Inhibition of Nonenzymatic Protein Glycation by Pomegranate and Other Fruit Juices

Pamela Garner Dorsey,Phillip Greenspan 한국식품영양과학회 2014 Journal of medicinal food Vol.17 No.4

The nonenzymatic glycation of proteins and the formation of advanced glycation endproducts in diabetes leads to the crosslinking of proteins and disease complications. Our study sought to demonstrate the effect of commonly consumed juices (pomegranate, cranberry, black cherry, pineapple, apple, and Concord grape) on the fructose-mediated glycation of albumin. Albumin glycation decreased by 98% in the presence of 10 lL of pomegranate juice/mL; other juices inhibited glycation by only 20%. Pomegranate juice produced the greatest inhibition on protein glycation when incubated at both the same phenolic concentration and the same antioxidant potential. Both punicalagin and ellagic acid significantly inhibited the glycation of albumin by *90% at 5 lg/mL. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that pomegranate, but not apple juice, protected albumin from modification. These results demonstrate that pomegranate juice and two of its major constituents are potent inhibitors of fructose-mediated protein glycation.

Policing Built Environment Crime Risks: The Role of Police in CPTED

가너 클랜시(Garner Clancey) 한국셉테드학회 2016 한국셉테드학회 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.3

중대한 위기: 내부자운동의 해석학과 복음

데이비드 B. 가너(Garner, David B) 신학지남사 2017 신학지남 Vol.84 No.1

수술 중 부갑상선 호르몬 측정방법(IOPTH)에 따른 원발성 부갑상선 기능항진증 수술 성공률 비교

이재복,Garner S,Leight GS Jr,Olson JA Jr 대한외과학회 2003 대한외과학회 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2003 No.11

Inhibitor of MYC identified in a Kröhnke pyridine library

Hart, Jonathan R.,Garner, Amanda L.,Yu, Jing,Ito, Yoshihiro,Sun, Minghao,Ueno, Lynn,Rhee, Jin-Kyu,Baksh, Michael M.,Stefan, Eduard,Hartl, Markus,Bister, Klaus,Vogt, Peter K.,Janda, Kim D. National Academy of Sciences 2014 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.111 No.34

<P>In a fluorescence polarization screen for the MYC–MAX interaction, we have identified a novel small-molecule inhibitor of MYC, KJ-Pyr-9, from a Kröhnke pyridine library. The <I>K</I><SUB>d</SUB> of KJ-Pyr-9 for MYC in vitro is 6.5 ± 1.0 nM, as determined by backscattering interferometry; KJ-Pyr-9 also interferes with MYC–MAX complex formation in the cell, as shown in a protein fragment complementation assay. KJ-Pyr-9 specifically inhibits MYC-induced oncogenic transformation in cell culture; it has no or only weak effects on the oncogenic activity of several unrelated oncoproteins. KJ-Pyr-9 preferentially interferes with the proliferation of MYC-overexpressing human and avian cells and specifically reduces the MYC-driven transcriptional signature. In vivo, KJ-Pyr-9 effectively blocks the growth of a xenotransplant of MYC-amplified human cancer cells.</P>

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Select Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Brans

Amy Burdette,Pamela L. Garner,Eugene P. Mayer,James L. Hargrove,Diane K. Hartle,Phillip Greenspan 한국식품영양과학회 2010 Journal of medicinal food Vol.13 No.4

The bran fractions of certain varieties of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grain are rich sources of phytochemicals and antioxidants. In this article, the anti-inflammatory actions of extracts of select sorghum brans were evaluated in two experimental inflammatory systems: (1) the release of cytokines by lipopolysaccharide-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and (2) 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema in mice. A 1:200 dilution of a 10% (wt/vol) ethanol extract of black sorghum bran significantly inhibited the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Ethanolic extracts of both black and sumac varieties of sorghum bran significantly reduced edema in inflamed ears as measured by ear thickness and ear punch weight 6 hours following TPA application. The degree of inhibition was similar to that observed with indomethacin. Black sorghum bran significantly diminished the increase in myeloperoxidase activity 24 hours following the application of TPA. No anti-inflammatory activity was observed with white and Mycogen sorghum bran varieties or with oat, wheat, or rice brans in the mouse ear model. The anti-inflammatory activity observed with these brans correlated with their phenolic content and antioxidant activity. These results demonstrate that select sorghum bran varieties possess significant anti-inflammatory activity.

Consistency and Vote Buying: Income, Education, and Attitudes about Vote Buying in Indonesia

George Ikbal Tawakkal,Wisnu Suhardono,Andrew D. Garner,Thomas Seitz 동아시아연구원 2017 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.17 No.3

This article examines ambivalence—the simultaneous holding of two or more conflicting values or beliefs about a political issue—among Indonesian citizens’ attitudes about vote buying. Using an original survey taken during the 2014 Indonesian elections, we analyze the factors related both to citizens’ normative views about vote buying and their willingness to accept gifts from candidates. A large number of citizens demonstrate ambivalence by viewing the practice as unjustified or corrupt and yet expressing willingness to accept money from candidates. We also examine the differential effects of education and income on these attitudes. Consistent with “demand side” theories of vote buying, low income creates economic pressure to accept money but does not influence normative attitudes about vote buying. Education, however, has a broader effect by influencing both normative attitudes and willingness to accept money. We consider implications of these results for Indonesian officials focused on reducing vote-buying behavior.

Voting their Conscience: Poverty, Education, Social Pressure and Vote Buying in Indonesia

Ari Pradhanawati,George Towar Ikbal Tawakkal,Andrew D. Garner 동아시아연구원 2019 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.19 No.1

When citizens are offered cash and gifts by candidates, they can either vote for candidates offering the money, refuse the money, or take the money and vote for whichever candidate they prefer (e.g., “vote their conscience”). Which citizens “vote their conscience” versus the other options available to them? This manuscript examines the effect of poverty, education, and social pressure on how citizens in the Central Java city of Semarang, Indonesia react to offers of cash from politicians. We find that poverty and education interact to create important and interesting patterns of responses. The citizens most likely to “vote their conscience” are those with lower income yet higher levels of formal education whereas higher income, more highly educated citizens are most likely to refuse the money. We also examine factors that create social pressure for citizens to “sell” their votes by supporting the candidates offering cash.

The bacterial type III-secreted protein AvrRps4 is a bipartite effector

Halane, Morgan K.,Kim, Sang Hee,Spears, Benjamin J.,Garner, Christopher M.,Rogan, Conner J.,Okafor, Elizabeth C.,Su, Jianbin,Bhattacharjee, Saikat,Gassmann, Walter Public Library of Science 2018 PLoS pathogens Vol.14 No.3

<▼1><P>Bacterial effector proteins secreted into host plant cells manipulate those cells to the benefit of the pathogen, but effector-triggered immunity (ETI) occurs when effectors are recognized by host resistance proteins. The RPS4/RRS1 pair recognizes the <I>Pseudomonas syringae</I> pv. pisi effector AvrRps4. AvrRps4 is processed <I>in planta</I> into AvrRps4<SUP>N</SUP> (133 amino acids), homologous to the N-termini of other effectors including the native <I>P</I>. <I>syringae</I> pv. tomato strain DC3000 effector HopK1, and AvrRps4<SUP>C</SUP> (88 amino acids). Previous data suggested that AvrRps4<SUP>C</SUP> alone is necessary and sufficient for resistance when overexpressed in heterologous systems. We show that delivering AvrRps4<SUP>C</SUP> from DC3000, but not from a DC3000 <I>hopK1</I><SUP><I>-</I></SUP> strain, triggers resistance in the Arabidopsis accession Col-0. Delivering AvrRps4<SUP>C</SUP> in tandem with AvrRps4<SUP>N</SUP>, or as a chimera with HopK1<SUP>N</SUP>, fully complements AvrRps4-triggered immunity. AvrRps4<SUP>N</SUP> in the absence of AvrRps4<SUP>C</SUP> enhances virulence in Col-0. In addition, AvrRps4<SUP>N</SUP> triggers a hypersensitive response in lettuce that is attenuated by coexpression of AvrRps4<SUP>C</SUP>, further supporting the role of AvrRps4<SUP>N</SUP> as a bona fide effector domain. Based on these results we propose that evolutionarily, fusion of AvrRps4<SUP>C</SUP> to AvrRps4<SUP>N</SUP> may have counteracted recognition of AvrRps4<SUP>N</SUP>, and that the plant <I>RPS4/RRS1</I> resistance gene pair was selected as a countermeasure. We conclude that AvrRps4 represents an unusual chimeric effector, with recognition in Arabidopsis by RPS4/RRS1 requiring the presence of both processed effector moieties.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author summary</B></P><P>An important component of the plant immune system relies on the detection of pathogen-derived effectors by immune receptors called resistance proteins. Bacterial pathogens inject effectors into the host cell via a dedicated secretion system to suppress defenses and to manipulate the physiology of the host cell to the pathogen's advantage. Usually, a single resistance protein recognizes a single effector, but an increasing number of exceptions and elaborations on this one-to-one relationship are known. The plant Arabidopsis uses a pair of resistance proteins, RRS1 and RPS4, to detect the effector AvrRps4. After injection into the cell, AvrRps4 is cleaved into two protein parts, and it had been assumed that only the C-terminal part needs to be present to trigger RPS4/RRS1. We show here that both AvrRps4 parts are required for triggering resistance in Arabidopsis, and that the N-terminal part, which previously had been assumed to only function in effector secretion into the host cell, in fact on its own has some functions of an effector. This conclusion is supported by the observation that the N-terminal part of AvrRps4 is sufficient to trigger resistance in lettuce. The fusion of the two AvrRps4 parts may have arisen to counteract plant defenses.</P></▼2>

Cervical Vagal Nerve Stimulation Activates the Stellate Ganglion in Ambulatory Dogs

이경석,Chia-Hsiang Hsueh,Jessica A. Hellyer,박형욱,이영수,Jason Garlie,Patrick Onkka,Anisiia T. Doytchinova,John B. Garner,Jheel Patel,Lan S. Chen,Michael C. Fishbein,Thomas Everett 4th,Shien-Fong Lin,Peng-She 대한심장학회 2015 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.45 No.2

Background and Objectives: Recent studies showed that, in addition to parasympathetic nerves, cervical vagal nerves contained significantsympathetic nerves. We hypothesized that cervical vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) may capture the sympathetic nerves within the vagalnerve and activate the stellate ganglion. Materials and Methods: We recorded left stellate ganglion nerve activity (SGNA), left thoracic vagal nerve activity (VNA), and subcutaneouselectrocardiogram in seven dogs during left cervical VNS with 30 seconds on-time and 30 seconds off time. We then compared theSGNA between VNS on and off times. Results: Cervical VNS at moderate (0.75 mA) output induced large SGNA, elevated heart rate (HR), and reduced HR variability, suggestingsympathetic activation. Further increase of the VNS output to >1.5 mA increased SGNA but did not significantly increase the HR, suggestingsimultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activation. The differences of integrated SGNA and integrated VNA between VNSon and off times (ΔSGNA) increased progressively from 5.2 mV-s {95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25–9.06, p=0.018, n=7} at 1.0 mA to13.7 mV-s (CI: 5.97–21.43, p=0.005, n=7) at 1.5 mA. The difference in HR (ΔHR, bpm) between on and off times was 5.8 bpm (CI: 0.28–11.29, p=0.042, n=7) at 1.0 mA and 5.3 bpm (CI 1.92 to 12.61, p=0.122, n=7) at 1.5 mA. Conclusion: Intermittent cervical VNS may selectively capture the sympathetic components of the vagal nerve and excite the stellateganglion at moderate output. Increasing the output may result in simultaneously sympathetic and parasympathetic capture.