2002년도 졸업생 32.8%, 2003년도 졸업생 32.2%, 2004년도 졸업생 31.3%, 2005년도 졸업생 33.8%로 나타났다. 최근 5년간 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생의 진로실태 전반에서, 미취업자는 가족과 함께 생활하지 않은 장애성인이 많고, 학교 졸업이후 무직상태가 지속되고, 직장생활을 원하지만 특별한 지원을 받지 못하고 있으며, 전반적인 생활만족도가 낮은 것으로 나타나고 있다. 한편, 취업자의 경우, 직장생활을 하고 있는 그 자체의 만족도를 제외하고는 고용상황 전반이 열악하고, 직장의 직무수행에 다소의 어려움을 느끼고 있고, 직장의 이직률이 높지만 적절한 지원을 받고 있지 못하며, 직장의 적응 · 유지를 위한 직업훈련을 받지 못한 경우가 많고, 현 수준보다 높은 임금을 지급하는 안정된 직장에 대한 요구가 많은 것으로 나타나고 있다. 또한 직장 생활의 직무수행 효율화를 위하여 장애인식 개선 혹은 장애인편의시설 확충에 대한 요구가 많은 것으로 나타나고 있다. 이와 같은 연구의 결과를 토대로 진로 지원체제 구축을 방안을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생의 진로 지원체제 구축 방안은 진로교육 대상자의 ‘개별성’과 진로발달 단계의 ‘연속성’을 보장하고, 진로 관련 기관간의 ‘협력성’을 강조하는 진로 지원체제의 구축이 필요하다는 방향성을 설정하고, 다음과 같은 구체적인 방안이 필요하다고 보았다. 첫째, 학령기 특수교육 대상학생의 직업 · 진로교육 실시를 위한 기반을 조성하여야 한다. 특수교육 진로관련 다양한 용어들을 정비하고, 직업 · 진로 관련 법규의 수정 및 보완이 이루어져야 하며, 개별화교육계획(IEP)에 개별화전환계획(ITP)이 포함되도록 하는 법규의 재정이 필요하다. 이를 통해서 단위 특수학교(급)에서 진로교육이 시스템적으로 실천되도록 하는 토대를 마련하여야 한다. 둘째, 현행 특수교육 직업 및 진로 관련 교육과정의 현실화가 이루어져야 한다. 현행 제7차 특수학교 교육과정 기본교육과정의 ‘직업교과’ 교육실시 시기를 앞당기고, 선택중심 교육과정 ‘전문선택’의 이수 범위를 확대할 필요가 있으며, 이를 통해서 현실성 있고 실제적인 단위 학교의 직업 및 진로교육 교육과정 운영이 이루어지도록 해야 한다. 한편, 특수학급 재학생들의 직업 및 진로교육을 효율적으로 실천하기 위한 근거를 국가수준 교육과정 문서에 마련하고, 다양한 교과에 산재된 진로관련 내용을 지도할 수 있도록 교사용 지도서를 제작 · 배부하여 활용토록 해야 한다. 셋째, 특수교육 대상학생을 위한 진로교육 방법의 개선이 이루어져야 하다. 직업 · 진로교육을 위한 일관성 있는 모형을 마련하여 적용하여야 하며, 진로교육의 효율적인 실시를 위하여 평가체제 및 평가주체를 명확히 확립하고, 직업 · 진로교육의 효율적인 실시를 위하여 전문 인력을 양성하여 배치하여야 한다. 또한, 특수교육 대상학생을 위한 직업 및 진로교육은 현장친화적인 교수-학습이 이루어지도록 하는 방법상의 변화를 모색해야 하며, 현장을 중심으로 하는 다양한 진로교육 모델을 개발하여 개별학생들의 요구와 필요가 충족되도록 하여야 한다. 넷째, 특수교육 대상학생의 졸업 시 진로선택의 역량 및 지원의 강화가 이루어져야 한다. 특수교육 대상학생의 자기결정 능력을 지속적으로 향상시키고, 이를 통해서 자신의 진로를 선택하고, 선택한 진로를 유지 · 발전시킬 수 있도록 그 역량을 강화해야 한다. 또한 특수교육 대상학생의 가족이 학교의 진로교육, 지역의 진로지원을 위한 프로그램의 계획 · 실행 · 평가 전반의 과정에 효율적인 참여가 이루어지도록 지원해야 한다. 한편, 학교와 지역의 직업 · 진로관련 기관 및 인사 간을 연계하는 가칭 ‘연계 및 협력 조력자’를 양성하여 활용토록 해야 한다. 다섯째, 장애성인의 지역사회에서의 효율적인 진로 지원을 위하여 다양한 지원 프로그램이 마련되어야 한다. 특수학교(급) 고등부를 졸업한 대학진학자와 미취업자는 항시 취업대기자이기 때문에 이들을 위한 대학 당국과 평생교육기관에서의 진로 지원을 위한 다양한 프로그램을 마련하여야 한다. 또한 특수학교(급) 고등부를 졸업한 취업자를 위해서는 직업 적응 및 유지, 직업 이동을 위한 준비 프로그램, 인턴 프로그램, 사후관리 프로그램을 마련하여 지원이 이루어지도록 해야 한다. 또한 국가는 범정부 차원의 특수교육 대상학생 직업 및 진로 촉진을 위한 추진 기구를 구성하여 운영하고, 장애학생 및 장애성인의 취업활성화를 위한 정책적 지원 기구와 방안을 강구하여야 한다. 이상에서와 같이, 특수교육 대상학생의 진로교육 및 진로지원은 그들의 삶의 질 향상에 목표를 두고, 진로 대상자의 개별성과 진로발달 단계의 연속성, 관련 기관간의 연계성을 기반으로 하는 학령기, 졸업시점, 학령기 이후가 통합된 적절한 지원체제를 마련해야 한다. 이와 같은 진로 지원체제가 현실성을 가지고 효율적으로 작동하게 된다면, 대부분의 일반인이 그렇듯 장애인도 직업을 가지고, 일과 노동의 댓가로 보수를 받으며, 받은 보수로서 세금을 납부 하면서 국가와 사회에 기여하고, 가정을 유지하면서 자신의 만족감을 가지며 살아가는 데 기여하게 될 것이다. The purpose of this study was to suggest the future directions and practices for developing a comprehensive career support system in special education school, based on the analysis of the actual career status of the high school graduates with disabilities in Korea. The research was conducted in several ways. First, by reviewing the related research and the literature, the analytical frame for the actual career status was developed and the considerable factors for the development of a comprehensive career support system were identified. Second, the nation-wide survey was conducted to overview and to analyze the actual career status of the students who graduated special education high schools over the last 5 years. Third, based on the literature review and the results of the survey analysis, the future directions and best practices for the comprehensive career support system were suggested. First, the nation-wide survey was conducted in the following. The subjects were 1,334 high school graduates from both 120 nation-wide special education schools (these schools include the course of high school) and 161 special education classes among 281 general education high schools from 2001 to 2005. The subjects were identified through the school graduate lists. And they were 11.1% of the total graduates both from special education schools and special education classes over the last 5 years. The first preliminary survey was conducted by mailing the questionnaires in returning envelops. The second survey was conducted by the 176 teachers who served as research committee members of the KISE. The teachers conducted in-depth surveys and interviews by calling on the graduates who belonged to their local school districts. The survey results showed that 35.2% of the graduates were employed and 64.8% were unemployed (staying at home, living in the facilities for people with disabilities, self-employed, and attending college or universities). The survey results according to the schools classified by the disabilities indicated the following employment rate; 36.8% of the graduates from the school for the visual impairments, 45.4% of the graduates from the school for the hearing impairments, 35.1% of the graduates from the school for the physical disabilities, 31.7% of the graduates from the school for the mental retardation and emotional disorders, and 39.5% of the graduates from the special education classes. On the other hand, the employment rate were different by the year; 45.3% of the graduates in 2001, 32.8% in 2002, 32.2% in 2003, 31.3% in 2004, and 33.8% in 2005. In general, the actual career status of the high school graduates with disabilities over the last 5 years were identified for the unemployed graduates; a) many unemployed graduates did not live with their family; b) the status of unemployment went on after high school graduation; c) most unemployed graduates wanted to have occupations, but there were little support for employment, such as vocational education programs; and d) their overall level of satisfaction in life was low. Meanwhile, the employed graduates also indicated that their employment condition was poor, except the fact that they had some satisfaction for them to have jobs. The actual career status for the employed graduates were identified in the following; a) their overall employment condition was poor; b) they felt some difficulties for carrying out their jobs; c) a change of occupation rates were high without proper support, d) there were little job training for adapting a new workplace and for maintaining their current jobs; d) there were high expectations for stable jobs with better wages than their current jobs; and e) they also requested for improving the convenient facilities for the people with disabilities and for increasing the understanding and the awareness of people with disabilities for their work efficiency. Based on these findings of the high school graduates with disabilities, the future directions and practices for developing a comprehensive career support system in special education school are suggested; a) the individualities of each student with disabilities and the continuity of career development are ensured, and b) the collaboration among schools, the community resources, and the employment agencies are emphasized. Therefore, it is necessary to draw a concrete plan in the following. First, the foundation of vocational education and career services should be established firmly for the students with disabilities in school. It is necessary to compile the glossary for the vocational education, career services, and transition in special education. It is also required to amend and make laws related to vocational education and career services, and to mandate the TP(Individual Transition Plan) to be included in the IEP(Individualized Education Program). Through these laws and policies, a firm basis for the systematic vocational education should be implemented. Second, the present vocational education and career related curriculum should be actualized. The 'vocational course' of the 7th Special Education Curriculum should be taught earlier, the 'specific elective courses' from the choice-based basic curriculum should be expanded in order to implement the school-based vocational career education curriculum practically and realistically. At the same time, these suggestions should be mandated by the national curriculum. And the teacher's manual should be prepared and distributed for teachers to effectively guide students for their vocation and career preparation. Third, the vocational education teaching strategies for students with disabilities should be improved. The consistent model for the vocational and career education as well as the effective assessment system should be developed and implemented. And for the effective implementation of the vocational and career education, the professionals should be trained and be placed in school. Moreover, the model for the vocational and career education for students with disabilities should utilize the field-based teaching and learning strategies. Especially, the field-based model needs to be diverse in order to meet the individual students' needs. Fourth, it is essential to strengthen the ability and to support the career choices of students at the time of graduation. It is necessary to continually make better for their self-decision ability. Through their self-decision ability, they can make their career choices and strengthen the ability to keep and develop their chosen careers. In addition, the families of students with disability should be supported in order to participate effectively in vocational and career education in schools and the whole process of planning, implementation, and the assessment for the career support within the community. Therefore, the 'transition coordinator', who can make connections and cooperations among schools, community resources, and the employment agencies, should be trained and utilized. Fifth, a variety of supportive programs for adults with disabilities must be provided in order to ensure the effective career supports in the communities. Since the students who went to college or universities after graduating special education high schools(classes) and the unemployed high school graduates are potential employees, the university authorities and the continuing education agencies must have a variety of supportive programs for them. Besides, it is essential to have specific programs for a job adaptation and sustainment, job preparation program for a career change, various internship programs, and the follow-up programs. In addition, the government should have the special organization for promoting the employment of the students with disabilities and adults with disabilities as well. In conclusion, the purpose of the vocational and career education for the students with disabilities should be the improvement of their quality of life. Therefore, based on the individuality of each student with disabilities, the continuity of career development stages, and the inter-agency collaboration, the comprehensive career support system should be integrated throughout the schools years, at the time of graduation, and after the graduation. If the suggested comprehensive career support system are to be implemented effectively within each school and each classroom, the people with disabilities will have occupations, get paid for the work they do, pay the taxes, have families, and contribute to the community and the nation with a feeling of great satisfaction, just as the most people without disabilities do.

Celay/In-Ceram, Conventional In-Ceram, Empress 2 전부도재관의 변연적합도에 관한 비교 연구

양재호,여인성,이선형,한중석,이재봉,Yang, Jae-Ho,Yeo, In-Sung,Lee, Sun-Hyung,Han, Jung-Suk,Lee, Jai-Bong 대한치과보철학회 2002 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.40 No.2

There have been many studies about marginal discrepancy of single restorations made by various systems and materials. But many of statistical inferences are not definite because of sample size, measurement number, measuring instruments. etc. The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal adaptations of the anterior single restorations made by different systems and to consider more desirable statistical methods in analysing the marginal fit. The in vitro marginal discrepancies of three different all-ceramic crown systems (Celay In-Ceram. Conventional In-Ceram. IPS Empress 2 layering technique) and one control group (PFM) were evaluated and compared. The crowns were made from one extracted maxillary central incisor prepared with a 1mm shoulder margin and $6^{\circ}$ taper walls by milling machine. 10 crowns per each system were fabricated. Measurements or a crown were recorded at 50 points that were randomly selected for marginal gap evaluation. Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed for the results. Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1 Mean gap dimensions and standard deviations at the marginal opening for the maxillary incisor crowns were $98.2{\pm}40.6{\mu}m$ for PFM, $83.5{\pm}18.7{\mu}m$ for Celay In-Ceram, $104.9{\pm}44.1{\mu}m$ for conventional In-Ceram, and $45.5{\pm}11.5{\mu}m$ for IPS Empress 2 layering technique. The IPS Empress 2 system showed the smallest marginal gap (P<0.05). The marginal openings of the other three groups were not significantly different (P<0.05). 2 The marginal discrepancies found in this study were all within clinically acceptable standards ($100\sim150{\mu}m$). 3. When the variable is so controlled that the system may be the only one, mean value is interpreted to be the marginal discrepancy of a restoration which is made by each system and standard deviation is to be technique-sensitivity of each one. 4. From the standard deviations. the copy-milling technique (Celay/In-Ceram) was not considered to be technique-sensitive in comparison with other methods. 5. Parametric analysis is more reliable than non-parametric one in interpretation of the mean and standard deviation. The sample size of each group has to be more than 30 to use parametric statistics. The level of clinically acceptable marginal fit has not been established. Further studies are needed.

Association of HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 Alleles with Susceptibility to IgA Nephropathy in Korean Patients

In Ji Won,Jung Kiwook,Shin Sue,Park Kyoung Un,Lee Hajeong,Song Eun Young 대한진단검사의학회 2022 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.42 No.1

Background: Associations between IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been reported in several ethnic groups. We investigated the association of HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles with the predisposition for IgAN and disease progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in Korean patients. Methods: We analyzed HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 genotypes in 399 IgAN patients between January 2000 and January 2019 using a LIFECODES sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) typing kit (Immucor, Stamford, CT, USA) or a LABType SSO Typing Test (One Lambda, Canoga Park, CA, USA). Alleles with a significant difference in two-digit resolution were further analyzed using in-house sequence-based typing and sequence-specific primer PCR. As controls, 613 healthy hematopoietic stem cell donors were included. Kidney survival was analyzed in 281 IgAN patients with available clinical and laboratory data using Cox regression analysis. Where needed, P-values were adjusted using Bonferroni correction. Results: The allele frequencies of HLA-DRB1*04:05 (corrected P [Pc]<0.001), -DQB1 *04:01 (Pc=0.048), and -DQB1*03:02 (Pc=0.021) were significantly higher in IgAN patients than in controls, whereas those of HLA-DRB1*07:01, -DRB1*15:01, -DQB1*02:02, and -DQB1*06:02 (Pc<0.001 for all) were significantly lower in IgAN patients than in controls. The allele frequency of HLA-DQB1*05:03 (Pc=0.016) was significantly lower in the ESKD group than in the non-ESKD group; however, there was no significant difference for ESKD progression between these groups. Conclusions: We report novel associations of HLA-DRB1*15:01, DQB1*02:02, -DQB1*03:02, and -DQB1*04:01 with IgAN. Further studies of HLA alleles associated with IgAN progression in a larger cohort and in various ethnic groups are needed.

어린이집 운영에 관한 부모만족도의 종단적 변화 추이 분석

정인숙 부산대학교 영유아보육연구소 1998 영유아보육연구 Vol.4 No.-

The purposes of this study were to measure parents' satisfaction on management of child care center in five parts; in- and out-side environment, general management, child care and education, relationship with home, and nutrition, health, and safety, and to analyse longitudinal change of parents' satisfaction. The subjects of this study were young children's parent(in 1996 data, 15 fathers and 132 mothers; in 1997 data, 9 fathers and 106 mothers; in 1998 data, 2 fathers and 74 mothers) attending a public child care center in Pusan. The instrument for this study was parents' satisfaction rating scale on management of child care center. The main findings of this study are as following: First, The most parents (more than 85%) were satisfied with management of child care center. In five parts of management, higher satisfaction percent (more than 90%) in enviorment part was shown, and lower satisfaction percent (less than 60%) in relationship with home part was shown. In the rest three parts, satisfaction percent were ranged from 80% to 90%. Second, as year goes, parents' satisfactions were changed but not considerably, although most parents in 1997 rated low score in parents' satisfaction. In enviorment part, general management part, and child care and education part, as time goes, parents' satisfaction were increased. But in relationship with home part, and nutrition, health, and safety part, parents' satisfation were decreased. Further educational implications and suggestions were discussed.

근로삼권의 규범론과 정책론

정인섭 한국노동법학회 2003 노동법학 Vol.0 No.17

Compared to the function of case law concerning industrial relations in most of the developed countries, that of the Republic of Korea occupies an overwhelming portion in formulating the practical consciousness of the social partners, as well as the public in general. Social partners sometimes adhere to it in the hope that it would back up their own interest. But if they cannot hope the positive result of it, their attitude turns to the direct opposite. Case law has no persuasive effectiveness to the social partners but the usefulness as a defensive measures. Case law has accumulated the notion that the right to organize, bargain collectively and strike is closely interrelated in that the right to organize and strike is justified only in the context linked to the right to bargain collectively. So the trinity of the right to organize, bargain collectively and strike can have its own meaning only in the condition that it serves as a tool to obtain the better working conditions. On the other hand, case law has construed that the labor law should be supplemented by the concrete legislation, the content of which is reserved to the wide -for my part, it almost seems to amount to "unlimited"-discretion of the competent bodies of legislation. Thus the labor law concerning industrial relations cannot only identify the trade union right but also restrict it. Although it is undeniable that the legislation might restrict the constitutional rights in a limited condition, the constitutional legitimacy of the over-restriction of the legislation should be denied. But case law has pardoned the over-restriction. To make the matter worse, it is accompanied by the context of biased politics. For example, case law has set the prevention of the industrial conflict prior to the democratic administration of trade union, and the possible liability of the unjust concerted activities prior to the normative needs in the strike-ballot. Case law had set aside the normative need to respect the democratic administration of trade union as one of the essence of industrial relations law, because it may cause an industrial conflicts and harm the peace of the premise. In recent years, significant confusion arises in sharing the normative sense of the constitutional rights of workers between social partners, as well as the public in general. Futhermore it is not a foolish foreboding that in the near future it will threats the social integration. So the misunderstandings of the notions of case law should be reviewed in the precise context norm of the trade union right.

한국흑염소에 있어서 사염화탄소와 1-naphthylisothiocyanate 투여시의 간기능 변화

임정식,최희인,Im Jung-Sik,Choi Hee-In 한국임상수의학회 1990 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.7 No.1

In order to study the effects of administration of carbon tetrachloride(CCI$_4$) and 1-naphthylisothiocyanate(ANIT) on the liver of Korean black goats, some liver function tests and liver biopsy were done on 4 Korean black goats dosed with CCI$_4$(0.4m1/kg of body weight) in-traruminally and 4 Korean black goats dosed with ANIT(400mg/kg of body weight) by stomach tube. BSP Tl/2 and serum total bilirubin concentration in goats dosed with CCI$_4$ were increased gradually, reached to maximum value on 2nd and 1st day, respectively, and then began to decrease in normal range, gradually. In goats dosed with ANIT, BSP Tl/2 and serum total bilirubin concentration were increased rapidly, reached to maximum value on 0.5 and 1st day, respectively, and then returned to normal ragne, rapidly. Serum SDH, AST and GGT activities in goats dosed with CCI$_4$ were increased rapidly and reached to maximum value on 3rd, 1st and 2nd day, respectively. Thereafter, the serum enzyme activities began to decrease in normal range gradually. In goats dosed with ANIT, however, serum SDH, AST and GGT activities were not changed. The histopathologic changes in goats dosed with CCI$_4$ were lipidosis and centrilobular nee-rosis of the hepatic parenchyma. In goats dosed with ANIT, hyperplasia of bile duct epithelium was noticeable, but pathologic changes in liver parenchyma were not noticed. Conclusively, in Korean black goats dosed with CCI$_4$, main finding was necrosis of hepatic parenchyma. In Korean black goats dosed with ANIT, main finding was cholestasis.

Endoscopy and Imaging Modalities/Basic Science of Gastrointestinal Disorders/Miscellaneous : Changing Pattern Of Digestive And Liver Disease In Korea, 1990-2006 Year; A Single Center Study

( Jung Hyun Kwon ),( Sang Woo Kim ),( In Sik Chung ),( Myung Gyu Choi ),( Kwan Woo Nam ),( Jung Pil Suh ),( Jae Hyuck Chang ),( Won Haing Hur ),( Yu Kyung Cho ),( Jae Myung Park ),( In Seok Lee ) 대한소화기학회 2007 SIDDS Vol.9 No.-

Background/Aims: Westernization in many Asian countries have changed lifestyles and diets, so once rare diseases have now become prevalent. The aim of this study is to investigate the changing pattern of digestive and liver disease in Korea, from 1990 to 2006. Methods: We extracted data specific gastrointestina (GI) disease based on the International Classification of Diseases code from the in-patients records at the Kangnam St. Mary`s Hospital in 1990, 1996 and 2006. This hospital is a tertiary-care hospital in Seoul, Korea, which has a capacity of 800 beds. Results: The admission rate for GI disease increased between 1990 and 2006. Overall in-patients were 1,623 persons in 1990, 2,368 persons in 1996 and 4,166 persons in 2006. The mean age of in-patients increased as time went by. A stomach cancer was the most common diagnosis during all periods, but its prevalence has decreased. Colon cancer ranked the 7th in 1990, but markedly increased and now ranks the second. The third was a hepatocellular carcinoma. The bile duct and gallbladder cancer, pancreas and esophageal cancer ranking followed with little interval change. In cases of cancer patients, a regular admission dramatically increased for chemotherapy. The number of patients admitted with pre-malignant neoplasm of stomach and colon increased remarkably with the development of endoscopy. The liver transplant, inflammatory bowel discase, and reflux esophagitis emerged form mid-1990s with greater frequencies, yet much below the levels found in the West. The admission rate for peptic ulcer, especially ulcer bleeding remained relatively stable, despite a decreased rate for ulcer perforation. Liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, cholelithiasis with cholecystitis-cholangitis, appendicitis, hemorrhoid and gastritis all decreased. Conclusions: The stomach cancer is the leading cause of admission, despite a recent decline. Colon cancer showed a marked rise. The liver transplant, inflammatory bowel disease and reflux esophagitis were new diagnosis with an increased tendency.

응집공정에 적합한 In-Line 정적혼화기를 이용한 혼화공정의 개선

정철우,강민수,최시환,정수일,손인식,강임석 대한상하수도학회 2003 상하수도학회지 Vol.17 No.3

The rapid mixing process for coagulation is a critical component in a water treatment plant. However, at the present time a detailed understanding of the rapid mixing by in-line mixer or generally accepted criteria for the design of in-line static mixer are not available. The aim of this work is therefore to improve the understanding of how the in-line static mixer works and how to better utilize it in coagulation process in water treatment. To investigate the performance of static mixer, coagulation experiments were conducted to compare the static mixer to the traditional backmixer under several coagulation conditions. Experiments were also performed to compare the coagulation efficiency of different mixing type of static mixer which were made using different flow rates and the number of elements equipped in a pipe. The static mixer performed better than the backmixer for all coagulation and mixing conditions tested. Especially, the static mixer was very effective in the surface charge neutralization, as showing higher reduction of negative charge with increasing mixing intensity. However, little difference was observed in the performance of the static mixer equipped with 2, 3, and 5 elements. Also, in a series of bench-scale studies of rapid mixing, the in-line static mixer performed better than the traditional backmixer for both adsorption and charge neutralization (A/N) mechanism and sweep coagulation mechanisms. Especially, the static mixer was more efficient at producing A/N mechanism conditions as a result of its fast and uniform dispersion of the coagulant.

영양사 유무에 따른 재가노인 급식서비스 제공기관의 실태 분석

정현영,양일선,채인숙,이해영 대한영양사협회 2004 대한영양사협회 학술지 Vol.10 No.2

The purposes of this study was to analyze the operational difference of foodservice center for homebound elderly by the presence of the dietitian. The questionnaire was developed to measure all variables for menu management and distributed to 103 meal service centers in charge of congregate meal service program and 57 centers for home-delivered meal service program. The data of 160 centers in charge of congregate meal service and home-delivered service centers were usable for analysis. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SAS 8.1 package program for descriptive analysis and chi-square test. Only 2 1.9% meal service centers had dietitians, what is more, they were not professionals who did menu management but foodservice managers, volunteers, cook or social workers. The current foodservice programs for the homebound elderly were operated without professional. In the part of menu management, dietitians were more actively involved in menu planning in the elderly foodservice center in the presence of the dietitians. The performance level of healthcare service was not significantly different, but the nutrition education in the elderly foodservice center with the dietitians was more frequently performed than that without the dietitians(p<0.05). In the food purchasing and food production management, the significant differences were shown that in the elderly foodservice centers in the presence of the dietitians, the proportion of the contract purchasing was significantly higher than that of direct purchasing(p<0.01). In food sanitaq management, the significant differences were not shown in the part of management of keeping meal for identifying the cause of food-borne illness and left-over, but the sanitation education for the foodservice employees was performed more frequently by the presence of the dietitians(p<0.01). In conclusion, the foodservice management was more systematically conducted in the elderly foodservice centers in the presence of the dietitians than that without dietitians. The elderly foodservice program has offered the health-related support for homebound elderly. Although there were several problems in elderly foodservice management, the program delivered well-targeted, effective, and efficient nutrition services and wide range of supportive service to the at-risk older population. It needs to be managed by professional for the improvement in the elderly foodservice.