콩 GAP 모델 확립을 위한 재배환경의 위해요소 조사 및 분석

김경열,송정언,허록원,이원경,남민지,김정숙,심원보,길중권,정찬식,박금룡,정덕화 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2010 농업생명과학연구 Vol.44 No.6

콩 GAP 모델 확립을 위해 경남 창녕에 소재한 콩 재배농가 3 곳을 선정하여 각 재배환경에 대한 물리 적, 화학적(중금속) 및 생물학적(위생지표세균, 병원성 미생물) 위해요소를 분석하였다. 재배환경에 대한 물리적 위해요소로는 토양과 농업용수에 혼입될 수 있는 이물 등으로 확인되었고, 화학적 위해요소 중 토 양과 농업용수에서의 중금속 (Cd:0.01~0.103, Cu:0.001~6.036, As:0.006~3.045, Hg:ND~0.041, Pb:0.003~3.952, Cr+6:0.007~0.496, Zn:0.001~66.500, Ni:0.003~18.010)이 모두 허용기준치 이하로 검출되었다. 생물학적 위해요소의 경우, 위생지표세균은 토양에서 일반세균과 대장균군이 6.0±0.3 및 3.6±1.6 log CFU/g, 농업용수는 3.5±0.7 및 1.9±0.7 log CFU/mL 수준으로 각각 검출되었고, E. coli 는 모든 시료에서 불검출 되었다. 그러나 농업용수에서 대장균군이 허용기준치를 초과하였고, E. coli O157도 토양 중에서 약 22%가 검출됨에 따라 분변오염 방지를 위한 적절한 방안이 필요할 것으로 판단 된다. 결론적으로 재배환경 중 물리적 및 화학적 위해요소 (중금속)의 오염수준은 허용기준에 적합했지만, 생 물학적 위해요소의 경우 농업용수에서 대장균군이 기준치를 초과함에 따라 최종산물로의 교차오염을 방지 하기 위한 체계적인 관리방안이 모색되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. Soybean farms in Changnyeong were selected for hazard analysis to establish the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) model of soybean, and physical, chemical(heavy metal) and biological(sanitary indications, foodborne pathogens) hazard analysis for cultivation environment (soil, water) was carried out. First, bow which is able to be mixed in soil and water was confirmed as physical hazard. Levels (Cd:0.01~0.103, Cu:0.001~6.036, As:0.006~3.045, Hg:ND~0.041, Pb:0.003~3.952, Cr +6 :0.007~0.496, Zn:0.001~66.500, Ni:0.003~18.010) of heavy metals in soil and water were appropriate for GAP criteria. In biological hazard, APC and coliform in soil were detected at the levels of 6.0±0.3 and 3.6±1.6 log CFU/g, and levels of water were 3.5±0.7 and 1.9±0.7 log CFU/mL, while E. coli wasn’t detected in all sample. However, coliform in water wasn’t appropriate for criteria, and E. coli O157 was detected about 22% in some farms, so it needs ways to prevent contamination by human and animals excrements. In conclusion, it needs proper management to prevent cross-contamination of hazards although physical and chemical hazard level were appropriate for GAP criteria while biological hazard wasn’t.

농산물우수관리제도 (GAP) 적용을 위한 고추농가의 미생물학적 위해도 평가

남민지,허록원,이원경,김경열,정도영,김정숙,심원보,정덕화 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2011 농업생명과학연구 Vol.45 No.6

The objective of this study was to determine microbiological risk factors in hot pepper farms for the application of good agricultural practices (GAP). Samples were collected from cultivation environments and utensils, plants, workers, and air at 3 hot pepper farms located in Cheongsong, Korea and were tested to detect sanitary indications [aerobic plate bacteria (APC), coliform, and Escherichia coli], foodborne pathogens, and fungi. APC, coliform, and fungi were detected at the levels of 0.7~6.2, 0.2~4.7, and 0.4~4.3 log CFU, respectively, in the three farms. Four (4.4%; l leaf, l irrigation water, and 2 soil) of 90 samples collected were revealed to be E. coli positives. For foodborne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus was only detected at 1.0 log CFU/100 cm2 in the worker's cloth of B farm, and Bacillus cereus was detected at the levels 1.0~2.5 log CFU in the cultivation environments and utensils and worker of B and C farms. However, other pathogens were not detected. The results demonstrated potential microbiological risks for hot pepper cultivated in the farms. Therefore, a management system to minimize the microbial risk such as GAP is required to ensure the safety of hot pepper. 본 연구에서는 고추재배 농가에 대한 농산물우수관리제도(Good agricultural practices, GAP) 적용을 위한 미생물학적 위해분석을 수행하였다. 경북 청송에 위치한 고추재배 농가 3곳을 선정한 후 재배환경·도구, 작물, 작업자 및 공중낙하균에 대하여 시료를 수집하였고, 위생지표세균, 병원성 미생물 및 곰팡이를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 일반세균, 대장균군 및 곰팡이는 3 곳의 농가에서 각각 0.7~6.2, 0.2~4.7, 0.4~4.3 log CFU 수준으로 확인되었고 총 90점의 시료 중 4점의 시료(작물 잎 1점, 농업용수 1점 및 토양 2점)에서 대장균이 검출되었다. 병원성 미생물 Staphylococcus aureus의 경우 B 농가의 작업복에서만 1.0 log CFU/100 cm2로 검출되었고, Bacillus cereus는 B와 C 농가의 재배환경·도구와 작업자에서 1.0~2.5 log CFU 수준으로 확인되었다. 그러나 다른 병원성 미생물의 경우는 모든 시료에서 검출한계이하의 수준으로 검출되었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 농가에서 재배되고 있는 고추에 대한 잠재적인 미생물학적 위해가 확인되었고, 이를 최소화할 수 있는 관리시스템, 예를 들면 GAP와 같은 관리시스템이 미생물학적 위해로부터 고추의 안전성 확보를 위해 적용되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Artemisia annua Leaf Extract Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

김경은,고건희,허록원,이진옥,신현주,김준영,박재호,남상해,김화진,노구섭 한국식품영양과학회 2016 Journal of medicinal food Vol.19 No.3

Artemisia annua L. (AA) is a well-known source of the antimalarial drug artemisinin. AA also has an antibacterial and antioxidant activity. However, the effect of AA extract on hepatic steatosis induced by obesity is unclear. We investigated whether AA extract prevents obesity-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Mice were randomly divided into groups that received a normal chow diet or HFD with or without AA for 12 weeks. We found that AA extract reduced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed mice. Western blot analysis showed that HFD-induced expression of nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein in the livers was decreased by AA extract. In particular, dietary administration of AA extract decreased hepatic highmobility group box 1 and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in HFD-fed mice. AA extract also attenuated HFD-induced collagen deposition and fibrosis-related transforming growth factor-β1 and connective tissue growth factor. These data indicate that dietary AA extract has beneficial effects on hepatic steatosis and inflammation in HFD-fed mice.

GAP 모델 확립을 위한 토마토 농장 수확단계의 위해요소 조사 및 분석

이채원,이치엽,허록원,김경열,심원보,심상인,정덕화 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2012 농업생명과학연구 Vol.46 No.4

Samples collected from six tomato farms(A, B, C : soil culture, D, E, F : Nutriculture) located in Gyeongsangnam-do were tested for the analyses of biological(sanitary indications, major foodborne pathogens, fungi), chemical(heavy metals, pesticides) and physical hazards. The highest levels of total bacteria(7.5 log CFU/g) and coliforms(5.0 log CFU/g) in soil culture farms were higher than those of nutriculture farms(total bacteria: 2.5 log CFU/mL, coliforms: 0.6 log CFU/mL). In crops and personal hygiene soil culture farms showed a slightly higher contamination levels. From all farms, the levels of fungi in soil farms were higher than those of nutrient solution. In case of major pathogens, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in all sample with the exception of nutrient solution. Meantime, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, E.coli O157 and Salmonella spp. were not detected. For airborne bacteria, soilculture farms showed less contamination than nutriculture farms. A piece of glass and can was confirmed asphysical hazards. Heavy metal(Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Hg, Zn, Ni and As) and pesticide residues as chemical hazards were detected, but their levels were lower than the regulation limit. These results demonstrate that potential hazards on harvesting stage of tomato fam were exposed. Therefore, proper management is needed to prevent biological hazards due to cross-contamination, while physical and chemical hazards were in appropriate levels based on GAP criteria. 본 연구에서는 안전한 토마토를 생산하기 위한 농산물우수관리제도(Good Agriculture Practices; GAP) 모델 확립의 기초 자료를 제공하고자 경남에 소재한 토마토 재배 농가 중 토경 재배 3 농가와 양액 재배 3 농가를 대상으로 수확단계에서의 생물학적(위생지표세균, 병원성 미생물, 곰팡이), 화학적(중금속, 농약) 및 물리적 위해요소를 조사하였다. 먼저 생물학적 위해요소 분석결과, 일반세균과 대장균군은 토경재배 농장의 토양에서 최대 7.5 및 5.0 log CFU/g으로 양액재배 농장의 양액보다 0.1~2.8 log CFU/g 높은 수준으로 검출되었다. 그 외 다른 시료에서의 일반세균 및 대장균군의 경우 토경재배 농장에서는 1.7~6.5 및 0.3~2.9 log CFU/g, leaf, mL, hand or 100cm2로 검출되었고 양액재배 농장에서는 각각 1.1~5.7 및 0.1~4.0 log CFU/g, leaf, mL, hand or 100cm2로 검출되었다. 대장균은 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았으며, 곰팡이의 경우 전체적으로 0.2~5.0 log CFU/g, leaf, mL, hand or 100cm2 수준으로 검출되었다. 병원성 미생물은 Bacillus cereus와 Staphylococcus aureus만 양액을 제외한 대부분의 시료에서 검출되었으며, 공중낙하균은 토경재배 농장에서 0.4~1.6 log CFU/plate, 양액재배 농장에서 0.1~1.0 log CFU/plate 수준으로 검출되었다. 화학적 위해요소인 중금속(Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Hg, Zn, Ni 및 As)과 잔류농약은 모든 시료에서 국내 허용기준치 이하로 검출되었고, 물리적 위해요소는 다른 위해요소에 비해 발생가능성은 낮지만 유리조각, 캔 등으로 확인되었다.

Myeloid-specific SIRT1 Deletion Aggravates Hepatic Inflammation and Steatosis in High-fat Diet-fed Mice

김경은,김화진,허록원,신현주,이친옥,이동훈,김현준,강상수,조경제,최완성,노구섭 대한약리학회 2015 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.19 No.5

Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a mammalian NAD+ -dependent protein deacetylase that regulates cellular metabolism and inflammatory response. The organ-specific deletion of SIRT1 induces local inflammation and insulin resistance in dietary and genetic obesity. Macrophage-mediated inflammation contributes to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, however, the macrophage-specific SIRT1 function in the context of obesity is largely unknown. C57/BL6 wild type (WT) or myeloid-specific SIRT1 knockout (KO) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or normal diet (ND) for 12 weeks. Metabolic parameters and markers of hepatic steatosis and inflammation in liver were compared in WT and KO mice. SIRT1 deletion enhanced HFD-induced changes on body and liver weight gain, and increased glucose and insulin resistance. In liver, SIRT1 deletion increased the acetylation, and enhanced HFD-induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), hepatic inflammation and macrophage infiltration. HFD-fed KO mice showed severe hepatic steatosis by activating lipogenic pathway through sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), and hepatic fibrogenesis, as indicated by induction of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and collagen secretion. Myeloid-specific deletion of SIRT1 stimulates obesity-induced inflammation and increases the risk of hepatic fibrosis. Targeted induction of macrophage SIRT1 may be a good therapy for alleviating inflammation-associated metabolic syndrome.

Exendin-4 Improves Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Glucose Transporter 4 Expression in ob/ob Mice

김석,노구섭,정태식,김화진,허록원,이진옥,이정은,전병탁,김원호,함종렬 대한약리학회 2014 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.18 No.4

Exendin-4 (Ex-4), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, has been known to reversehepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice. Although many studies have evaluated molecular targets of Ex-4, itsmechanism of action on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis has not fully been determined. In the liver,glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is mainly expressed in hepatocytes, endothelial cells and hepatic stellatecells (HSCs). In the present study, the effects of Ex-4 on GLUT4 expression were determined in theliver of ob/ob mice. Ob/ob mice were treated with Ex-4 for 10 weeks. Serum metabolic parameters,hepatic triglyceride levels, and liver tissues were evaluated for hepatic steatosis. The weights of thewhole body and liver in ob/ob mice were reduced by long-term Ex-4 treatment. Serum metabolicparameters, hepatic steatosis, and hepatic fibrosis in ob/ob mice were reduced by Ex-4. Particularly,Ex-4 improved hepatic steatosis by enhancing GLUT4 via GLP-1R activation in ob/ob mice. Ex-4treatment also inhibited hepatic fibrosis by decreasing expression of connective tissue growth factorin HSCs of ob/ob mice. Our data suggest that GLP-1 agonists exert a protective effect on hepaticsteatosis and fibrosis in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

토마토 농산물우수관리제도(GAP)모델 확립을 위한 재배단계 위

박수희,정덕화,권우현,허록원,김경열,심원보,심상인 한국식품위생안전성학회 2012 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.27 No.2

The objective of this study was to analyze hazards for the growing stage of 6 tomato farms (A, B,C; soli farms, D, E, F; Nutriculture farms) located in Gyeongsangnam-do to establish the good agricultural practices (GAP). A total of 144 samples for analyzing hazards collected from cultivation environments (irrigation water, soil,nutrient solution, and air) and personal hygiene (hands, gloves, and cloths) were assessed for biological (sanitary indications and major food borne pathogens) and chemical hazards (heavy metals). Total bacteria, coliform, and fungi were detected at levels of 0.2-7.2, 0.0-6.1, and 0.0-5.4 log CFU/g, mL, hand or 100 cm2, respectively. Escherichia coli were only detected in the soil sample from B farm. In case of pathogens, Bacillus cereus was detected at levels of 0.0-4.4 log CFU/(g, mL, hand or 100 cm2), whereas Staphylococuus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157, and Salmonella spp. were not detected in all samples. Heavy metals as a chemical hazard were detected in soil and irrigation water, but levels of them were lower than the permit limit. In conclusion, chemical hazard levels complied with GAP criteria, but biological hazards at the growing stage of tomato farms were confirmed. Therefore a proper management to prevent microbial contamination is needed.

대학 내 급식소의 안전성 확보를 위한 미생물학적 안전성 평가

김경열,정덕화,심원보,남민지,남보람,류희정,허록원 한국식품위생안전성학회 2010 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.25 No.1

The objectives of this study were to investigate the microbial contamination levels on food service in university and to provide the information of microbial contamination to improve food safety. A total of 288 samples were collected during summer and winter season between 2006 and 2008 from 4 food services located in the university in Western Gyeongnam and were used to detect sanitary indicator bacteria [aerobic plate count (APC), coliform,and Escherichia coli] and pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp.). As a result, APC and coliform for hand and kitchen utensils which are used often by the employee were detected at high levels of 1.1~5.5and 1.3~5.3 log CFU/(100 cm2, hand), respectively. The contamination levels of APC and coliform in cooked foods and drinking water were 0.8~6.4 and 1.3~5.0 log CFU/(g, mL), respectively. Especially, the cooked foods showed the highest contamination for APC (2.1~6.4 log CFU/g) and coliform (1.0~5.0 log CFU/g). We think the reason that the cooked foods may be contaminated with APC and coliform on cooking process by using employee’s hand and kitchen utensils. Moreover, S. aureus for hand and kitchen utensils was detected at levels of 2.8~3.0 and 2.0~2.3 log CFU/(g,hand), but Salmonella spp. was not detected. According to the above results, contamination levels of the samples were mostly decreased irrespective of summer and winter season. The results obtained indicated that it is necessary to periodic monitoring for microorganism contamination and education about personal and environmental hygiene to employee for ensuring food safety of food service in university.

콩 GAP 모델 확립을 위한 재배환경의 위해요소 조사 및 분석

김경열,김정숙,심원보,정찬식,박금룡,정덕화,송정언,허록원,이원경,남민지,길중권 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2010 농업생명과학연구 Vol.44 No.6

Soybean farms in Changnyeong were selected for hazard analysis to establish the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) model of soybean, and physical, chemical(heavy metal) and biological(sanitary indications, foodborne pathogens) hazard analysis for cultivation environment (soil, water) was carried out. First, bow which is able to be mixed in soil and water was confirmed as physical hazard. Levels (Cd:0.01~0.103, Cu:0.001~6.036, As:0.006~3.045, Hg:ND~0.041, Pb:0.003~3.952, Cr+6:0.007~0.496, Zn:0.001~66.500, Ni:0.003~18.010) of heavy metals in soil and water were appropriate for GAP criteria. In biological hazard, APC and coliform in soil were detected at the levels of 6.0±0.3 and 3.6±1.6 log CFU/g, and levels of water were 3.5±0.7 and 1.9±0.7 log CFU/mL, while E. coli wasn’t detected in all sample. However, coliform in water wasn’t appropriate for criteria, and E. coli O157 was detected about 22% in some farms, so it needs ways to prevent contamination by human and animals excrements. In conclusion, it needs proper management to prevent cross-contamination of hazards although physical and chemical hazard level were appropriate for GAP criteria while biological hazard wasn’t. 콩 GAP 모델 확립을 위해 경남 창녕에 소재한 콩 재배농가 3 곳을 선정하여 각 재배환경에 대한 물리적, 화학적(중금속) 및 생물학적(위생지표세균, 병원성 미생물) 위해요소를 분석하였다. 재배환경에 대한 물리적 위해요소로는 토양과 농업용수에 혼입될 수 있는 이물 등으로 확인되었고, 화학적 위해요소 중 토양과 농업용수에서의 중금속 (Cd:0.01~0.103, Cu:0.001~6.036, As:0.006~3.045, Hg:ND~0.041, Pb:0.003~3.952, Cr+6:0.007~0.496, Zn:0.001~66.500, Ni:0.003~18.010)이 모두 허용기준치 이하로 검출되었다. 생물학적 위해요소의 경우, 위생지표세균은 토양에서 일반세균과 대장균군이 6.0±0.3 및 3.6±1.6 log CFU/g, 농업용수는 3.5±0.7 및 1.9±0.7 log CFU/mL 수준으로 각각 검출되었고, E. coli는 모든 시료에서 불검출 되었다. 그러나 농업용수에서 대장균군이 허용기준치를 초과하였고, E. coli O157도 토양 중에서 약 22%가 검출됨에 따라 분변오염 방지를 위한 적절한 방안이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 결론적으로 재배환경 중 물리적 및 화학적 위해요소 (중금속)의 오염수준은 허용기준에 적합했지만, 생물학적 위해요소의 경우 농업용수에서 대장균군이 기준치를 초과함에 따라 최종산물로의 교차오염을 방지하기 위한 체계적인 관리방안이 모색되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Effect of Low Dose γ-Irradiation on the Fate and Cell Envelope of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium

Adelard B. Mtenga,Neema Kassim,이원경,허록원,심원보,윤요한,정덕화 한국축산식품학회 2011 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.31 No.6

This study investigated the effect of low dose γ-irradiation on the damage of the cell envelopes and antibiotic sensitivity profiles of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium. The bacteria suspension in tryptic soy broth was exposed to the γ-irradiation doses of 0, 1, 1.5, 3, and 5 kGy, and then stored at 0oC for 24 h. A viability test, an antimicrobial sensitivity profile, and an electron microscopy were performed to observe the effects due to γ-irradiation treatment. B. cereus could survive the γ-irradiation up to 5 kGy while E. coli and S. Typhimurium were all deactivated at 1.5 kGy and 5kGy, respectively. At 5 kGy, the cell count of B. cereus was significantly reduced, and the survived bacteria cells retained their important features. There were no significant changes observed in the antimicrobial sensitivity profile (p>0.05) for the recovered bacteria after irradiation treatment. Low dose γ-irradiation below 3 kGy was found to be insufficient to achieve decontamination of B. cereus and S. Typhimurium. Cell envelope damage and deactivation of different bacteria did not occur in the same manner; thus, deferent doses of γ-irradiation may be required for deactivation of different bacteria.