사람면역결핍바이러스 감염 및 후천면역결핍증후군의 진단검사

황상현,양정석,오흥범 대한의사협회 2024 대한의사협회지 Vol.67 No.3

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection presents a major global health challenge. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 39.0 million people have HIV, as of 2022, with 1.3 million new infections annually. In Korea, the first HIV cases were reported in 1985, and the number of cases has increased continuously since 1988. In 2022, 1,066 cases were newly diagnosed, increasing the total number of cases to approximately 15,880. Current Concepts: Diagnostics play a crucial role in the management of HIV, for early diagnosis and initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Approval of the first HIV antibody test in 1985 by the US Food and Drug Administration marked a notable advance in the ability to diagnose HIV infection. The screening test for HIV infection typically consists of a two-step approach, in which a fourth-generation combination HIV-1/2 immunoassay is followed by a confirmatory Western blot. Despite its high accuracy for chronic infections, the window period and the early-stage of HIV infections are problematic, and populations with low HIV prevalence show a low positive predictive value. A false positive result can occur from blood transfusions, vaccinations, and autoantibodies. Novel diagnostic tools, such as nucleic acid testing for viral RNA/DNA and antigen testing for p24 antigen have reduced the window period, allowing for earlier detection and differentiation between HIV-1 and HIV-2. Pointof- care tests are beneficial in resource-limited settings although their lower sensitivity and specificity require additional confirmatory follow-up testing. Discussion and Conclusion: In this review, we provide a historical perspective on the evolution of HIV diagnostics (serological and molecular) and describe the roles of conventional and point-of-care testing within the laboratory diagnostic network.

Development of a Document Management System for the Standardization of Clinical Laboratory Documents

황상현,정선경,강수진,차효성,정승현,이도훈 대한진단검사의학회 2013 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.33 No.6

Background: Documentation is very important; a considerable number of documents exist for use in accreditation inspection. However, most laboratories do not effectively manage the processes of documentation, organization, and storage. The purpose of this study was to facilitate the establishment of a strategically effective and sustainably standardized document management system. Methods: A document code formatting system was modified by comparing the document list data received from 3 major university hospitals. In addition, a questionnaire regarding document code standardization was created and sent to 268 institutes to establish document classifications and generate a standard coding scheme. A computerized document management system was developed. Results: Only 32% (8 out of 25 institutes) answered that they were able to identify all of the document types and their numbers. In total, 76% of institutes (19 out of 25) answered that a systematic document management system was necessary. Disorganized document files were systemized by classifying them into 8 major groups according to their characteristics: patient test records (T), test quality control (Q), manuals (M), equipment and environment management (E), statistics (S), division administration (A), department administration (R), and others (X). Conclusions: Our documentation system may serve as a basis for the standardization of documents and the creation of a document management system for all hospital laboratories.

Burkholderia cepacia에 의한 피부감염 2예

황상현,민정,김윤환,이승재,박지혜,이가영,김원석 대한피부과학회 2014 대한피부과학회지 Vol.52 No.8

남포층군 아미산층의 화석에 대한 연구

황상현,황규철 한국지구과학회 1986 한국지구과학회지 Vol.7 No.1

Apo(a) Pentanucleotide (TTTTA) Repeat Polymorphism의 대립인자 분포

황상현,김우양,전사일,민원기 대한임상병리학회 2000 대한임상병리학회지 Vol.20 No.3

전방시현기 및 다기능시현기 구동을 위한 그래픽 영상생성기 설계 연구

황상현,이재억,박덕배 한국군사과학기술학회 2002 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.5 No.2

This paper presents the design technology of a Graphic Generator which drives the embedded aircraft display equipments such as HUD(Head-Up Display) and MFD (Multi-Function Display) those provide pilot with the most important mission information. The main issue of this design is how we can implement the real-time embedded graphic generator using a general purpose processor as a substitute for the obsolete the production of specific graphic processor in the military market. So we proposed two kinds of method that one is a software solution so called graphic kernel system, interpreting the display file, controlling the graphic system and pre-processing graphic primitives, the other is a hardware solution so called graphic engine, interpreting passed commands through the graphic kernel system, post-processing the looping calculation taking much of time as implemented by software. We have tested and verified the functionalities and the required performance of Graphic Generator.

조종사 헬멧 자세추적기 설계 연구

황상현,정철주,김동성 한국항공우주학회 2015 한국항공우주학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2015 No.11

본 논문에서는 항공기 조종사 헬멧에 장착된 HMD(헬멧시현기, Helmet Mounted Display)에 비행정보 및 임무정보를 조종사의 시선(Line of Sight)과 일치시켜 시현하기 위한 HPT(헬멧자세추적기, Helmet PoseTracker)를 개발하는 연구내용을 다루고 있다. HMD 시스템의 기능과 성능은 HPT의 성능에 상당히 의존하는 경향이 있다. 본 연구에서는 실시간성을 보장하고 정확도를 높이기 위해 관성센서와 광학식센서의 데이타를 융합처리하여 다양한 운용환경에서도 강건한 성능을 갖는 HPT를 개발하는데 목표를 두고 있다. 본 논문은 HPT의 필요성, 목표성능 분석 및 설계에 대해 기술하고 향후 연구방향에 대해 고찰한다. This paper describes the development study of HPT(Helmet Pose Tracker) providing coincident LOS(Line of Sight) between own aircraft and HMD(Helmet Mounted Display) which displays flight and mission information mounted on Pilot helmet. The functionality and performance of HMD system strongly depends on the performance of helmet tracking system. The Design goals of HPT are to meet real-time performance by predicting non-periodic latency and high accuracy performance. We proposed a robust hybrid technology that make a fusion optical and inertial tracking method. The necessity of HPT design, requirement analysis and design are described in this paper.

법인세수 변화의 원인과 정책적 시사점

황상현,유진성 한국경제연구원 2015 한국경제연구원 연구보고서 Vol.2015 No.6

법인세의 기업고용효과분석 – 한계실효세율을 중심으로

황상현,설윤,이선화 한국기업경영학회 2016 기업경영연구 Vol.23 No.2

In view of management of a firm, a firm employment is an independent decision by firm managements. The firm employment owns the property of independent to explain other variables, while firm employment has the dependent property which is explained by other independent variables. In Business, recently an interest on firm employment is recently extended to product and process innovation, and financial variables which explains firm employment as major variables from the effect of technical innovations or R&D. However, corporate tax burden as other factors to explain firm employment is not much considered as research subject. Under this background, our interest is to extend to explore the relationship between corporate tax and firm employment. Compared to existing studies, our paper is the first analysis using marginal tax rate for analysis and marginal tax rate is defined as the tax rate of return occurred from additional one unit of investment. In economics and business, marginal tax rate as well as average tax rate are important concept for financial decision maker and business manager. Using Korean firm-level data from 1986 to 2012, this paper empirically analyzes the effect of corporate tax burden on firms’ employment. We first estimate an average and marginal effective tax rate and, then construct an dynamic employment model which is present in form of an persistence of labor panel regression model. To solve the problem of endogeneity, we utilize the first-difference GMM and empirical results are compared to the first-step and the second-step estimation. This econometric approach allows us to provide more precise estimates for better understanding what the effect of firm tax burden on firm employment under dynamic panel setting. Our results contribute to the existing literature in view of using a marginal effective tax rate. We compare results for average tax rate and marginal rax rate under different specifications. For the various estimation results, we find the significant negative effect of tax burden on employment for both tax rates. Thus, when tax rate increases, then firm employment decreases and results hold when firms face different tax burdens. This implies the decision for firm employment by manager of firm is affected by the government policy for corporate tax. For comparison between Large and S&M enterprise, the effect on employment is significant negative for the Large firms but is not significant for the S&M enterprise. For results for average effective rate, we find the significant negative effect of on employment for only the Large firms using the first-step GMM and second-step GMM and also these results are the same for marginal effective tax rate. We explain that positive effect for employment is from larger scale effect rather than substitute effect occurring when corporate tax burden exists. These results are robust for both the first-step and the second-step GMM using an average and marginal effective tax rate. Government would anticipate effective policy effect for the Large enterprise rather than the S&M enterprise when they implement the corporate tax policy. 경영분야에서 기업고용을 설명하는 주요 변수에 대한 관심은 주로 기술혁신이나 연구개발의 효과에 대해 분석하거나 제품이나 공정혁신, 최근에는 재무관련 변수의 역할에 대한 관심으로 확장되어 오고 있다. 본 연구는 우리나라 상장기업을 대상으로 법인세가 고용에 어떻게 미치는지를 실증 분석하였다. 1986~2012년 동안 기업수준(firm-level)에서 우리나라의 기업별 평균실효세율과 한계실효세율의 법인세와 고용의 동태적모형을 구성하고 이러한 모형을 이용하는 경우 발생할 수 있는 내생성 문제를 해결하기 위해 1계 차분 일반화된 적률법(Generalized Method of Moments: GMM)의 방법론을 이용하였다. 실증분석 결과, 평균유효세율과 한계유효세율 모두 기업의 고용에 음(-)의 유의한 영향을 미치는 것을 발견하였다. 이는 정부의 법인세 정책에 따라 기업의 고용에 대한 의사결정이 영향을 받을 수 있음을 의미한다. 전체표본을 대기업과 중소기업으로 분할하여 분석한 결과 둘 다 음(-)의 값으로 추정되었으나 중소기업보다 대기업의 효과가 통계적으로 유의하고 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 법인세 효과는 대기업 그룹에 더 큰 것으로 나타나 상대적으로 고용이 증가하는 대체효과보다 규모의 효과가 더 큰 것으로 해석할 수 있으며 기업의 특성과 규모에 따라 달라질 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 정부가 법인세 인하로 인한 고용효과를 기대하는 경우 중소기업보다는 대기업의 고용효과가 상대적으로 크게 나타날 수 있음을 시사한다.

한국인의 HLA-A, -B, -C 대립유전자와 일배체형 분포

황상현,오흥범,양진혁,권오중,신은순 대한진단검사의학회 2004 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.24 No.6

Background : The HLA system is known to be the most polymorphic gene cluster in the human genome. HLA allele and haplotype distribution varies widely among different ethnic groups. In this study, we examined the frequency of HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in 309 healthy Koreans. Methods : We typed HLA-A, -B, and -C genes at the allelic level in 109 unrelated Korean individuals using a sequence-based typing. With the additional data of 200 healthy Koreans from dbMHC (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mhc/), allele and haplotype frequencies were estimated by the maximum likelihood method. Serological typing results of 49 individuals were compared with the results highly resolved. Results : A total of 22 HLA-A, 41 HLA-B, and 21 HLA-C alleles were found in this study. Alleles showing frequencies of more than 10% in each HLA locus were A*2402 (22.5%), A*0201 (15.7%), A*3303 (14.4%), A*1101 (11.0%), B*5101 (12.1%), Cw*0102 (18.8%), and Cw*1402 (10.2%). The most common A-B-C haplotypes at a frequency of more than 3% were A*3303-B*5801-Cw*0302 (5.2%), A*2402-B*5101-Cw*1402 (4.5%), A*1101-B*1501-Cw*0401 (4.3%), A*3303-B*4403-Cw*1403 (4.0%), A*3001-B*1302-Cw*0602 (3.7%), and A*0207-B*4601-Cw*0102 (3.2%). Misassignment of HLA-C antigen by serotyping was detected in 11 (22.4%) of 49 individuals. Conclusions : Our results will be useful as a basic data for studies on anthropology, disease association, and bone marrow transplantation. Misidentification of HLA-C by serotyping is so high that it would be desirable to perform a DNA typing especially in unrelated bone marrow transplantation. (Korean J Lab Med 2004; 24: 396-404) 배경 : HLA 유전자는 인간 게놈 유전자 중에서 다형성이 가장심한 유전자 중의 하나로 알려져 있으며, 종족에 따라 그 유전자빈도가 큰 차이를 보인다. 본 연구에서는 309명의 건강한 한국인을 대상으로 HLA-A, -B, -C의 대립유전자 빈도 및 일배체형 빈도를 알아보고자 하였다.방법 : 109명의 정상 한국인을 대상으로 직접염기서열분석법으로 HLA-A, -B, -C의 대립유전자를 결정하였으며 dbMHC (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mhc/)에 공개된 200명의 정상 한국인자료를 이용하여 총 309명에서 HLA 대립유전자 빈도 및 일배체형 빈도를 구하였다. 혈청학적 검사가 이루어졌던 49명에 대해 항원동정 오류를 분석하였다.결과 : 본 연구에서 HLA-A 대립유전자는 2종, HLA-B는41종, HLA-C는 21종을 확인하였다. 10% 이상의 높은 빈도를 보이는 대립유전자는 A*2402 (22.5%), A *0201 (15.7%), A *3303(14.4%), A *1101 (11.0%), B *5101 (12.1%), Cw *0102 (18.8%),Cw*1402 (10.2%) 등 모두 7 종이었고, 3% 이상의 높은 빈도를보이는 A-B-C 일배체형은 A *3303-B*5801-Cw*0302 (5.2%),A*2402-B*5101-Cw*1402 (4.5%), A *1101-B*1501-Cw*0401(4.3%), A *3303-B*4403-Cw*1403 (4.0%), A *3001-B*1302-Cw*0602 (3.7%), A *0207-B*4601-Cw*0102 (3.2%) 등 6종이었다. 혈청학적 검사가 이루어졌던 49명 중 1명 (22.4%)에서는HLA-C에서 혈청학적 항원 동정이 잘못된 것으로 확인되었다. 결론 : 본 연구로 얻어진 대립유전자 및 일배체형 빈도는 인류학적 연구와 골수이식 및 질환연관성 연구에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 혈청학적 HLA-Cw 항원동정에서 오류가 많이 관찰된 점을 고려할 때 비혈연 골수 이식에서는 DNA 검사를 통해 항원을 정확히 검사하는 것이 바람직하겠다.