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- 저자 : Andrew D. Garner (검색결과 3 건)
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Rohs, Patricia D. A.,Buss, Jackson,Sim, Sue I.,Squyres, Georgia R.,Srisuknimit, Veerasak,Smith, Mandy,Cho, Hongbaek,Sjodt, Megan,Kruse, Andrew C.,Garner, Ethan C.,Walker, Suzanne,Kahne, Daniel E.,Bern Public Library of Science 2018 PLoS genetics Vol.14 No.10
<▼1><P>Cell elongation in rod-shaped bacteria is mediated by the Rod system, a conserved morphogenic complex that spatially controls cell wall assembly by the glycan polymerase RodA and crosslinking enzyme PBP2. Using <I>Escherichia coli</I> as a model system, we identified a PBP2 variant that promotes Rod system function when essential accessory components of the machinery are inactivated. This PBP2 variant hyperactivates cell wall synthesis in vivo and stimulates the activity of RodA-PBP2 complexes in vitro. Cells with the activated synthase also exhibited enhanced polymerization of the actin-like MreB component of the Rod system. Our results define an activation pathway governing Rod system function in which PBP2 conformation plays a central role in stimulating both glycan polymerization by its partner RodA and the formation of cytoskeletal filaments of MreB to orient cell wall assembly. In light of these results, previously isolated mutations that activate cytokinesis suggest that an analogous pathway may also control cell wall synthesis by the division machinery.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author summary</B></P><P>The cell wall of bacteria determines their shape and protects them from osmotic lysis. Two enzymatic activities are required for cell wall synthesis: glycan polymerization and crosslinking. A major new family of glycan polymerases was recently discovered and was proposed to work in complex with crosslinking enzymes called penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). How the activities of these enzymes are coordinated to prevent the toxic generation of uncrosslinked glycans has remained unknown. Our analysis of the cell elongation system of <I>Escherichia coli</I> has revealed that this coupling is mediated by changes in the PBP that activate glycan chain synthesis by the polymerase. Furthermore, we present genetic evidence that this activation event is mediated by a component of the elongation machinery with a previously unknown function. Discovery of this activation pathway provides new mechanistic insight into the cell wall biogenesis process and identifies a new avenue to disrupt it for antibiotic development.</P></▼2>
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Voting their Conscience: Poverty, Education, Social Pressure and Vote Buying in Indonesia
Ari Pradhanawati,George Towar Ikbal Tawakkal,Andrew D. Garner 동아시아연구원 2019 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.19 No.1
When citizens are offered cash and gifts by candidates, they can either vote for candidates offering the money, refuse the money, or take the money and vote for whichever candidate they prefer (e.g., “vote their conscience”). Which citizens “vote their conscience” versus the other options available to them? This manuscript examines the effect of poverty, education, and social pressure on how citizens in the Central Java city of Semarang, Indonesia react to offers of cash from politicians. We find that poverty and education interact to create important and interesting patterns of responses. The citizens most likely to “vote their conscience” are those with lower income yet higher levels of formal education whereas higher income, more highly educated citizens are most likely to refuse the money. We also examine factors that create social pressure for citizens to “sell” their votes by supporting the candidates offering cash.
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Consistency and Vote Buying: Income, Education, and Attitudes about Vote Buying in Indonesia
George Ikbal Tawakkal,Wisnu Suhardono,Andrew D. Garner,Thomas Seitz 동아시아연구원 2017 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.17 No.3
This article examines ambivalence—the simultaneous holding of two or more conflicting values or beliefs about a political issue—among Indonesian citizens’ attitudes about vote buying. Using an original survey taken during the 2014 Indonesian elections, we analyze the factors related both to citizens’ normative views about vote buying and their willingness to accept gifts from candidates. A large number of citizens demonstrate ambivalence by viewing the practice as unjustified or corrupt and yet expressing willingness to accept money from candidates. We also examine the differential effects of education and income on these attitudes. Consistent with “demand side” theories of vote buying, low income creates economic pressure to accept money but does not influence normative attitudes about vote buying. Education, however, has a broader effect by influencing both normative attitudes and willingness to accept money. We consider implications of these results for Indonesian officials focused on reducing vote-buying behavior.
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