사회경제적 발전에 따른 출산율과 성평등의 관계에 관한 연구

이제상,송유미 한국보건사회연구원 2023 保健社會硏究 Vol.43 No.4

As fertility rates in advanced countries rebound in the 21st century, theories studying this phenomenon state that the relationship between fertility rates and gender equality has a U-shaped relationship. However, this paper suggests that the relationship between fertility rate and gender equality is closer to inversely J-shaped than U-shaped, based on research showing that factors affecting fertility rates differ depending on the stage of socioeconomic development. The subjects of this study are 34 developed countries in the post-industrial stage and 111 developing countries in the industrial stage, and correlation and regression analysis are conducted on the two groups to find variables that affect fertility rates, and then to find out the determinants of fertility rates. The study found that women’s education level exhibited a strong negative relationship with the fertility rate in the industrial stage and a weak positive relationship in the post-industrial stage. The level of gender equality was not statistically significant in the industrial stage, and there was a strong positive relationship with the fertility rate in the post-industrial stage. Consequently, it was revealed that the level of education among women in the industrial stage and the level of gender equality in the post-industrial stage were the determinants of fertility rates, and that the relationship between the level of gender equality and the fertility rate was inversely J-shaped.

영남문집해제 : 청두집

이제상 영남대학교 민족문화연구소 1988 민족문화연구소 자료총서 Vol.4 No.-

Differences in Urodynamic Variables for Vesicoureteral Reflux Depending on the Neurogenic Bladder Type

이제상,구본일,신명준,장재혁,김수연,고현윤 대한재활의학회 2014 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.38 No.3

Objective To compare the urodynamic study variables at the onset of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) between the overactive and underactive bladders in patients with spinal cord injury who presented with VUR.Methods A total of 28 (13 cases of detrusor overactivity and 15 detrusor underactivity) men were enrolled. We compared the urodynamic variables between the two groups; detrusor pressure and bladder compliance, the infused volume at the onset of VUR measured on a voiding cystourethrography and cystometric capacity, maximum detrusor pressure, and bladder compliance during filling cystometry were recorded.Results At the onset of VUR, the bladder volume and compliance, except for the detrusor pressure, showed a significant difference between the two groups. The detrusor pressure, bladder volume, and bladder compliance relative to the cystometric capacity showed a significant difference between the two groups. The detrusor pressure, bladder volume, and bladder compliance at the onset of VUR relative to the cystometric bladder capacity did not show any significant difference between the two groups.Conclusion There were differences in some variables at the onset of VUR depending on the type of neurogenic bladder. The VUR occurred at a lower capacity in neurogenic bladder with detrusor overactivity than in neurogenic bladder with detrusor underactivity at the same pressure. VUR occurred at a lower intravesical pressure compared to that known as the critical detrusor pressure (≥40 cm H2O) required for the development of VUR. The results of our study demonstrate that the detrusor pressure should be maintained lower than the well known effective critical detrusor pressure for the prevention and treatment of VUR.

혈청 갑상샘자극호르몬수용체 자가항체와 갑상샘눈병증의 중증도 및 활동성과의 관계

이제상(Je Sang Lee),이시형(Si Hyung Lee),김보연(Bo Yeon Kim),장선영(Sun Young Jang) 대한안과학회 2021 대한안과학회지 Vol.62 No.11

목적: 혈청 갑상샘자극호르몬수용체 자가항체 농도와 갑상샘눈병증(thyroid eye disease) 활성도 및 중증도와의 연관성을 관찰하고자 한다. 대상과 방법: 2014년 3월부터 2019년 12월까지 갑상샘눈병증으로 진단된 315명의 환자의 단면조사연구를 시행하였다. 질환의 활성도 평가를 위해 질병활성도(clinical activity score)가 사용되었고, 중증도 평가는 modified NOSPECS score가 사용되었다. 혈청 갑상샘자극호르몬수용체 자가항체 농도는 두 가지 분석법으로 측정되었다: 갑상샘자극호르몬 결합억제 면역글로불린(TSHR binding inhibitory immunoglobulin, TBII) 측정법과 갑상샘자극면역글로불린(thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin, TSI) 측정법. 각 분석법의 검사 결과, 갑상샘눈병증 활성도/중증도 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결과: 두 분석법(TBII, TSI)에서 갑상샘자극호르몬수용체 자가항체 농도와 질병활성도(각각, R=0.113, R=0.211; p<0.05), 중증도(각각, R=0.173, R=0.316; p<0.05), 안구돌출(각각, R=0.136, R=0.167; p<0.05)이 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 또한, 압박시신경병증, 각막상피결손 유무에서도 유의한 차이를 보였다. 결론: 두 분석법을 이용한 갑상샘자극호르몬수용체 자가항체 농도는 각막침범, 시신경병증 유무 및 갑상샘눈병증 활성도/중증도와 관련하여 임상증상과 유의한 상관관계가 있음을 보여주었다. Purpose: To study the relationship between the levels of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-receptor autoantibodies (TRAbs) and thyroid eye disease (TED) activity and severity scores. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed. The medical records of 315 patients diagnosed with TED between March 2014 and December 2019 were reviewed. The clinical activity score (CAS) was used to assess TED activity and a modified NOSPECS score was used for severity grading. The serum TRAb level was measured using two assays: a TSHR binding inhibitory immunoglobulin (TBII) assay and thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) bioassay. Results: The TBII and TSI assay results were significantly positively correlated with the CAS (R = 0.113 and 0.211, respectively; p < 0.05), modified NOSPECS score (R = 0.173 and 0.316, respectively; p < 0.05), and proptosis (R = 0.136 and 0.167, respectively; p < 0.05). Both assays demonstrated significant differences in the level of TRAb between patients with and without compressive optic neuropathy or corneal epithelial defects. Conclusions: The levels of TRAbs according to both TBII and TSI assays showed significant correlations with clinical signs of corneal involvement, optic neuropathy, and TED activity and severity.

셀룰러 오토마타 기반 블록암호에 대한 구별공격

이제상(Jesang Lee),이창훈(Changhoon Lee),홍석희(Seokhie Hong) 한국멀티미디어학회 2008 한국멀티미디어학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2008 No.1

셀룰라 오토마타(CA: cellular automata)의 특징 중에서 확산과 국소적인 상호 작용(Local Interaction)은 암호시스템을 설계하는데 적합하여 암호 알고리즘, 의사난수 생성기를 비롯한 암호시스템의 설계 논리로 활용되고 있다. 대표적으로, 국내에서는 2002년 한국 멀티미디어 학회 논문지에 CA 기법을 사용하는 128 비트 블록암호가 제안되었다. 그러나, 본 논문에서는 이 암호에 대한 암호학적 취약점을 제시하고 이 특성을 이용하여 전체 라운드 구별공격을 보인다. 이 공격은 2²⁴ 개의 선택 평문쌍만을 필요로 한다.

사회경제적 발전, 양성평등 그리고 출산율의 결정요인

이제상(Je-Sang Lee),송유미(Yoo-Mee Song) 한국산학기술학회 2016 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.17 No.11

본 논문은 ‘가족 중심축의 수평화 2단계 모형’이란 분석틀을 통해 사회경제적 발전에 따라 출산율이 하락하는 단계와 출산율이 상승하는 단계가 있음을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 사회경제적 발전이 진행되면서 가족의 중심축이 부자(父子)의 수직축에서 부부(夫婦)의 수평축으로 이동하며, 그 과정은 결혼 이혼 등 가족의 형성 측면에서 남녀 개인의 평등을 이루는 산업화 단계와, 자녀양육 가사노동 등 가족의 유지 측면에서 부부 평등을 이루는 후기 산업화 단계로 나뉜다. 본 논문은 전세계 136개국을 대상으로 OECD 가입국 33개국을 후기산업화단계의 선진국으로, 나머지 103개국을 산업화단계의 개발도상국으로 구분하여 분석했다. 연구방법은 종속변수 출산율에 대해 출생성비, 평균 출산연령, 여성의 경제활동참가율을 통제변수로, 1인당 국민소득, 여성의 교육수준, 성격차지수를 설명변수로 하고, 산업화단계 국가들과 후기산업화 단계 국가 별로 출산율에 대한 위계적 회귀분석을 실시했다. 연구결과 산업화 단계의 개도국에는 여성의 교육수준과 1인당 국민소득이 통계적으로 유의한 변수였으나, 성격차지수는 유의하지 않았던 반면에 후기산업화 단계의 선진국에서는 성격차지수와 1인당 국민소득, 여성의 교육기대연한이 통계적으로 유의했다. 결론적으로 산업화단계에서는 여성의 교육수준이, 후기산업화단계에서는 성평등수준이 출산율에 가장 영향을 미치는 결정요인인 것으로 파악되었다. This purpose of this study is to present a new theoretical framework on birthrate recovery in advanced countries in the 21st century. As a result of socioeconomic development and individualism diffusion, the central axis of the family has transformed from the vertical axis of the father-son relation, to the horizontal axis of the husband-wife relation. This process is divided into 2 stages. In the industrialization stage, a nation or a society achieves equality of the individual in family formation, including marriage or divorce. In the post-industrialization stage, it accomplishes the couple equality in family maintenance, including child rearing and household labor. This paper grouped 33 OECD member countries as post- industrialization countries and 103 countries as industrialization countries. This study utilizes 6 variables affecting marriage and childbearing based on previous research. Research results find that during the industrialization stage, the birthrate falls as the education level of women is higher. In the post-industrialization stage, the birthrate rises as gender equality level is higher.

5라운드 KASUMI에 대한 포화공격

이제상(JeSang Lee),이창훈(Changhoon Lee),이상진(Sangjin Lee),임종인(Jongin Lim) 한국정보보호학회 2004 정보보호학회논문지 Vol.14 No.3

KASUMI는 3GPP에서 사용되는 알고리즘으로, 64비트의 평문을 입력받아 128비트의 키를 사용하여 64비트의 암호문을 출력하는 블록암호이다. 본 논문에서는 10×2³² 선택 평문을 이용하여, 공격 복잡도 2¹¹?를 갖는 5라운드 포화공격을 소개하고, 중간 일치 공격을 이용하여 공격 복잡도2??을 갖는 포화공격을 보인다. 더 나아가 FL6에 쓰이는 키 아홉 비트가 “111111111”로 고정된 취약 키 클래스에서 7×2³²의 선택평문을 이용하여, 공격 복잡도 2??을 갖는 향상된 5라운드 포화공격을 소개한다. KASUMI is a 64-bit iterated block cipher with a 128-bit key size and 8 rounds Feistel structure. In this paper, we describe saturation attacks on the five round KASUMI, which requires 10×2³² chosen plaintexts and 2¹¹? computational complexity. We also improve this attack using meet-in-the-middle technique. This attack requires 7×2³² chosen plaintexts and 2?? computational complexity. Futhermore, we attack KASUMI by controlling the value of the fixed part of the key. This attack needs 3×2³² chosen plaintexts and 2?? computational complexity.

요추수술실패 증후군 환자의 통증 및 우울감의 임상적 특성 : Clinical Manifestations of Failed Back Surgery Syndrome

김수연 ; 고성화 ; 이제상 ; 윤진아 ; 김완 ; 신명준 ; 고현윤 부산대학교 병원 암연구소 2014 부산대병원학술지 Vol.- No.36

Care Status of the ALS Patients With Long-Term Use of Tracheostomy Tube

박여진,이제상,김상훈,고성화,신명준,장재혁,신용범 대한재활의학회 2015 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.39 No.6

Objective To evaluate the care status of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with long-term use of tracheostomy tube by caregivers of ALS patients. Methods A survey was conducted in the form of questionnaires to ALS patients and their caregivers. All measurements were performed by two visiting nurses. For statistical analysis, SPSS ver. 22.0 and Mann-Whitney U test on non-normal distribution were used. Results In total, 19 patients (15 males and 4 females) and their caregivers participated in the survey. In the case of patients, the average duration of care was 5.9±3.7 years, and the mean periods of illness and tracheostomy were 5.3±3.2 years and 3.0±2.6 years, respectively. Replacement intervals were 14 days in 11 patients, 7 days in 4 patients, 28 days in 2 patients, and 21 days in 1 patient. One patient was unable to provide an accurate replacement interval. Eighteen (99%) caregivers had experience of adding volume to a cuff without pressure measure in the following instances: due to patients’ needs in 7 cases, air leakage in 7 cases, and no reason in 4 cases. Mean pressure of tracheostomy cuff was 40±9.4 cmH2O, and air volume of tracheostomy cuff was 6.7±3.2 mL, but real mean volume was 7.0±2.9 mL. The number of suctioning for airway clearance was a mean 27.5 ±18.2 times a day. Conclusion According to this survey, we notice that almost all the patients and caregivers had an erroneous idea about cuff volume and pressure. Moreover, education and long-term professional care of tracheostomy cannot be overemphasized in this manner.

온라인 게임 상의 사용자 인증에 적용 가능한 셀룰러 오토마타 기반 해쉬함수에 대한 충돌쌍 공격

이창훈,이제상,조성언,김태훈,김수균,Lee, Chang-Hoon,Lee, Je-Sang,Cho, Sung-Eon,Kim, Tai-Hoon,Kim, Soo-Kyun 한국정보통신학회 2009 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.13 No.2

본 논문에서는 온라인 게임 상의 사용자 인증에 적용 가능한 이차원 셀룰라 오토마타 기반 해쉬함수에 대한 충돌쌍 공격을 제안한다. 이것은 라운드 함수에서 사용되는 비선형 함수의 비선형 성질을 이용하여 입력된 베시지 차분을 확률 $2^{-28}$으로 상쇄시키는 공격이다. 또한, 최근 발표된 Wang의 분석 기법을 이용하여 확률 1로 만족하는 충돌쌍 공격을 제시한다. In this paper, we. present a collision attack on hash function with 2-dimensional cellular automata[1], which is useful for providing authentication on online game. This attack can find a collision message pair with $2^{28}$ computation using property of nonlinear function. We also extend basic attack with probability $2^{-28}$ to improve attack with probability 1 using Wang's analysis technique.